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Buckling of Rectangular Plates Under Intermediate and End Loads
Buckling of Rectangular Plates Under Intermediate and End Loads
Chen Yu
Chen Yu
(B. Eng.)
A THESIS SUBMITTED
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
2003
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express her sincere gratitude to Professor Wang Chien Ming, for
his guidance, patience and invaluable suggestions throughout the course of study. His
extensive knowledge, serious research attitude and enthusiasm have been extremely
valuable to the author.
Also special thanks go to Associate Professor Xiang Yang of University of Western
Sydney, Australia for his valuable discussions.
The author is grateful to the National University of Singapore for providing a
handsome research scholarship during the two-year study.
Finally, the author wishes to express her deep gratitude to her family, for their love and
continuous support during the course of this research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
SUMMARY
iv
NOMENCLATURE
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1.2
Literature Review
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
12
1.4
Outline of Thesis
13
2.2
15
15
2.1.1
15
2.1.2
Boundary conditions
19
20
20
24
2.2.3
25
2.2.4
Boundary conditions
27
2.2.2
ii
3.2
3.3
31
Mathematical Modeling
32
3.1.1
Problem definition
32
3.1.2
Method of solution
32
38
3.2.1
SSSS plates
38
3.2.2
CSCS plate
41
3.2.3
FSFS plate
42
Concluding Remarks
43
4.2
4.3
61
Mathematical Modeling
62
4.1.1
Problem definition
62
4.1.2
Method of solution
62
70
4.2.1
72
4.2.2
74
4.2.3
74
75
4.2.5
75
Concluding Remarks
75
88
5.1
Conclusions
88
5.2
89
REFERENCES
90
95
iii
SUMMARY
This thesis is concerned with the new buckling problem of rectangular plates subjected
to intermediate and end uniaxial loads. The considered plate has two opposite simply
supported edges that are parallel to the load direction and the other remaining edges may
take any combination of free, simply supported or clamped condition. The
aforementioned buckling problem is solved by decomposing the plate into two sub-plates
at the location where the intermediate uniaxial load acts. Each sub-plate buckling
problem is solved exactly using the Levy approach and the two solutions brought
together by matching the continuity equations at the separated edge.
Both elastic and plastic theories have been used to formulate the problem. For the
elastic theory, there exists five possible solutions for each sub-plate. Thus, when we
combine the two sub-plate problems, we need to consider twenty-five possible different
solution combinations. It is found that the stability curves consist of a number of these
combinations depending on the boundary conditions, aspect ratios, and intermediate load
positions. For the plastic buckling part, two competing theories, namely incremental
theory and deformation theory have been adopted to bound the plastic buckling solutions.
Unlike its elastic counterpart, there are eight possible solutions for each sub-plate when
considering plastic buckling. Thus sixty-four possible solution combinations are
considered for the whole plate. The final solution combination depends on various ratios
of the intermediate load to the end load, the intermediate load locations, aspect ratios,
boundary conditions and material properties.
Extensive stability criteria curves were presented to elucidate the buckling behavior of
such loaded rectangular plates. The results will be useful for engineers designing walls or
plates that have to support intermediate floors/loads.
Keywords: Elastic buckling; Plastic buckling; Thin plate theory; Incremental Theory of
Plasticity; Deformation Theory of Plasticity; Rectangular plates; Intermediate load; Levy
method; Stability criteria.
iv
NOMENCLATURE
a
length of plates
width of plates
flexural rigidity
Youngs modulus
shear modulus
plastic modulus
thickness of plates
M xx , M yy
M xy
N1
N2
Nx
Qx
secant modulus
tangent modulus
strain energy
Vx
, , ,
xy , yz , xz
xx , yy
Poissons ratio
potential energy
xx , yy
xy
effective stress
ie , ie
i p , ip
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
35
41
Table 4.1
65
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
71
73
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
8
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 2.1
29
Fig. 2.2
29
Fig. 2.3
30
Fig. 3.1
45
Fig. 3.2
46
Fig. 3.3
Stability criteria for SSSS rectangular plates with (a) a/b = 1.0,
(b) a/b = 1.5, and (c) a/b = 2.0.
48
Fig. 3.4
49
Fig. 3.5
50
Fig. 3.6
51
Fig. 3.7
53
Fig. 3.8
54
Fig. 3.9
55
Fig. 3.10
56
Fig. 3.11
58
viii
Fig. 3.12
59
Fig. 3.13
60
Fig. 4.1
77
Fig. 4.2
77
Fig. 4.3
78
Fig. 4.4
79
Fig. 4.5
80
Fig. 4.6
81
Fig. 4.7
Fig. 4.8
83
Fig. 4.9
85
86
87
82
Fig. 4.10
Fig. 4.11
ix
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Plates are widely used in many engineering structures such as aircraft wings, ships,
buildings, and offshore structures. Most plated structures, although quite capable of
carrying tensile loadings, are poor in resisting compressive forces. Usually, the buckling
phenomena observed in compressed plates take place rather suddenly and may lead to
catastrophic structural failure. Therefore it is important to know the buckling capacities
of the plates in order to avoid premature failure.
The first significant treatment of plate buckling occurred in the 1800s. Based on
Kirchhoff assumptions, the stability equation of rectangular plates was derived by Navier
(1822). Since then, investigations on the buckling of plates with all sorts of shapes,
boundary and loading conditions have been reported in standard texts (e.g. Timoshenko
and Gere 1961, Bulson 1970), research reports (e.g. Batdorf and Houbolt 1946) and
technical papers (e.g. Wang et al. 2001; Xiang et al. 2001). Research on the buckling of
plates may be categorized under elastic buckling and plastic buckling. In the elastic
buckling research, it is assumed that the critical load remains below the elastic limit of
the plate material. However, in practical problems the plate may be stressed beyond the
elastic limit before buckling occurs. Therefore, buckling theories of plasticity are
Chapter 1
Introduction
introduced for practical uses. Generally there are two competing plastic theories, namely,
the deformation theory (DT) and the incremental theory (IT) of plasticity.
The buckling of rectangular plates under intermediate and end loads has hitherto not
been treated. The present study tackles such a problem by considering both elastic
buckling and the plastic buckling behavior of these loaded problems.
1.2
Literature Review
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
for the case of CCCC plate with one direction uniaxial compression. He regarded the
plate as simply supported, and then made the edge slopes equal to zero by a suitable
distribution of edge-bending moments. Bleich (1952) obtained the critical load for the
ESES plates with loaded edges elastically restrained. The results are for the symmetric
mode only and values of aspect ratio are less than 1.0.
For the elastic buckling of rectangular plates with linearly varying axial compression
there is no exact analytical solution. For these cases, recourse is made by considering the
energy or similar method, based on an assumed deflected form. The best-known analysis
for simply supported plates is due to Timoshenko and Gere (1961), who employed the
principle of conservation of energy and assumed the buckled form of the plate consisted
of several half-waves in the loading direction. Kollbrunner and Hermann (1948)
examined the CSSS plates. They found when the clamped edge is on the tension side of
the plate, the critical load factors do not differ greatly from those with both edges simply
supported. Schuette and Mcculloch (1947) employed the Lagrangian multiplier to solve
the buckling problem of ESSS plates. Walker (1967) used the Galerkins method to give
accurate values of critical load for a number of the edge conditions as mentioned before.
He also studied the case of ESFS plates. Xiang et al. (2001) considered the elastic
buckling of a uniaxially loaded rectangular plate with an internal line hinge. Using the
Levys method, they succeeded in presenting the exact solution for many different
boundary conditions such as SSSS, FSFS, CSCS, FSSS and SSCS plates.
