You are on page 1of 12

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Economics and Finance 19 (2015) 314 324

7KH (FRQRPLHV RI %DONDQ DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH &RXQWULHV LQ WKH FKDQJHG ZRUOG (%((&
6HUELD

1LV

'HSUHFLDWLRQ 0HWKRGV DQG /LIH &\FOH &RVWLQJ /&& 0HWKRGRORJ\


.RQVWDQWLQRV - /LDSLV
D

'LPLWULRV ' .DQWLDQLV

$VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU 3DQWHLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6RFLDO DQG 3ROLWLFDO 6FLHQFHV


E
3K' &DQGLGDWH 3DQWHLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6RFLDO DQG 3ROLWLFDO 6FLHQFHV

6\QJURX $YH
6\QJURX $YH

E
$WKHQV *UHHFH
$WKHQV *UHHFH

$EVWUDFW
)L[HG DVVHWV DUH WDQJLEOH DVVHWV WKDW DUH XVHG E\ D EXVLQHVV WR SURGXFH LQFRPH $FFRXQWLQJ IDLUQHVV UHIHUV PRVWO\ WR WKH
IDLU SUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH WR WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RU YDOXDWLRQ RI DQ HOHPHQW UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH HQWLW\V ILQDQFLDO
VWDWHPHQWV
'HSUHFLDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI DOORFDWLQJ FRVWV WR DQ DVVHW RYHU LWV HQWLUH OLIH 7KLV DOORFDWLRQ LV GRQH LQ D ZD\ WKDW WKH FRVW RI WKH
DVVHW GHSUHFLDWLRQ H[SHQVH LV FKDUJHG WR WKH DFFRXQWLQJ SHULRGV GXULQJ WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH RI WKH DVVHW DQG GHFUHDVHV WKH QHW YDOXH RI
IL[HG DVVHWV $SSO\LQJ GLIIHUHQW GHSUHFLDWLRQ DFFRXQWLQJ DQG YDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGV DFURVV ILUPV RU FRXQWULHV PDNHV ILQDQFLDO
VWDWHPHQWV LQFRPSDUDEOH WR HDFK RWKHU 7KH UHVHDUFK REMHFWLYH RI WKH SDSHU LV D SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV LQ
FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK OLIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ %RWK /&& DQG GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV DUH DSSOLHG WR L D W\SLFDO
FRPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ DVVHW DQ RIILFH EXLOGLQJ DV SDUW RI D UHDO SURSHUW\ GHYHORSHUV IL[HG DVVHWV SRUWIROLR DQG LL D YHVVHO D
+DQG\PD[ DV SDUW RI WKH IL[HG DVVHWV RI D VKLSSLQJ FRPSDQ\ LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHVH PHWKRGV ZKHQ
DSSOLHG WR WKH YDOXDWLRQ RI IL[HG DVVHWV DQG KRZ WKHVH PHWKRGV FRUUHODWH ZLWK HDFK RWKHU )ROORZLQJ WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG
SURFHGXUH RXU DLP LV WR SURYLGH DQVZHUV WR WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV L ZKLFK GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG LV PRUH DSSURSULDWH WR EH XVHG
DV WKH DFFRXQWLQJ PHWKRG IRU IL[HG DVVHWV" DQG LL LQ ZKDW ZD\ WKH /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV
DQG PRUH EURDGO\ ZLWK DFFRXQWLQJ PHWKRGV DQG SUDFWLFHV"
2015 7KH
$XWKRUV 3XEO
VKHG
E\ b(OVHY
% 9 Lr UB.V. T his is an open access article under the CC BY-NCL hed

The Authors.
P ublis
y E Hlsevie
6HOHFWLRQ
ND
licenseDQG R 3HHU UHY HZ ZLOO EH XQGHU UHVSRQV ELOLW\ R 'HSD PHQW RI $FFRXQWDQF\ DQG )LQDQFH (DVWH Q 0DFHGRQLD DQG
I
UW
U
(7KUDFH
http://cre
ative coU
mmons.oLrg/licenses/
,QVWLWXWH
R 7HFKQRORJ\
.DYD D *by-nc-nd/4.0/).L
HHFH
Peer-review will beI under responsibilitOy o f DU epar t ment of Accountancy and Finance, Eastern
Macedonia and
Thrace Institute of Technology, Kavala,
Greece.
.H\ZRUGV )L[HG $VVHWV 'HSUHFLDWLRQ 0HWKRGV /&& $FFRXQWLQJ

&RUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU 7HO


ID[
( PDLO DGGUHVV NRQVWDQWLQRV OLDSLV#SDQWHLRQ JU

2212-5671 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review will be under responsibility of Department of Accountancy and Finance, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of
Technology, Kavala, Greece.
doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00032-5

31
5

Konstantinos
Konstantinos
J. Liapis
J. Liapis
and Dimitrios
and Dimitrios
D. Kantianis
D. Kantianis
/ Procedia
/ Procedia
Economics
Economics
and Finance
and Finance
19 (2015)
19 (2015)
314 314
324 324

31
5

,QWURGXFWLRQ
$FFRUGLQJ WR PLFURHFRQRPLFV SURSHUW\ LV GHILQHG DV D JRRG DEOH WR SURYLGH D FRQVWDQW IORZ RI VHUYLFHV VXFK DV
KRXVLQJ VHUYLFHV RU D VRXUFH RI FDVK LQIORZ $VVHWV DUH FRQVXPHU GXUDEOH JRRGV KHOG HLWKHU E\ KRXVHKROGV IRU
KRXVLQJ QHHGV RU E\ ILUPV LQ RUGHU WR LQVWDOO WKHLU EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV QHFHVVDU\ WR RSHUDWH $V JRRGV WUDGHG LQ
WKH PDUNHW DVVHW SULFHV DUH GHILQHG WKURXJK WKH ODZ RI GHPDQG DQG VXSSO\ ,Q PDUNHWV XQGHU HTXLOLEULXP FXUUHQW
YDOXHV PXVW UHIOHFW WKH DVVHWV SUHVHQW YDOXHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH WLPH YDOXH RI PRQH\ $Q\ YDULDWLRQV IURP
WKH YDOXDWLRQ XQGHU SUHVHQW YDOXHV OHDYH VSDFH IRU PRYLQJ IURP WKH HTXLOLEULXP VSRW DQG WKH PRYHPHQW ZLOO
FRQWLQXH XQWLO DOO FXUUHQW YDOXHV UHIOHFW SUHVHQW YDOXHV (FRQRPLFV UHFRJQL]H WKH ILQDQFLDO UHWXUQ RI WKH DVVHW E\
FRQVXPSWLRQ RU VDOH DV D FDSLWDO JDLQ DULVLQJ IURP WKH LQFUHDVH RI WKH YDOXH RI WKH DVVHW %\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ YDULDEOH
DFFRXQWLQJ WUHDWPHQWV IRU DVVHWV DVVHWV KDYH GHYHORSHG LQWR D SURVSHURXV LQYHVWPHQW WRRO IRU FRPSDQLHV LQ RUGHU WR
REWDLQ HFRQRPLF EHQHILWV QRW RQO\ WKURXJK FRQVXPSWLRQ RZQ XVH RU VDOH EXW DOVR WKURXJK LQYHVWLQJ $FFRXQWLQJ
IDLUQHVV UHIHUV PRVWO\ WR WKH IDLU SUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH PHDVXUHPHQW RU YDOXDWLRQ RI DQ HOHPHQW
UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH HQWLW\V ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH *HQHUDOO\ $FFHSWHG $FFRXQWLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV *$$3
DFURVV FRXQWULHV WZR EDVLF PHWKRGV H[LVW IRU DVVHW YDOXDWLRQ WKH DFFRXQWLQJ RI IDLU YDOXH DQG WKH DFFRXQWLQJ RI
KLVWRULFDO FRVW )DLU YDOXH LV D UDWLRQDO DQG XQELDVHG HVWLPDWH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO PDUNHW SULFH RI D JRRG VHUYLFH RU
DVVHW ,W WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW VXFK REMHFWLYH IDFWRUV DV DFTXLVLWLRQ SURGXFWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ FRVWV UHSODFHPHQW FRVWV RU
FRVWV RI FORVH VXEVWLWXWHV DFWXDO XWLOLW\ DW D JLYHQ OHYHO RI GHYHORSPHQW RI VRFLDO SURGXFWLYH FDSDELOLW\ VXSSO\ YV
GHPDQG DQG VXEMHFWLYH IDFWRUV VXFK DV ULVN FKDUDFWHULVWLFV FRVW RI DQG UHWXUQ RQ FDSLWDO DQG LQGLYLGXDOO\
SHUFHLYHG XWLOLW\
,Q DFFRXQWLQJ IDLU YDOXH LV XVHG DV D FHUWDLQW\ RI WKH PDUNHW YDOXH RI DQ DVVHW RU OLDELOLW\ IRU ZKLFK D PDUNHW SULFH
FDQQRW EH GHWHUPLQHG XVXDOO\ EHFDXVH WKHUH LV QR HVWDEOLVKHG PDUNHW IRU WKH DVVHW +LVWRULFDO FRVW VWDWHV WKDW
HDFK ILQDQFLDO HIIHFW RI D UHDOL]HG WUDQVDFWLRQ VWDWHG LQ WKH ILUPV ILQDQFLDO SRVLWLRQ VKDOO EH UHFRUGHG DW
DFTXLVLWLRQ FRVW
$SSO\LQJ GLIIHUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ PHWKRGV DFURVV ILUPV RU FRXQWULHV PDNHV ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV LQFRPSDUDEOH WR
