PROCEDURE

Process: A mixture of ammonia and water at 143.6 oC and 1724 kPa

containing 80 wt% ammonia is passed through a condenser at a flow rate of
4536 kgmole/hr. Heat is removed at a rate of 1700 kW. The pressure at the
outlet stream is then reduced to 1034 kPa by using a valve. The mixture is
then fed into a flash vessel to separate the vapor and liquid.

1. The components used for this simulation were added which is ammonia and water

2. The fluid packaging used for this simulation, which was Peng-Robinson, was selected
from the list of property packages.

3. After selecting the components and packaging, the worksheet is then opened by clicking
on Simulation on the bottom left tab.
4. The palette will then appear where all the equipment icons are shown.
5. The three equipments required for this simulations are clicked and dragged into the
worksheet. The three equipments, which are indicated by red square in the picture below
are:
a. Cooler (Condenser)
b. Valve (Control Valve)
c. Separator

6. The cooler was selected, and all of the given data for the inlet for cooler was put in, as
shown in figure below.

7. The valve icon was selected and the input, output streams for the valves were chosen, as

shown below
Input Stream
Stream 2 (from output of condenser)

Output Stream
Stream 3

8. The outlet pressure for valve, 1034 kPa was inserted

9. The separator icon was selected, and the input and output streams for the separator are
named, as shown below
Streams
Input
Output 1
Output 2

Name
Stream 3 (from outlet of valve)
Stream 4
Stream 5

10. The solver status was checked either inActive condition or not, if not, changed to
Active, and the simulation was started, and the results are shown in the Separator
worksheet.

Process Flow Diagram(PFD)

WORKBOOK

Peng-Robingson

PRSV

QUESTION AND DISCUSSIONS

Questions:
1) What is the temperature of the outlet stream of the condenser?
2) What are the mole fractions for ammonia and water in the vapor and
liquid stream of the separator?
3) Determine the mass flow rate for each outlet stream of the separator.
Answers :
1) From the results obtained, the outlet temperature of the condenser
(cooler) is found to be 140.1 C. This value is relevant and logical. This
is because the value obtained is lower than the inlet temperature,
which is 143.6 C, thus showing that the stream has undergone a
cooling process inside this condenser, which is further proven by heat
loss from the stream of 6.12x106 kJ/h at the condenser. Also, in the
condenser, an assumption was made to simplify the simulation and
calculation, which is the condenser is assumed isobaric, that is, the
pressure of the stream remains constant throughout the cooling process
at 1724 kPa.
2) From the results obtained at the separator outlets, the fraction of
ammonia and water in the vapour stream are 0.8238 and 0.1762
respectively. For liquid stream on the other hand, the fraction of
ammonia and water are 0.2042 and 0.7958 respectively. From this
data, we can conclude that the vapour outlet at the top of the separator
consists of mainly ammonia, while the liquid outlet at the bottom of the
separator consists of mainly water. This results is relevant with the
boiling point property for both these components, as shown in Table 5:
Component
Boiling Point (at 1 atm)
Ammonia
-33.33 C
Water
99.97 C
Table 5: Boiling Point of Components

3) From the results at the separator, the mass flowrate for liquid stream is
3102 kg/hr, while vapour stream is 7.504x104 kg/hr. From these
values, it can be concluded that most of the stream which enters the
separator comes out as vapour, approximately 96% vapour, 4% liquid.
Fraction vapour=

vapour
7.504 x 104
=
=0.9603
vapour +liquid 7.504 x 104 +3102

The reason why more vapour comes out than liquid is that, the
conditions of the inlet stream to the separator is more favourable towards
vapour. Referring to stream 3, the vaour fraction for this stream is 0.9616,
which indicates that the inlet stream itself is almost fully vapour, thus
explaining the reason more vapour is produced than liquid at the separator.

The objective for this experiment is to understand the principal of

separation process and also to understand the purpose of the unit operations
in the process of separation of ammonia and water. The separation process
can be defined as stripping or distillation process which consists of
separating fluid components of different boiling point or vapor pressure. The
components that need to separate in this laboratory are ammonia and water.
Distillation is probably the most widely used in separation process in the
chemical and allied industries; its applications ranging from the rectification
of alcohol, which has been practiced since antiquity to the fractional of crude
oil. The separation of liquid mixtures by distillation depends on differences in
volatility between the components. The greater the relative volatilities, the
easier the separation. Vapor flows up the column and liquid counter-currently
down the column. The vapor and liquid are brought into contact on plates or
packing.
The condenser used is defined as a cooler in HYSYS. The Cooler unit
operation is one-sided heat exchangers. The inlet stream is cooled to the

required outlet conditions, and the energy stream absorbs the enthalpy
difference between the two streams. The purpose of the cooler is to
determine the energy required to cool a process stream. The
is

flash

vessel

defined as separator in HYSYS whereby the purpose of the equipment is

to allow multiple feeds and produces one vapor and one liquid product
stream. In Steady State mode, the separator

divides the vessel contents

into its constituent vapor and liquid phases. In Dynamics mode, the
Separator uses the holdup model. Vessel operations in

HYSYS

have the

ability to store significant amount of holdup. The valve is a basic building

block in HYSYS dynamic cases.

The HYSYS valve operation models control

valves very realistically. The direction of flow through a valve is dependent

on the pressures of the surrounding unit operations. The total valve pressure
drop refers to the total pressure difference between the inlet stream pressure
and the exit stream pressure.
It is recommended that the user make a good and correct selection of
the model of the equipment because it will affect the simulation process
especially in calculating the properties for the equipment. It is also
recommended that the user choose the suitable Fluid Package to avoid
calculation error because different Fluid Package suit only for certain
conditions.
The Peng-Robinson (PR) model is ideal for VLE calculations as well as
calculating liquid densities for hydrocarbon systems. Several enhancements
to the original PR model were made to extend its range of applicability and to
improve its predictions for some nonideal systems. However, in situations
where highly non-ideal systems are encountered, the use of Activity Models
is recommended The PR property package also contains enhanced binary
interaction parameters for all library hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon pairs (a
combination of fitted and generated interaction parameters), as well as for
most hydrocarbon-non-hydrocarbon binaries. For non-library or hydrocarbon

hypocomponents, HC-HC interaction parameters are generated automatically

by HYSYS for improved VLE property predictions.
The PRSV model is a two-fold modification of the Peng-Robinson
equation of state that extends the application of the original Peng-Robinson
method for moderately non-ideal systems. This EOS is shown to match
vapour pressures curves of pure components and mixtures more accurately
than the PR method, especially at low vapour pressures. It is successfully
extended to handle non-ideal systems giving results as good as those
obtained using excess Gibbs energy functions like the Wilson, NRTL, or
UNIQUAC equations.