Buckling of plates under biaxial compression
Bryan (1891) first considered the SSSS plates under biaxial compressions by assuming
that the deflection could be written as a double Fourier series. Wang (1953) solved the
Chapter 1
Introduction
same problem by finite-difference method. Timoshenko and Gere (1961) solved the
CCCC plates under two-direction loads by the energy method. Bulson (1970) cited many
research works on the buckling problem of plates under biaxial compressions. One
example is a rigorous analysis for ESFS plates by using the exact solution of the
differential equation of equilibrium. An extra term in the equation of equilibrium was
added to allow for the transverse force. It is found that the effect of a restraint along one
side ranged between simply supported and clamped boundary condition. Another
example is for examining the FSFS plates by using two buckling forms, i.e. symmetric
and anti-symmetric forms. It is worth noting that the buckling loads associated with the
symmetric buckling form were much lower than those of anti-symmetric form.
Xiang et al. (2003) used the Ritz method to solve the buckling problem of rectangular
plates with an internal line hinge under both uniaxial and biaxial loads. The buckling
factors are generated for rectangular plates of various aspect ratios, hinge locations and
support conditions.
Buckling of plates under in-plane shear forces
Wang (1953) and Timoshenko and Gere (1961) applied the energy method to solve the
buckling problem of SSSS plates under in-plain shear forces. Since it is not possible to
make assumptions about the number of half-waves, Timoshenko assumed that the
deflection surface was taken in the form of infinite series. Timoshenko and Gere (1961)
studied further to consider SSCC plates and also the behavior of an infinitely long plate
subjected to shear forces. Lundquist and Stowell (1942) examined the ESES plates by
employing the energy method, and also the exact analysis to solve the differential
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
(1991) investigated the buckling of rectangular plates under (a) a uniformly distributed
load, (b) a linearly increasing distributed load and (c) a varying sinusoidal load across the
plate width. The second type of load is equivalent to the plates selfweight. In his study,
Brown treated a number of combinations of boundary conditions. More recently, Wang et
al. (2002) considered the buckling problem of vertical plates under body
forces/selfweight. The vertical plate is either clamped or simply supported at its bottom
edge while its top edge is free. The two sides of the plate may either be free, simply
supported or clamped. Xiang et al. (2003) treated yet another new elastic buckling
problem where the buckling capacities of cantilevered, vertical, rectangular plates under
body forces are computed.
Buckling of plates under other forms of loads
Bulson cited Yamakis buckling studies on SSSS, CSCS and CCCC plates under equal
and opposite point loads as shown in Fig. 1.1a. Bulson (1970) also cited Yamakis
research on buckling problems of CSCS and SSSS plates under partially distributed
loads which are acted upon the simply supported edges as shown in Fig. 1.1b. Lee et al.
(2001) considered the elastic buckling problem of square EEEE and ESES plates
subjected to in-plane loads of different configurations acting on opposite sides of plates
as shown in Figs 1.1c and 1.1d. The effects of Kinneys fixity factor (introduced to
describe the support conditions at the edges covering the boundary conditions of simply
supported and fixed edges) and the width factor on critical load factors were treated.
Chapter 1
Introduction
simply
supported
(a)
(b)
q/
q/
q
0.5L
0.5L
L
(c)
L
(d)
Fig. 1.1 Buckling of plates under (a) point loads; (b) partially
distributed loads; (c) patch loads at edge center; (d) patch loads
near corners.
1.2.2 Plastic buckling of rectangular plates
This part is concerned with the development of the plastic stability theories.
Incremental theory of plasticity (IT) and the deformation theory of plasticity (DT) are
considered in detail. As an alternative method, the strip method is also briefly reviewed.
The earliest development of DT is due to Engesser (1895) and Von Karman (1910).
They developed a theory based on the fact that for a fiber which is compressed beyond
the elastic limit, the tangent modulus (i.e. the ratio of the variation of strain to the
corresponding variation of stress) assumes different values depending on whether the
variation of stress constitutes an increase or a relief of the existing compressive stress.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Bleich (1924) and Timoshenko (1936) applied Engesser-Von Karman theory to the
plastic buckling of plates by introducing the reduced modulus into the formulas for the
elastic buckling of plates. The results of their theory were obtained in the case of a
narrow rectangular strip with its compressed short edge simply supported and the long
edges free.
Kaufmann (1936) and Ilyushin (1944) developed the basis of deformation theory of
plasticity by presenting another route for application of Engesser-Von Karman theory.
They went back to the considerations by which the reduced modulus was derived and
applied to the case of buckled a plate. Ilyushin (1946) reduced the problem to the solution
of two simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations of the fourth order in the
deflection and stress function, and in the approximate analysis to a single linear equation.
Solutions were given for the special cases of a rectangular plate buckling into a
cylindrical form, and of an arbitrarily shaped plate under uniform compression. Stowell
(1948) assumed that the plate remained in the purely plastic state during buckling. He
used Ilyushins general relations to derive the differential equation of equilibrium of
plates under combined loads. The corresponding energy expressions were also found.
Bijlaard (1949) also used the assumption of plastic deformation. He derived the stressstrain relations by writing the infinitely small excess strains as total differentials and
computing the partial derivatives of the strains with respect to the stresses. The
differential equation for plate buckling was derived and results of its application to
several kinds of loading and boundary conditions were given. El-Ghazaly and Sherbourne
(1986) employed the deformation theory for the elastic-plastic buckling analysis of plates
under non-proportional external loading and non-proportional stresses. Loading,
Chapter 1
Introduction
10
Chapter 1
Introduction
11
Chapter 1
Introduction
12
1.3
The buckling of rectangular plates with various plate boundary and load conditions has
been studied extensively and there is an abundance of buckling results in the open
literature. However, a new plate buckling problem where a rectangular plate is subjected
to not only end loads, but also an intermediate uniaxial load remains to be studied.
The aim of the study is to determine the buckling factors of rectangular plates under
intermediate and end loads. The considered plates have two opposite simply supported
edges that are parallel in direction to the applied uniaxial loads while the other two
remaining edges may take any other combinations of clamped, simply supported and free
edge. Both elastic theory and plastic theories including incremental theory (IT) and
deformation theory (DT) are used to explore the problem. Further the study investigates
the effects of various plate aspect ratios, intermediate load positions, boundary conditions,
Chapter 1
Introduction
13
and material properties on the buckling factors. In the plastic buckling of plates, the
differences between results by IT and DT are examined.
1.4
Outline of Thesis
In this Chapter 1, the background information, literature review, objectives and scope
of the study are presented.
In Chapter 2, the governing equations are derived for both elastic and plastic buckling
of rectangular plates under uniaxial end loads. Equations for various boundary conditions
are also presented.
Chapter 3 is concerned with the elastic buckling of rectangular plates subjected to
intermediate and end uniaxial in-plane loads. The plate has two opposite simply
supported edges that are parallel to the load direction and the other remaining edges may
take any combination of free, simply supported or clamped condition. The buckling
problem is solved by decomposing the plate into two sub-plates at the location where the
intermediate uniaxial load acts. Each sub-plate buckling problem is solved exactly using
the Levy approach and the two solutions brought together by matching the continuity
equations at the interfacial edge. There are five possible solutions for each sub-plate and
consequently there are twenty-five combinations of solutions to be considered. The
effects of various aspect ratios, intermediate load positions and boundary conditions are
investigated.
In Chapter 4 we extend the elastic buckling problem to the more practical plastic
buckling of plates. Both the Incremental Theory of Plasticity and the Deformation Theory
of Plasticity are considered in bounding the plastic behavior of the plate. In contrast to the
Chapter 1
Introduction
14
five possible solutions for the elastic problem, there exist eight possible solutions for each
sub-plate. Consequently, there are sixty-four combinations of solutions to be considered
for the entire plate. The solution combination depends on the aspect ratios, the
intermediate load positions, the intermediate to end load ratios, the material properties
and the boundary conditions. The effects of the aforementioned parameters and the
adoption of DT and IT on the buckling factors are also investigated.
Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the main research findings in conclusions. Suggestions
for future investigations are also provided.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
16
(c) plane sections rotate during bending to remain normal to the neutral surface, and
do not distort, so that stresses and strains are proportional to their distance from
the neutral surface,
(d) the loads are entirely resisted by bending moments induced in the elements of the
plate and the effect of shearing forces is neglected,
(e) the thickness of the plate is small compared with other dimensions.