HDFK RWKHU (YHQ ZLWKLQ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )LQDQFLDO 5HSRUWLQJ 6WDQGDUGV ,)56 IUDPHZRUN WKH FKRLFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
YDOXDWLRQ PRGHOV IRU FHUWDLQ DVVHW SRUWIROLRV LV D JLYHQ RSWLRQ 86 *$$3 DOVR VHHP WR KDYH D GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFK LQ
SURSHUW\ YDOXDWLRQ 8QGHU 86 *$$3 )$6
IDLU YDOXH LV WKH DPRXQW DW ZKLFK WKH DVVHW FRXOG EH ERXJKW RU VROG
LQ D FXUUHQW WUDQVDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ ZLOOLQJ SDUWLHV RU WUDQVIHUUHG WR DQ HTXLYDOHQW SDUW\ RWKHU WKDQ LQ D OLTXLGDWLRQ VDOH
7KH ODWHVW HGLWLRQ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 9DOXDWLRQ 6WDQGDUGV ,96
FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVKHV EHWZHHQ IDLU YDOXH
DV GHILQHG LQ WKH ,)56 DQG PDUNHW YDOXH DV GHILQHG LQ WKH ,96 VR DV WKH WHUP LV JHQHUDOO\ XVHG IDLU YDOXH
FDQ EH FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP PDUNHW YDOXH ,W UHTXLUHV WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH SULFH WKDW LV IDLU EHWZHHQ WZR
VSHFLILF SDUWLHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH UHVSHFWLYH DGYDQWDJHV GLVDGYDQWDJHV WKDW HDFK ZLOO JDLQ IURP D
WUDQVDFWLRQ
$OWKRXJK PDUNHW YDOXH PD\ PHHW WKHVH FULWHULD WKLV LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ DOZD\V WKH FDVH )DLU YDOXH LV IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG
ZKHQ XQGHUWDNLQJ GXH GLOLJHQFH LQ FRUSRUDWH WUDQVDFWLRQV ZKHUH SDUWLFXODU V\QHUJLHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR SDUWLHV
PD\ PHDQ WKDW WKH SULFH WKDW LV IDLU EHWZHHQ WKHP LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH SULFH WKDW PLJKW EH REWDLQDEOH RQ WKH ZLGHU PDUNHW
,Q RWKHU ZRUGV D VSHFLDO YDOXH PD\ EH JHQHUDWHG 0DUNHW YDOXH UHTXLUHV WKLV HOHPHQW RI VSHFLDO YDOXH WR EH
GLVUHJDUGHG EXW LW IRUPV SDUW RI WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI IDLU YDOXH
'HSUHFLDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI DOORFDWLQJ FRVWV WR DQ DVVHW RYHU LWV HQWLUH XVHIXO OLIH 7KLV DOORFDWLRQ LV GRQH LQ
D ZD\ WKDW WKH FRVW RI WKH DVVHW GHSUHFLDWLRQ H[SHQVH LV FKDUJHG WR WKH DFFRXQWLQJ SHULRGV GXULQJ WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH RI
WKH DVVHW DQG GHFUHDVHV WKH QHW YDOXH RI IL[HG DVVHWV $SSO\LQJ GLIIHUHQW GHSUHFLDWLRQ DFFRXQWLQJ DQG YDOXDWLRQ
PHWKRGV DFURVV ILUPV RU FRXQWULHV PDNHV ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV LQFRPSDUDEOH WR HDFK RWKHU )XUWKHUPRUH QR DFFRXQW LV
WDNHQ IRU WKH OLIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ /&& RI WKH DVVHW DQG WKHUH LV QR IRUPDO IUDPHZRUN WKDW LPSRVHV /&& FDOFXODWLRQV LQ
IL[HG DVVHWV YDOXDWLRQ LQ VSLWH RI WKH IDFW WKDW /&& LV D ILHOG RI FRQWLQXRXV JURZLQJ LQWHUHVW DQG VXEVWDQWLDO DPRXQWV
RI UHVHDUFK FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH +HQFH DOWKRXJK IXQGLQJ DQG LQVXUDQFH RUJDQLVDWLRQV DUH VWURQJO\
LQWHUHVWHG LQ /&& LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ KDV QRW EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG LQWR VWDQGDUG SUDFWLFH 'DYLV /DQJGRQ
7KH DLP RI WKH VWXG\ LV WR H[SORUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GHSUHFLDWLRQ DQG /&& PHWKRGRORJLHV ZKHQ WKHVH
DUH DSSOLHG WR WKH YDOXDWLRQ RI IL[HG DVVHWV DQG KRZ WKHVH PHWKRGV FRUUHODWH ZLWK HDFK RWKHU 7KH PHWKRGV DUH DSSOLHG
WR L D W\SLFDO FRPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ DVVHW DQ RIILFH EXLOGLQJ DV SDUW RI D UHDO SURSHUW\ GHYHORSHUV IL[HG
DVVHWV SRUWIROLR DQG LL D YHVVHO D +DQG\PD[ DV SDUW RI WKH IL[HG DVVHWV RI D VKLSSLQJ FRPSDQ\