Based on the foregoing assumptions, the displacement field could be expressed as
u ( x, y , z ) = z
w
,
x
(2.1a)
v ( x, y , z ) = z
w
,
y
(2.1b)
w ( x , y , z ) = w( x , y ) ,
(2.1c)
where (u , v , w ) are the displacement components along the (x, y, z) coordinate directions,
respectively, and w is the transverse deflection of a point on the mid-plane (i.e., z = 0).
The non-zero linear strains associated with the displacement field are
xx =
u
2w
= z 2
x
x
(2.2a)
yy =
v
2w
= z 2
y
y
(2.2b)
xy =
u v
2w
+
= 2 z
y x
xy
(2.2c)
The virtual strain energy U of the Kirchhoff plate theory is given by (see Ugural, 1999)
Chapter 2
17
h/2
U = ( xx xx + yy yy + xy xy )dz dxdy
0
h / 2
2w
2w
2w
dxdy
+
+
2
= M xx
M
M
yy
xy
0
xy
y 2
x 2
(2.3)
where 0 denotes the domain occupied by the mid-plane of the plate, ( xx , yy ) the
normal stresses, xy the shear stress, and (M xx , M yy , M xy ) the moments per unit length, as
shown in Fig. 2.2. Note that the virtual strain energy associated with the transverse shear
strains is zero as yz = xz = 0 in the Kirchhoff plate theory.
The relationship between the moments and stresses are given by
M xx =
h/2
M yy =
h/2
M xy =
h/2
h / 2
h / 2
h / 2
xx zdz
(2.4a)
yy zdz
(2.4b)
xy zdz .
(2.4c)
The work W done by the uniaxial load N x , due to displacement w only, equals (see
Ugural, 1999)
1
w
W = N x dxdy .
2 0 x
2
(2.5)
W = N x
0
w w
dxdy .
x x
(2.6)
= M xx
0
2w
2w
2w
w w
dxdy = 0
+
M
+
M
+ Nx
2
yy
xy
2
2
x
y
xy
x x
(2.7)
Chapter 2
18
= M xx , xx + 2 M xy , xy + M yy , yy N x
0
2w
wdxdy
x 2
w
w
(M xx n x + M xy n y )
+ (M xy n x + M yy n y )
ds
x
y
+ M xx , x + M xy , y N x
n x + (M yy , y + M xy , x )n y wds = 0
(2.8)
M xx
, and so on, (n x , n y ) denote the direction cosines of the unit
x
)
normal n on the boundary , and ds denotes the incremental length along boundary. If
)
the unit normal vector n is oriented at an angle from the positive x-axis, then
n x = cos and n y = sin . Since w is arbitrary in 0 , and it is independent of w / x ,
N
2
= 0 in 0 .
x
x 2
xy
y 2
x 2
(2.9)
Eq. (2.9) represents the equilibrium equation of the Kirchhoff plate theory for rectangular
plates under uniaxial load N x .
Assuming the material of the plate to be isotropic and obeys Hookes law, then the
stress-strain relations are given by
xx =
E
( xx + yy )
1 2
(2.10a)
yy =
E
( yy + xx )
1 2
(2.10b)
Chapter 2
xy = G xy =
E
xy
2(1 + )
19
(2.10c)
where E denote the Youngs modulus, G the shear modulus, and the Poissons ratio. By
substituting Eqs. (2-10) into Eqs. (2.4) and carrying out the integration over the plate
thickness, one obtains
M xx =
h/2
M yy =
h/2
M xy =
h/2
h / 2
h / 2
h / 2
xx zdz =
E
1 2
yy zdz =
E
1 2
xy zdz = G
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
xx
h/2
h / 2
yy
2w
2w
+ yy )zdz = D 2 + 2
y
x
(2.11a)
2w
2w
+ xx )zdz = D 2 + 2
x
y
(2.11b)
xy zdz = (1 ) D
2w
xy
Eh 3
.
12(1 2 )
(2.11c)
(2.12)
By substituting Eq. (2.11-13) into Eq. (2.7), the governing equation for buckling of
plate subjected to a uniaxial load is obtained:
4w
4w
4w
2w
D 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 + N x 2 = 0
y
x y
x
x
(2.13)
Chapter 2
w = 0 and
w
=0
x
20
(2.14a,b)
2w
2w
w = 0 and M xx = D 2 + 2 = 0
y
x
(2.15a,b)
(2.16a)
Because the plate is under axial load N x which is parallel to the x axis, and we assume
that compressive force as positive, the effective vertical shear force along the edge x=a is
Vx = Q x +
M xy
y
Nx
w
x
3w
3w
w
= D 3 + (2 )
Nx
=0
2
xy
x
x
2.2
(2.16b)
Consider a thin rectangular plate in which the material is bounded between the planes
z=
h
. The bounding planes are unstressed, while uniform compressive stresses of
2
Chapter 2
21
transverse shear rates on the incipient deformation mode at bifurcation are disregarded,
the admissible velocity field may be written as
u = z
w
,
x
(2.17a)
v = z
w
,
y
(2.17b)
w = w,
(2.17c)
where (u , v , w ) are the displacement components along the (x, y, z) coordinate directions,
respectively, and w is the transverse deflection of a point on the mid-plane (i.e., z=0).
It is assumed that the relationship between the stress rate and the rate of deformation at
the point of bifurcation is that corresponding to the incremental form of the DT suggested
by Hencky. Since the strain rate vector in that case is not along the normal to the Mises
yield surface in the stress space, the yield surface must be supposed to have locally
changed in shape so that the normality rule still holds. The possibility of the formation of
a corner on the yield surface may also be included. The parameter in this modified
theory is simply a measure of the length of the current deviatoric stress vector, rather than
that of the radius of an isotropically expanding Mises cylinder. The incremental form of
the Hencky equation ijp = (3 p / 2 ) sij is easily found as:
d ijp =
3d
2
d p p
3 p
sij +
dsij
2
d
(2.18)
where sij is the deviatoric stress vector, and dsij is its time incremental, which must be
considered in the Jaumann sense, so that it vanishes in the event of an instantaneous rigid
body rotation. The elastic strain increment, given by the generalized Hookes Law, is
Chapter 2
1 2
1 +
d ije =
ij d kk
dsij +
3E
E
22
(2.19)
3& E E
3E 1 2 & 1 2
ij& kk +
E&ij =
sij +
sij .
2
3
2 T S
2S
(2.20)
during the continued loading of a plastically stressed element.. In the above, T is the
tangent modulus equal to d / d , and S is the secant modulus equal to / , where is
the total effective strain which is equal to e + p .
Let 1 denote the non-zero principal stresses whose directions coincide with the x
axis, at the point of bifurcation. Since the effective is given by
(2.21)
2 1d xx 1d yy
2 2
(2.22)
(2.23a)
E& yy =
1 2v
1 E 1 2v
(& xx + & yy ) + & xx 1 & yy
(2& yy & xx ) +
3
2
2S
3
(2.23b)
E& xy =
1 3E
(1 2v )& xy .
2 S
(2.23c)
Chapter 2
23
After some algebraic manipulations, the first two results are reduced to
(2.24a)
3 T 2
T& yy = 1 1 12 & yy & xx
S
4
(2.24b)
where is the contraction ratio at the current state of stress. On using the expression
12 = 2 , the above relations can be inverted to give the constitutive relations in the form
(2.25a)
(2.25b)
& xy=
2 E& xy
(2.25c)
where
3E
T
+ (1 2v )2 (1 2 ) .
S
E
(2.26a)
1
T
4 31
(2.26b)
1
T
2 2(1 2 )
(2.26c)
(2.26d)
Assuming that the plate material obeys the Ramberg-Osgood constitutive law,
= 1 + k
E
0
c 1
(2.27)
where 0 is a nominal yield stress, c is a dimensionless constant that describes the shape
of the stress-strain relationship with c = for elastic-perfectly plastic response, k the
Chapter 2
24
horizontal distance between the knee of c = curve and the intersection of the c curve
with the / 0 = 1 line as shown in Fig. 2.3.
By differentiating both sides of Eq. (2.27), and considering that T is the tangent
modulus equal to d / d , and S is the secant modulus equal to / , one obtains
E
= 1 + k
S
0
c 1
E
= 1 + ck
T
0
(2.28a)
c 1
(2.28b)
For a Prandtl-Reuss material, the plastic strain rate vector, in a nine dimensional space,
is directed along the deviator stress vector. Stated mathematically, the flow rule is
&ijp =
since
3&ijp
2
sij =
3&
3& 1 1
sij =
sij
2 H
2 T E
1 d p d d e d d e 1 1
=
=
=
= .
H
d
d
d d
T E
(2.29)
(2.30)
The complete Prandtl-Reuss equation relating the stress rate to the strain rate is given
by
E&ij = (1 + ) s&ij +
1 2
3
3& E
&
1 sij
kk ij +
2 T
(2.31)
This equation may be compared with Eq. (2.20), which evidently reduces Eq. (2.31) on
setting S = E in the first and last terms on the right hand side. By using similar method of
Chapter 2
25
derivation of the biaxial constitutive relations that employed in section 2.2.2, we can get
the constitutive relations based on the Prandtl-Reuss material in the form
(2.32a)
(2.32b)
& xy=
E& xy
(2.32c)
1 +
where
= 3 + (1 2v )2 (1 2v ) .
E
(2.33a)
1
T
4 31
(2.33b)
1
T
2 2(1 2v )
(2.33c)
(2.33d)
&ij &ij = E (& xx2 + 2 & xx & yy + & yy2 ) + 4G& xy2 .
(2.34)
To obtain the condition for bifurcation of the plate in the elastic/plastic range, consider
the uniqueness criterion in the form
2&ij & jk vk vk
&
&
ij
ij
ij
xi x j
dV > 0
(2.35)
Chapter 2
26
Since the only nonzero components of the stress tensor are xx = 1 only, which are
small compared to the modulus of elasticity E, the condition for uniqueness becomes
v 2 w 2
&
&
ij ij 1 x + x dV > 0
(2.36)
In view of Eqs. (2.17a-c), the strain rates and the velocity gradients are given by
& xx = z
2w
,
x 2
(2.37a)
& yy = z
2w
,
y 2
(2.37b)
2& xy = 2 z
2w
,
xy
2w
v
,
= z
xy
x
(2.37c)
(2.37d)
Inserting Eq. (2.37a-d) into the inequality Eq. (2.36), and integrating through the
thickness of the plate, the condition for uniqueness is given by
2
2
2 w 4G 2 w
2w 2w
h 2 2 w
dxdy
+ 2
+ 2 +
12 x 2
x y 2
y E xy
w 2
1 dxdy > 0 .
E x
(2.38)
All the integrals appearing in the above expression extend over the middle surface of the
plate. The Euler-Langrange differential equation, associated with the minimization with
respect to arbitrary variations of w, is easily shown to be
4w
4w
4w
12 1 2 w
(
)
,
2
+
+
+
=
x 4
x 2 y 2
y 4
h 2 E x 2
(2.39)
Chapter 2
27
where = 1 /(1 + ) . The solution to the bifurcation problem is therefore reduced to the
solution of the differential equation (2.39) under appropriate boundary conditions. It is
worth noting that Eq. (2.39) is applicable for both DT and IT, with different definition
for , , , and . When the bifurcation occurs in the elastic range (S = T = E), we
have = + = = 1 /(1 2 ) , and Eq. (2.39) reduces to the well-known governing
equation for elastic buckling as given in Eq. (2.13).
h/2
Eh
M& xx = & xx zdz =
h / 2
12
h/2
Eh
M& yy = & yy zdz =
h / 2
12
h/2
M& xy = & xy zdz =
h / 2
2w
2w
2 + 2 ,
y
x
(2.40a)
2w
2w
,
2 +
y 2
x
(2.40b)
Eh 3 2 w
.
12(1 + ) xy
(2.40c)
We take the boundary conditions that apply along the edge x=a of a rectangular plate
with edges parallel to the x and y axes as examples to explain the boundary conditions for
rectangular plates.
Clamped Edge (C)
In this case both the deflection and slope must vanish along the edge x=a, that is
Chapter 2
w = 0 and
w
=0
x
28
(2.41a,b)
Eh
w = 0 and M& xx =
12
2w
2w
2 + 2 = 0
y
x
(2.42a,b)
Eh
M& xx =
12
2w
2w
2 + 2 = 0
y
x
(2.43a)
Because the plate under axial stress x which is parallel to the x axis, and we assume that
compressive stress as positive, the effective vertical shear force along the edge x=a is
Vx = Q x
M xy
Eh 3
=
12
Nx
w
x
3w
3w
w
3 + ( + 2 )
xh
= 0.
2
xy
x
x
(2.43b)
Chapter 2
29
a
x
b
Nx
h
y
Nx
Qy
N yy
Qx
M xx
N yx
M xy
x
M nn
M ns
N xx
M xy
N xy
N ns
Qn
y
N nn
z
N nn
M nn
Qn
M ns
N ns
M xx
M xy
N xx
M yx
M yy
N xy
N yx
N yy
Qx
Qy
Chapter 2
c = 2
1.6
30
c = 5
c = 3
1.4
c = 10
1.2
c = 20
c =
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
++ k Eo 0
E
o
==
E 0
C
0.2
0
0
11+ +
k
E
o
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
3.1
32
Mathematical Modeling
= 0,
i
i
i
xi4
yi2 xi2
yi4
xi2
i = 1,2
(3.1)
in which
wi =
wi
y
x
x2
(1 )a ,
a
, x1 = 1 , x2 =
, y i = i , 1 =
, 2 =
(1 )a
b
b
b
b
a
1 = N 1
2a 2
D
, 2 = ( N 1 + N 2
2 2
) (1 ) a
(3.2a-h)
Chapter 3
33
(3.3)
2 wi 2 wi
+
=0
yi2
i2 xi2
(3.4)
By using the Levy approach, the transverse displacement of the i-th sub-plate may be
expressed as
wi ( xi , y i ) = Aim (xi )sin my i ,
i = 1,2
(3.5)
A
+
= 0, i = 1,2
i
im
i
i
dxi4
dxi2
dxi2
(3.6)
Chapter 3
34
in which
1
2
1
i 2 4 i 2 m 2 2 i
2
(3.7b)
1
2
1
i 2 4 i 2 m 2 2 i
2
(3.7c)
ie = (i 2 i 2 m 2 2 ) +
ie = (i 2 i 2 m 2 2 )
Solution B (for i = 0, i = 1,2 )
ie = i m
(3.8b)
(3.9a)
in which
ie = i 2 m 2 2
i
4
, ie = i / 2
(3.9b,c)
ie = i m
(3.10b)
Chapter 3
35
(3.11a)
in which
ie =
1
1
2
(i 2 i m 2 2 )
i 2 4 i 2 m 2 2 i
2
2
(3.11b)
ie =
1
1
2
(i 2 i m 2 2 ) +
i 2 4 i 2 m 2 2 i
2
2
(3.11c)
To solve the buckling problem of the rectangular plate that consists of two sub-plates,
twenty-five combinations of the solutions must be considered.
The designated
Solution
Combinations
A
B
C
D
E
A
Combination
1
Combination
2
Combination
3
Combination
4
Combination
5
E
Combination
21
Combination
22
Combination
23
Combination
24
Combination
25
follows.