7KH DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUN RI IL[HG DVVHWV


)L[HG DVVHWV DUH WDQJLEOH DVVHWV WKDW DUH XVHG E\ D EXVLQHVV WR SURGXFH LQFRPH OLNH EXLOGLQJV SODQW
HTXLSPHQW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ PHDQV PDFKLQHU\ FRPSXWHUV DQ\WKLQJ WKDW ZLOO SUREDEO\ EULQJ IXWXUH HFRQRPLF EHQHILWV
)L[HG DVVHWV VKDUH FRPPRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKH\ DUH XVHG LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI EXVLQHVV LQFRPH WKH\ KDYH D
XVHIXO HFRQRPLF OLIH RI DW OHDVW RQH \HDU DQG WKH\ DUH XVHG XS RU ZHDU RXW RYHU WLPH $V DFFRXQWLQJ HOHPHQWV
DVVHWV DUH UXOHG E\ D VHW RI EDVLF DVSHFWV VXFK DV FRVW FRVW RI ODQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVW HWF UHVLGXDO YDOXH XVHIXO OLIH
HVWLPDWLRQ DQG GHSUHFLDWLRQ LPSDFW 7KH DERYH HOHPHQWV DUH FRUUHODWHG ZLWK W\SH DQG WKH XVH IRUP RI WKH DVVHW $VVHW
DFFRXQWLQJ LV VXEMHFW WR WKH DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUN LQVWLWXWHG E\ WKH $FFRXQWLQJ %RDUG RI HDFK FRXQWU\ 7KH
PRVW IDPRXV
$FFRXQWLQJ %RDUGV DUH WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUGV %RDUG ,$6% ,)56 ,$6V DQG WKH )LQDQFLDO
6WDQGDUGV %RDUG )$6% 86 *$$3 %RWK WKH ,$6% DQG )$6% DLP WR GHYHORS D VHW RI KLJK TXDOLW\ JOREDO
DFFRXQWLQJ VWDQGDUGV WKDW UHTXLUH WUDQVSDUHQW DQG FRPSDUDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ JHQHUDO SXUSRVH ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV ,Q
SXUVXLW RI WKLV REMHFWLYH )$6% DQG ,$6% FR RSHUDWH ZLWK QDWLRQDO DFFRXQWLQJ VWDQGDUG VHWWHUV WR
DFKLHYH FRQYHUJHQFH LQ DFFRXQWLQJ VWDQGDUGV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG 7KH DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUN SURYLGHV D JHQHUDO
VHW RI DFFRXQWLQJ SULQFLSOHV 6RPH RI WKH SULQFLSOHV WKDW DSSO\ WR WKLV VWXG\ DUH SUXGHQFH KLVWRULFDO FRVW
VXEVWDQFH RYHU IRUP JRLQJ FRQFHUQ DQG WUXH DQG IDLU YLHZ 2WKHU SULQFLSOHV DQG TXDOLWDWLYH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
WKH ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV DUH PDWFKLQJ SULQFLSOH DFFUXDO EDVLV XQGHUVWDQGDELOLW\ UHOHYDQFH PDWHULDOLW\ UHOLDELOLW\
IDLWKIXO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ FRPSDUDELOLW\
QHXWUDOLW\
FRPSOHWHQHVV WLPHOLQHVV PDWHULDOLW\
FRVW DQG EHQHILW
EDODQFH DQG FRQVLVWHQF\ $FFRUGLQJ WR ,)56 IDLU YDOXH LV WKH SULFH DW ZKLFK WKH SURSHUW\ FRXOG EH H[FKDQJHG
EHWZHHQ NQRZOHGJHDEOH ZLOOLQJ SDUWLHV LQ DQ DUPV OHQJWK WUDQVDFWLRQ ,$6
$FFRUGLQJ WR 86 *$$3 IDLU
YDOXH LV WKH SULFH WKDW ZRXOG EH UHFHLYHG WR VHOO DQ DVVHW RU SDLG WR WUDQVIHU D OLDELOLW\ LQ DQ RUGHUO\ WUDQVDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ PDUNHW SDUWLFLSDQWV DW WKH PHDVXUHPHQW GDWH )$6
&RVW DFFRXQWLQJ YV IDLU YDOXH DFFRXQWLQJ SULQFLSOHV
$FFRXQWLQJ IDLUQHVV UHIHUV PRVWO\ WR WKH IDLU SUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH PHDVXUHPHQW RU YDOXDWLRQ RI DQ HOHPHQW
UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH HQWLW\V ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH *$$3 DFURVV WKH FRXQWULHV WZR EDVLF YDOXDWLRQ