Chapter 3
(3.12a)
2 wi
1 2 wi
+
=0
yi2
i2 xi2
36
1 2 Aim
m 2 2 Aim = 0 , i = 1, 2
2
2
i xi
(3.12b)
(3.13a)
dA
wi
= 0 im = 0 i = 1, 2
dxi
xi
(3.13b)
(3.14a)
i2 wi
1 3 wi (2 ) 3 wi
+
+
=0
i3 xi3
i xi yi2 i3 xi
+
=0
i3 dxi3
i
dxi i3 dxi
(3.14b)
x1 =1
1 w1
1 x1
w2
x2 = 0
x1 =1
= 0 A1m
1 w2
2 x2
x1 =1
A2 m
=0
x2 = 0
x2 = 0
1 dAim
1 dx1
= 0,
x1 =1
1 dAim
2 dx 2
(3.15)
=0
x2 = 0
1 2 w1
1 2 w2
2 w1
2 w2
2
+
+
=0
2
y12 x =1 22 x22
y 22 x =0
1 x1
1
2
(3.16)
Chapter 3
1 d 2 Aim
1 d 2 Aim
2 2
2
m Aim
2
m 2 2Aim
=0
2
2
1 dx1
x1 =1 2 dx2
x2 = 0
37
(3.17)
1 3 w1 (2 ) 3 w1
12 w1
3
+
+
3
1 x1y12 13 x1 x =1
1 x1
1
1 3 w2 (2 ) 3 w2
22 w2
3
=0
+
+
3
2 x 2 y 22 23 x2 x =0
2 x2
2
3
1
dx1 13 dx1 x =1
1 dx1
1
1 d 3 Aim (2 )m 2 2 dAim 22 dAim
3
=0
+
3
2
dx2 23 dx2 x =0
2 dx2
2
(3.18)
When assembling the sub-plates to form the whole plate via the implementation of the
boundary conditions of the plate along the two edges parallel to the y-axis Eqs. (3.12-14)
and the interface conditions between two sub-plates as given by Eqs. (3.15-18), a system
of homogenous equations is obtained:
[K ]{C} = {0}
(3.19)
The buckling loads satisfy the limits of validity for the solution combinations
which they belong to;
The buckling load factor is the lowest value among possible solutions; and
Chapter 3
3.2
38
Chapter 3
39
combinations 10, 20, 24 and 22, respectively. Points P and S are for the loading cases
where only sub-plate 2 or sub-plate 1 is loaded, respectively.
The exact stability criteria for SSSS plates with various aspect ratios (a/b = 1, 1.5, 2)
and intermediate load locations ( = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 ) are presented in Figs. 3.3a to 3.3c.
The critical points P, Q and R for plates with a/b = 1 and 2, and P, Q, R and S for plates
with a/b = 1.5 are marked on the stability curves. We observe that when the intermediate
inplane load is positive (N2 > 0), the buckling factor 1 decreases almost linearly as the
buckling factor 2 increases for all cases in Fig. 3.3. On the other hand, if the
intermediate inplane load is negative (N2 < 0), the buckling factor 1 increases almost
linearly as the value of the buckling factor 2 increases. The increase of 1 is more
pronounced when the location factor of the intermediate load is small. It is evident that
the stability curves for all cases in Fig. 3.3 have a highly nonlinear portion when the
buckling factor 2 is close to zero.
The effect of the location of the intermediate load on the buckling loads of square
SSSS plates can be observed more clearly in Fig. 3.4. As expected, the buckling factor 2
increases with increasing values. What are unexpected, however, are the kinks in these
buckling load variations with respect to the intermediate load location . These kinks
imply that there are buckling mode switchings. Take the example of the square SSSS
plate that is subjected to only an intermediate inplane load (i.e. end inplane load N1 = 0).
A mode switch is observed when the location of the intermediate load is in the vicinity
of 0.5. This can be confirmed by plotting the buckling mode shapes and the modal
bending moment distributions at = 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, as shown in Figs. 3.5(a) and 5(b).
Chapter 3
40
It is evident from the figures that the mode shapes and modal bending moment
distribution for = 0.4 are not similar to those for = 0.6. There is a portion of
bending moment distribution with a negative sign for the case of = 0.4. No negative
bending moment distribution portion is observed for the case of = 0.6. The double
curvature mode shape for the case of = 0.4 reinforces the fact that the mode shape is
different from the single curvature associated with the case of = 0.6.
Fig. 3.6 presents the variations of the buckling factor 2 with respect to the aspect ratio
a/b for SSSS plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only (i.e. N1 = 0 and > 0).
The buckling results in Fig. 3.6 are obtained by using solution combination 10 for both
integer and non-integer aspect ratios a/b. For comparison purposes, the buckling factor
for SSSS plates subjected to end loads only (i.e. = 0 ) is also plotted in Fig. 3.6, and the
values in brackets indicate the locations and buckling factors at the kinks in the curve. As
expected, the buckling factors 2 for plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only
(i.e. > 0 ) are always higher than the ones subjected to end inplane load (i.e. = 0 ),
especially when the location factor of the intermediate load is large. As the aspect
ratio a/b increases, the buckling factors for all cases approach the value of 4 as shown in
Fig. 3.6. For benchmark purposes, Table 3.2 presents the exact buckling factors 2 for
SSSS plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only (i.e. N1 = 0 and > 0 ).
Chapter 3
41
Table 3.2 Buckling factors 2 for simply supported rectangular plates subjected to
inplane load in sub-plate 2 only ( N 1 = 0 )
a/b = 1
a/b = 2
a/b = 3
a/b = 4
0.3
5.31343
4.35397
4.15794
4.11248
0.5
6.37793
4.54296
4.32523
4.18006
0.7
6.64427
5.81516
4.71776
4.36124
3.2.2
CSCS plates
We consider a rectangular plate with the two edges parallel to the x-axis simply
supported while the two edges parallel to the y-axis are clamped (this plate is referred to
as a CSCS plate). The typical stability criterion curve for a CSCS plate with an integer or
non-integer aspect ratio a/b subjected to end and intermediate loads is similar to that of
an SSSS plate with a non-integer aspect ratio a/b as shown in Fig. 3.2(b). Regimes I, II,
III, IV and V are defined by solution combinations 5, 15, 25, 23 and 21, respectively. The
critical points P, Q, R and S that connect the regimes can be obtained from the solution
combinations 10, 20, 24 and 22, respectively.
Exact stability criteria for CSCS plates with various aspect ratios (a/b = 1, 1.5 and 2)
and intermediate load locations ( = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 ) are presented in Figs. 3.7(a) to
3.7(c). The stability criterion curves for the CSCS plates show very similar trends as for
SSSS plates. The variations of the buckling factor 2 with respect to the intermediate load
location for square CSCS plates are presented in Fig. 3.8.
Chapter 3
42
By using the solution combination 25, we can obtain the variations of buckling load
factors versus the aspect ratios a/b for CSCS rectangular plates under end inplane load
only (i.e. N1 = 0 and = 0 ), as shown in Fig 3.9. The values in brackets indicate the
locations and buckling factors on the kinks where the number of half waves n of the
buckling mode along the x direction switches. For example, if the plate aspect ratio a/b is
less than 1.732, the number of half waves n = 1. If 1.732 a/b < 2.828, the number of
half waves n = 2. An interesting relationship is obtained between the number of half
waves n and the coordinates of the points where the mode shape switching occurs. For
the point before which the number of half waves is n and after which the number of half
wave is (n+1), the aspect ratio a/b =
2)2/[n(n + 2)].
Fig. 3.9 also presents the variation of the buckling factor 2 against the plate aspect
ratio a/b for CSCS rectangular plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only (i.e. N1
= 0 and > 0 ). As expected, the buckling factors for plates under such loading a case
are always higher than the ones subjected to end load only, especially when the location
factor of the intermediate load is large. Kinks, present in the curves in Fig. 3.9,
indicate mode shape switching at the particular aspect ratio a/b.
3.2.3
FSFS plates
A rectangular plate with the two edges parallel to the x-axis simply supported and the
two edges parallel to the y-axis free is considered (referred from hereon as a FSFS plate).
The typical stability criterion curve of FSFS plates with the location of the intermediate
load = 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 is shown in Fig. 3.10. There are only three regimes (I, II, and III)
Chapter 3
43
on the stability criterion curve that are determined by the solution combinations 3, 13 and
11, respectively. The critical points P and Q that connect the regimes are defined by the
solution combinations 8 and 12, respectively.
Exact stability criteria for FSFS plates with various aspect ratios (a/b = 1, 1.5 and 2)
and intermediate load locations ( = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) are presented in Fig. 3.11. For
rectangular FSFS plates, the stability criterion curves are very close to each other while
the intermediate load location varies from 0.3 to 0.5 to 0.7. The variations of the
buckling factor 2 versus the intermediate load location for square FSFS plates are
presented in Fig. 3.12.
The relationship between the buckling factor 2 and the aspect ratio a/b is presented in
Fig. 3.13 for FSFS rectangular plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only (N1 =
0). For FSFS plates with the intermediate load acting at = 0.1 and 0.3, the buckling
factor increases as the plate aspect ratio increases. For = 0.5 to 0.9, the buckling factor
decreases as the plate aspect ratio increases. When the plate aspect ratio is large, the
buckling factor approaches the value 2.437 for all cases as shown in Fig. 3.13.
3.3
Concluding Remarks
This chapter presents an analytical method to investigate the elastic buckling behaviour
of Levy-type plates subjected to the end and intermediate inplane loads. A rectangular
plate is divided into two sub-plates at the location of the intermediate load and the five
feasible exact solutions of the governing differential equation for each sub-plate are
derived. The critical buckling load is determined from one of the twenty-five possible
solution combinations for the two sub-plates. Exact stability criterion curves are
presented for several selected Levy-type plates subjected to the end and intermediate
Chapter 3
44
inplane loads. The influence of the intermediate load locations on the stability criterion
curves of the plates is discussed. The exact buckling solutions are valuable as benchmark
values and for engineers designing walls or plates that have to support intermediate
floors/loads.
Chapter 3
N1
simply supported
edges
N2
N1 + N 2
45
(1 )a
(a) Original Plate
y2
y1
N1
any B.C.
any B.C.
interface
a
(b) Sub-plate 1
x1
N1 + N 2
(1 )a
(c) Sub-plate 2
Figure 3.1 Geometry and coordinate systems for a rectangular plate subjected to
intermediate and end uniaxial inplane loads. (a) Original plate; (b) Sub-plate 1; and
(c) Sub-plate 2.
x2
Chapter 3
46
Regime IV
Regime III
Q
Regime II
2
P
Regime I
Regime V
Regime IV
Regime III
Regime II
Q
2
P
Regime I
Chapter 3
47
= 0.5
= 0.3
6
= 0.3
4
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
1
8
= 0.5
= 0.3
= 0.7
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
Chapter 3
48
1
8
= 0.5
= 0.3
6
= 0.7
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
Chapter 3
49
8
7
1 = 0
1 = 0.5 cr
5
4
3
1 = 0.8 cr
2
1
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Chapter 3
50
0.0
-0.2
0.4
k==0.4
0.5
k==0.5
0.6
k==0.6
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x/a
(a) Modal shapes
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
k ==0.4
0.5
k ==0.5
=
0
.6
k = 0.6
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x/a
(b) Modal moment distributions
Figure 3.5 Normalized modal shapes and modal moment distributions in the
x-direction for SSSS square plate subjected to intermediate load N2 (N1 = 0):
(a) modal shapes; and (b) modal moment distributions
Chapter 3
51
2
12
10
N2
=0
= 0.5
= 0.7
N2
= 0.3
(1 )a
(1.414,4.5)
(2.449,4.167) (3.464,4.083)
a/b
0
0
Figure 3.6 Variation of buckling factors 2 versus plate aspect ratio a/b
for SSSS plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only.
Chapter 3
52
= 0.5
= 0.3
15
10
= 0.7
5
0
-15
-10
-5
10
15
-5
1
15
= 0.5
= 0.3
10
= 0.7
0
-15
-10
-5
-5
10
15
Chapter 3
53
1
15
= 0.3
10
= 0.5
= 0.7
0
-15
-10
-5
10
15
-5
Chapter 3
54
20
18
16
14
12
1 = 0
10
1 = 0.5 cr
8
6
1 = 0.8 cr
4
2
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Chapter 3
55
2
11
=0
10
N2
N2
(1 )a
= 0.3
= 0.7
= 0.5
(1.732,5.333)
4
(2.828,4.5)
(3.873,4.267)
(4.899,4.167)(5.916,4.114)
a/b
3
0
Figure 3.9 Variations of buckling factors 2 versus plate aspect ratio a/b for CSCS
rectangular plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only.
Chapter 3
56
Regime III
Regime II
2
P
Regime I
Figure 3.10 Typical stability criterion curve for FSFS rectangular plates subjected
to end and intermediate inplane loads.
Chapter 3
57
= 0.5
= 0.3
= 0.7
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
= 0.3
= 0.5,0.7
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
Chapter 3
58
1
4
= 0.3,0.5,0.7
0
-8
-4
-2
-4
Chapter 3
59
3.5
3.0
1 = 0
2.5
2.0
1 = 0.5cr
1.5
1 = 0.8 cr
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Chapter 3
60
= 0.9
16
14
12
N2
S
F
N2
10
= 0.7
(1 )a
= 0.5
= 0.3
6
4
2
= 0.1
=0
a/b
0
0
Figure 3.13 Variations of buckling factors 2 versus plate aspect ratio a/b for FSFS
rectangular plates subjected to inplane load in sub-plate 2 only.
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
4.1
62
Mathematical Modeling
Chapter 4
4 wi 2( i + )ai 4 wi
ai 4 wi
12 i ai 2 wi
+
+
=
,
4
2
2
b2
b 4 yi 4
Eh 2 xi2
xi
xi yi
2
63
(4.1)
in which
wi =
wi
x
y
, xi = i , y i = i ,
b
ai
b
(4.2a-c)
=3
E
T
+ (1 2v) 2 (1 2v) ,
S
E
(2.26a)
1
T
4 31
(2.26b)
1
T
2 2(1 2v) ,
(2.26c)
(2.26d)
= (5 4v) (1 2v) 2
T
,
E
(2.33a)
1
T
4 31
(2.33b)
1
T
2 2(1 2v) ,
(2.33c)
Chapter 4
64
(2.33d)
where v is the Poisson ratio, and the ratios of the elastic modulus E to the tangential
modulus T and the secant modulus S at the onset of buckling are expressed as
E
= 1 + k
S
0
c 1
c >1
(2.28a)
c > 1.
(2.28b)
c 1
E
= 1 + ck ;
T
0
where 0 is a nominal yield stress, c a dimensionless constant that describes the shape of
the stress-strain relationship with c = for elastic-perfectly plastic response, and k the
horizontal distance between the knee of c = and the intersection of the c curve with the
i 2 wi
b 2 yi2
(4.3)
+
i 2 wi
ai2 xi2
=0
(4.4)
Based on the Levy approach (Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger 1959), the solution
to the partial differential equation may take the form of
wi ( xi , yi ) = Aim ( xi ) sin myi ,
i = 1,2
(4.5)
Chapter 4
65
In view of Eq. (4.5), the partial differential equation (4.1) may be reduced into an
ordinary differential equation given by
2
2
4
d 4 Aim 12 i ai
2( i + )m 2 2 ai d 2 Aim ai m 4 4 i
= 0.
4
2
dx 2 + b 4
b 2 i
dxi
i
i
Eh i
(4.6)
4
12 i ai 2 2( i + )m 2 2 ai 2
4ai m 4 4 i
1 =
,
2
b 2 i
b 4 i
Eh i
2 =
ai m 4 4 i
,
b 4 i
3 =
12 i ai
2( i + )m 2 2 ai
.
Eh 2 i
b 2 i
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
Depending on the values of 1 , 2 , and 3 , there are eight possible solutions for the
fourth-order differential equation (4.6). These solutions, designated as Solution A-H (see
Table 4.1), are given below.
Table 4.1 Types of solutions depending on values of 1 , 2 , 3
2
>0
=0
>0
=0
<0
<0
2
= 3
4
Any value
3
>0
<0
>0
<0
Any value
>0
<0
Solution
Any value
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Chapter 4
66
(4.10a)
Solution A:
3 1
.
2
(4.10b,c)
(4.11a)
in which i p =
3 + 1
, ip =
2
Solution B:
in which i p =
3 + 1
, ip =
2
3 1
.
2
(4.11b,c)
Solution C:
(4.12a)
(4.12b)
Solution D:
Aim = Ci1 cosh i p xi + Ci 2 sinh i p xi + Ci 3 xi + Ci 4 ,
in which, i p = 3 .
(4.13a)
(4.13b)
Solution E:
in which i p =
3 + 1
, ip =
2
3 + 1
.
2
(4.14a)
(4.14b,c)
Chapter 4
67
Solution F:
in which i p =
(4.15a)
(4.15b)
Solution G:
in which i p =
(4.16a)
(4.16b)
Solution H:
(4.17a)
1
1
2
2
3 + 3 1 , ip =
3 + 3 1
2
2
(4.17b,c)
The eight constants C1i , C 2i , i = 1,2,3,4 resulting from the solution combination can be
evaluated using the boundary equations at the edges x1 = 0 and x 2 = 1 ,
wi = 0 Aim = 0 ,
i 2 wi
ai2 xi2
i 2 wi
b 2 yi2
and
(4.18a)
= 0
i d 2 Aim
ai2 dxi2
i m 2 2
b2
Aim = 0 , i = 1,2
(4.18b)
Chapter 4
68
where = 1 /(1 + ) .
wi = 0 Aim = 0 and
(4.19a)
wi
dAim
= 0
= 0 i = 1, 2
dxi
xi
(4.19b)
i 2 wi
ai2 xi 2
i 2 wi
i 3 wi
a xi
3
i
y i2
b2
= 0
i d 2 Aim
ai2 dxi 2
i + 2 3 wi
ai b
i d 3 Aim
ai3 xi 3
xi y
2
i
i m 2 2
b2
Aim = 0 and
(4.20a)
12 i b wi
= 0
Eh 2 ai xi
12 i b ( i + 2 )m 2 2 dAim
+ 2
= 0 , i = 1, 2
ai b 2
Eh ai
dxi
(4.20b)
w1
x1 =1
1 w1
a1 x1
w2
x2 = 0
x1 =1
= 0 A1m
1 w2
a 2 x 2
x1 =1
A2 m
= 0
x2 = 0
x2 = 0
1 dA1m
a1 dx1
= 0,
x1 =1
(4.21a)
1 dA2 m
a 2 dx 2
= 0,
x2 = 0
1 2 w1 1 2 w1
2 2 w2 2 2 w2
2
+ 2
=0
2
b 2 y12 x =1 a 22 x22
b y 22 x =0
a1 x1
1
2
(4.21b)
Chapter 4
d 2 A1m m 2 2 1
21
A1m
2
2
b
a1 dx1
x1 =1
d 2 A2 m m 2 2 2
22
A2 m
=0
2
2
b
a 2 dx 2
x2 = 0
69
(4.21c)
3 3 +
+
a1b2 x1y12 Eh2a1 x1 x =1
a1 x1
1
2 3w2 (2 + 2) 3w2 12 2b w2
=0
3
+
+
3
a2b2 x2y22 Eh2a2 x2 x =0
a2 x2
2
d 3 A1m
31
3
a1 dx1
12 b m2 2 (1 + 2) dA1m
+ 2 1
a1b2
Eh a1
dx1 x1 =1
2 d 3 A2m
3
3
a2 dx2
12 2b m2 2 (2 + 2) dA2m
+ 2
=0
a2b2
Eh a2
dx2 x2 =0
(4.21d)
By substituting the appropriate solutions expressed in Eqs. (4.10) to (4.17) into Eqs.
(4.18) to (4.21), one obtains a set of homogeneous equations which may be expressed in
the following matrix form
[K ]{C} = {0},
(4.22)
in which {C} = {C11 C12 C13 C14 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 } . For a nontrivial buckling solution, the
T
The buckling load satisfies the limits of validity for the solution combinations
which it belongs to;
The buckling load is the lowest value among possible solutions; and it was found
that m=1 gives the lowest load for all possible m values for the considered cases.
Chapter 4
4.2
70
In order to examine the plastic buckling criteria of rectangular plates, we have adopted
the following material properties: E = 10700 ksi,
0 = 61.4 ksi,
[ (
plate.
Table 4.2 presents the buckling stress for a simply supported, square plate under a
uniaxial compressive end load. The results are compared with those obtained by Wang et
al. (2001). We can see that both results are in close agreement. Note that the results from
Wang et al. (2001) are based on the Mindlin shear deformable plate theory. As exapected,
the results from Wang et al. (2001) are slightly smaller than the present results which are
based on the classical thin plate theory.
Chapter 4
71
Table 4.2 Buckling stresses 1 for a simply supported, square plate under uniaxial end
load (i.e. no intermediate load)
Buckling Stresses 1 (in ksi)
b/h
IT
DT
Present study Wang et al. (2001) Present study Wang et al. (2001)
22
71.61
70.84
61.90
60.08
24
61.15
60.71
58.54
57.40
26
54.88
54.60
54.39
53.81
28
49.41
49.11
49.32
48.96
Figure 4.2 presents a typical stability criterion curve for plates subjected to
intermediate and end loads. Note that negative values of i , i = 1,2 denote tensile inplane loads. The stability criterion curve consists of various regimes. For example, in
Figure 4.2 we consider the case of a CSCS square plate with thickness to width ratio h/b
= 0.04, intermediate load location = 0.5 , there are five Regimes I, II, III, IV and V
which are defined by solution combinations B+A, H+A, A+A, A+H and A+B,
respectively. The critical points P, Q, R and S that connect the regimes are defined by the
solution combinations G+A, F+A, A+F and A+G, respectively. Point P represents the
loading case in which the inplane load is applied to sub-plate 2 only (i.e. N1 = 0) while
Point S for the loading case where only sub-plate 1 is loaded (i.e. N1 + N2 = 0). However,
for different material properties, aspect ratios, intermediate load positions, and boundary
conditions the solution combinations may change somewhat.
Chapter 4
72
Chapter 4
73
rectangular plates whose aspect ratio a / b = 0.5 and same boundary conditions as subplate 1 along three edges, as shown in Fig. 4.6b, but the X edge may be clamped, simplysupported or free edge. The corresponding buckling factors are given in Table 4.3. Based
on the results presented in Table 4.3 for SSSS, CSCS and FSFS plates, we can conclude
that when sub-plate 2 is under a large tensile stress state, the interface edge may be
regarded as approaching the condition of a clamped edge, except for the FSFS plate with
a/b=2.0, where the interface edge imposes a constraint to the plate similar to the one from
a simply supported edge.
Table 4.3 Comparison of buckling factors of full plates with uniaxial intermediate and
end loads and their corresponding end loaded sub-plates with different interfacial edge
conditions
Buckling factor 1 for SSSS with
2 = 50
Buckling factors for SSXS Sub-plate
X edge takes on a clamped edge
X edge takes on a simply-supported edge
X edge takes on a free edge
Buckling factor 1 for CSCS with
2 = 50
Buckling factors for CSXS Sub-plate
X edge takes on a clamped edge
X edge takes on a simply-supported edge
X edge takes on a free edge
Buckling factor 1 for FSFS with
2 = 50
Buckling factors for FSXS Sub-plate
X edge takes on a clamped edge
X edge takes on a simply-supported edge
X edge takes on a free edge
IT
DT
IT
DT
IT
DT
a/b=1.0
a/b=2.0
a/b=3.0
4.470 4.002 3.799 3.712 3.738 3.674
a/b = 0.5
4.543 4.015
3.893 3.797
1.990 1.990
a/b=1.0
6.214 4.198
a/b = 1.0
3.806 3.717
3.678 3.605
2.311 2.311
a/b=2.0
4.108 3.878
a/b = 1.5
3.742 3.679
3.631 3.609
2.253 2.253
a/b=3.0
3.917 3.802
a/b = 0.5
6.367 4.205
4.543 4.015
2.568 2.568
a/b=1.0
2.451 2.451
a/b = 1.0
4.123 3.884
3.806 3.717
2.333 2.333
a/b=2.0
2.289 2.289
a/b = 1.5
3.924 3.806
3.742 3.679
2.270 2.270
a/b=3.0
2.266 2.266
a/b = 0.5
a/b = 1.0
a/b = 1.5
2.568 2.568 2.333 2.333 2.270 2.270
1.990 1.990 2.311 2.311 2.253 2.253
1.539 1.539 1.990 1.990 2.210 2.210
Chapter 4
74
factors, we have used the following parameters: aspect ratio a/b = 2.0, thickness to width
ratio h/b = 0.04 and loading position = 0.5 . It can be seen from Fig. 4.8 that the
buckling criterion curves merge at some portions even though the rectangular plates have
one of its edge conditions different from the other provided the sub-plate with this edge is
under a high tensile stress state. For example CSFS plate with a high tensile stress state in
sub-plate 2 will behave in a similar manner to a CSCS plate with a high tensile stress state
or a low compressive stress state in sub-plate 2 because the tensile stressed sub-plate does
not buckle at all and thus its edge condition plays no part in the buckling phenomenon.
Chapter 4
75
4.3
Concluding Remarks
This chapter presents an analytical method to determine the exact plastic buckling
factors of rectangular plates subjected to end and intermediate uniaxial loads and where
Chapter 4
76
two opposite edges (parallel to the loads) are simply supported. In this method, the
rectangular plate is divided into two sub-plates at the intermediate load location. Each
sub-plate buckling problem is then solved using the Levy approach. There are eight
feasible solutions for each sub-plate. The critical buckling load is determined from one of
the sixty-four possible solution combinations for the two sub-plates. The solution
combination depends on the aspect ratio, the intermediate load position, the intermediate
to end load ratio, the material properties and the boundary conditions. The effects of the
aforementioned parameters and the adoption of DT and IT on the buckling factors are
also investigated.
The presented exact buckling solutions should be very useful for engineers designing
plated walls that have to support intermediate floors/loads and they should serve as
benchmark values for checking the convergence, validity and accuracy of numerical
methods for plate buckling analysis.
Chapter 4
77
any B.C.
simply supported
edges
any B.C.
N2
N1
N1 + N 2 b
(1 )a
a
(a)
y2
y1
N1
interface
any B.C.
any B.C.
N1 + N 2 b
x2
(1 )a
x1
(b)
(c)
Fig. 4.1 Rectangular plate under intermediate and end uniaxial loads
1
5
Regime IV
Regime V
S
Regime III
Regime II
1
P
2
0
-6
-4
-2
-1
Regime I
-2
Chapter 4
78
1
5
a/b=1
4
a/b=3
a/b=2
a/b=1
2
a/b=2
a/b=3
0
-6
-4
-2
-1
Results based on IT
-2
(a)
1
5
a/b=1
4
a/b=1
a/b=3
a/b=2
a/b=2
1
a/b=3
0
-6
-4
-2
-1
Results based on DT
-2
(b)
Fig. 4.3 Stability criteria for SSSS rectangular plates with h/b= 0.04 and different
aspect ratios a/b = 1,2,3 by (a) IT and (b) DT. The intermediate load is placed at =
0.5
Chapter 4
79
1
6
a/b=2
a/b=1
a/b=3
0
-6
-4
-2
Results based on IT
-2
(a)
1
5
a/b=2
a/b=1
a/b=3
0
-6
-4
-2
-1
Results based on DT
-2
(b)
Fig. 4.4 Stability criteria for CSCS rectangular plates with h/b = 0.04 and different
aspect ratios a/b = 1, 2, 3 by (a) IT and (b) DT. The intermediate load is placed at
= 0.5
Chapter 4
80
1
3
a/b=3
2
a/b=1
a/b=2
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
Results based on IT
-2
(a)
1
3
a/b=3
2
a/b=1
a/b=2
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
Results based on DT
-2
(b)
Fig. 4.5 Stability criteria for FSFS rectangular plates with h/b = 0.04 and different
aspect ratios a/b = 1, 2, 3 by (a) IT and (b) DT. The intermediate load is placed at
= 0.5
Chapter 4
N1
Y edge
Z edge
N1 N 2
N2
S
0.5a
0.5a
Y edge
81
0.5a
Chapter 4
82
2
8
N1
N1 + N 2
N2
1 = N 1b 2 /( 2 D )
2 = N 2 b 2 /( 2 D )
(1- )a
1 = 0 , a/b=1
1 = 0 , a/b=2
1 = 2 , a/b=1
1 = 2 , a/b=2
Results based on IT
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(a)
2
5
1 = 0 , a/b=1
4
1 = 0 , a/b=2
3
1 = 2 , a/b=1
2
1 = 2 , a/b=2
1
Results based on DT
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
Fig. 4.7 Variation of buckling factors 2 with respect to for rectangular plates
with 1 =0 and 2 by (a) IT (b) DT.
Chapter 4
83
1
5
SSSS
CSCS
FSSS
CSFS
CSSS, FSSS
FSFS, FSSS
1
0
-6
-4
-2
Results based on IT
-1
FSFS, CSFS
-2
(a)
1
SSSS
CSFS
FSSS
CSSS, FSSS
FSFS, FSSS
CSCS
0
-6
-4
-2
-1
Results based on DT
FSFS, CSFS
-2
(b)
Fig. 4.8 Stability criteria for rectangular plates with h/b=0.04, aspect ratio a/b = 2,
intermediate load position = 0.5 and different boundary conditions by (a) IT and (b) DT
Chapter 4
84
1
6
E / 0 = 200
Results based on IT
4
c=2
c=3
c=20
2
0
-6
-4
-2
-2
(a)
1
6
E / 0 = 400
Results based on IT
4
c=2
c=3
c=20
2
0
-6
-4
-2
-2
(b)
Chapter 4
85
1
6
E / 0 = 800
Results based on IT
4
c=2
c=20
2
c=3
0
-6
-4
-2
-2
(c)
Fig. 4.9 Stability criteria for SSSS square plates with h/b = 0.04, = 0.5, for
E
= (a) 200, (b) 400, (c) 800 by IT
different
1
6
E / 0 = 200
Results based on DT
c=2
c=20
c=3
2
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
-2
-4
(a)
Chapter 4
86
1
6
E / 0 = 400
Results based on DT
c=3
4
c=2
c=20
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
(b)
1
6
E / 0 = 800
Results based on DT
c=3
c=20
c=2
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
(c)
Fig. 4.10 Stability criteria for SSSS square plates with h/b = 0.04, = 0.5, for
E
= (a) 200, (b) 400, (c) 800 by DT
different
Chapter 4
87
2
6
IT
E / 0 = 400 , IT
DT
E / 0 = 200 , IT
E / 0 = 800 , IT
E / 0 = 200 , DT
E / 0 = 400 , DT
2
N2
N2
E / 0 = 800 , DT
b=a
0.5a
0
0
0.5a
5
c
10
15
20
Fig. 4.11 Buckling load factors 2 for SSSS square plates with 1 = 0
25
Chapter 5
Conclusions
Chapter 5
89
combinations have to be considered for the whole plate. The effect of various aspect
ratios, intermediate load positions, boundary conditions and material properties are
discussed. It is found that deformation theory of plasticity always yields lower buckling
factors than incremental theory of plasticity. Our research should be useful for engineers
designing plated walls that have to support intermediate floors/loads.
5.2
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