PHWKRGV H[LVW XQGHU WKH HVWLPDWH WKDW WKH ILUP LV XQGHU JRLQJ FRQFHUQ 7KH DFFRXQWLQJ RI IDLU YDOXH DQG WKH
DFFRXQWLQJ RI KLVWRULFDO FRVW $SSO\LQJ GLIIHUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ PHWKRGV DFURVV ILUPV RU FRXQWULHV PDNHV ILQDQFLDO
VWDWHPHQWV LQFRPSDUDEOH WR HDFK RWKHU (YHQ ZLWKLQ WKH ,)56 IUDPHZRUN WKH FKRLFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR YDOXDWLRQ
PRGHOV IRU FHUWDLQ DVVHW SRUWIROLRV LV D JLYHQ RSWLRQ 86 *$$3 DOVR VHHP WR KDYH D GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFK LQ PHDVXULQJ
SURSHUW\ 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW PHWKRG FKRLFH LV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH EHFDXVH LW DIIHFWV WKH FRPSUHKHQVLYH LQFRPH RI WKH
ILUP LQFRPH DQG VKDUHKROGHUV HTXLW\ 9DOXDWLRQ RI SURSHUW\ UHVXOWV WKHUHIRUH WR D FKDQJH LQ ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV
7KLV UHVXOW FDQ GLUHFWO\ DIIHFW FRQWUDFWV OLQNHG WR DFFRXQWLQJ QXPEHUV H J LW FDQ ORRVHQ WKH VWUDQJOHKROG RI
GHEW FRYHQDQWV DQG UHGXFH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQDO DV\PPHWU\ 7KH DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUNV RI 86 *$$3 ,)56 DQG
*UHHN
*$$3 GLIIHU EHWZHHQ HDFK RWKHU 86 DQG *UHHN *$$3 DUH PRUH SUXGHQW LQ FRPSDUH WR ,)56 $OVR 86 DQG *UHHN
*$$3 DUH UXOH EDVHG ZKLOH ,)56 DUH SULQFLSOH EDVHG 7KHUHIRUH ,)56 OHDYH GHFLVLRQ FKRLFHV WR WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI
WKH ILUP ZKLOH 86 *$$3 VHW DOVR QXPEHUHG ERXQGDULHV DERYH RU XQGHU ZKLFK WKH DFFRXQWLQJ WUHDWPHQW
PHWKRGV FKDQJH ,)56 FRPSULVH WKH PRVW IDLU DSSURDFK EHFDXVH WKH\ SURYLGH WKH FKRLFH RI WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ
RI ILQDQFLDO VWDWHPHQWV DW IDLU YDOXH DOWKRXJK FDOFXODWLRQ RI IDLU YDOXH RI IL[HG DVVHWV LV D GLIILFXOW LVVXH ZKLFK
UHTXLUHV SURIHVVLRQDO VNLOOV 7KH IXOO FRQYHUJHQFH RI WKH WKUHH VWXGLHG DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUNV LQ D FRPPRQ JOREDO
IUDPHZRUN LV D FKDOOHQJH 7KH IUDPHZRUN WKDW LV SURSRVHG VKDOO XVH IDLU YDOXHV PHDQLQJ YDOXHV WKDW ZLOO
UHVHPEOH HFRQRPLF UHDOLW\ DW PHDVXUHPHQW GDWHV DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH DV WKH DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXDWLRQ SULQFLSOH
XVHG WR YDOXH IL[HG DVVHWV LUUHVSHFWLYHO\ RI WKHLU XVH DQG WKHLU SRUWIROLR FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ 5HYDOXDWLRQV VKDOO DIIHFW
WKH ILUPV HTXLW\ VSHFLDO UHVHUYH E\ SDVVLQJ 3 / DV XQUHDOL]HG JDLQ RU ORVV DQG VKDOO EH UHF\FOHG WR WKH ILUPV
SURILW DQG ORVV RQO\ E\ UHDOL]DWLRQ H J VDOH GLVSRVDO GHVWUXFWLRQ 6XFK D IUDPHZRUN HOLPLQDWHV DQ\ PRWLYDWLRQV
RI WKH PDQDJHPHQW WR FODVVLI\ SURSHUW\ LQ FHUWDLQ SRUWIROLRV DQG SURKLELWV WKH FKRLFH EHWZHHQ DYRLGLQJ DQG
XQGHUWDNLQJ WKH ULVN RI DIIHFWLQJ WKH SURILW DQG ORVV DFFRXQW ZKHQ UHYDOXDWLQJ DVVHWV 7KHUHIRUH SURILW EHFRPHV PRUH
SUXGHQW DQG EDODQFH VKHHW EHFRPHV PRUH WLPHO\ DQG UHOHYDQW UHVXOWLQJ WR XQLIRUPLW\ RI ILQDQFLDO DFFRXQWLQJ DQG
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI IL[HG DVVHWV DQG VXFFHHGLQJ FRPSDUDELOLW\ EHWZHHQ ILUPV DQG FRXQWULHV

'HSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV IRU IL[HG DVVHWV


7KH DFTXLVLWLRQ YDOXH IRU HDFK IL[HG DVVHW LV JHQHUDOO\ PHDVXUHG E\ WKH FDVK RXWOD\ UHTXLUHG WR REWDLQ WKH
DVVHW
)L[HG DVVHWV DUH YDOXHG DW DFWXDO FRVW RU LI WKH FRVW LV QRW UHDGLO\ GHWHUPLQHG DW HVWLPDWHG FRVW $FTXLVLWLRQ FRVW
LQFOXGHV WKH SXUFKDVH SULFH RU FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVW DV ZHOO DV DOO FRVWV LQFXUUHG WR SODFH DQ DVVHW LQ LWV LQWHQGHG ORFDWLRQ
DQG LQ DQ RSHUDEOH FRQGLWLRQ 6XFK FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ DVVHW LQFOXGH IUHLJKW DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FKDUJHV
LQVWDOODWLRQ FRVWV VLWH SUHSDUDWLRQ H[SHQGLWXUHV SURIHVVLRQDO IHHV LQFOXGLQJ WLWOH FRVWV DQG VXUYH\LQJ IHHV LI
DSSURSULDWH OHJDO FRVWV GLUHFWO\ DWWULEXWDEOH WR DVVHW DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG FRVW RI QHFHVVDU\ HDVHPHQWV DQG ULJKW RI ZD\V
'HSUHFLDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI DOORFDWLQJ DVVHW FRVWV RYHU LWV OLIH 7KLV DOORFDWLRQ LV GRQH LQ D ZD\ WKDW WKH FRVW RI
WKH DVVHW GHSUHFLDWLRQ H[SHQVH LV FKDUJHG WR WKH DFFRXQWLQJ SHULRGV GXULQJ WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH RI WKH DVVHW 7KH
IROORZLQJ DUH WKH SXUSRVH RI FKDUJLQJ GHSUHFLDWLRQ RI IL[HG DVVHWV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH WUXH SURILW RI WKH EXVLQHVV
WR VKRZ WKH WUXH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI ILQDQFLDO SRVLWLRQ WR SURYLGH IXQG IRU UHSODFHPHQW RI DVVHWV DQG WR VKRZ WKH DVVHW DW
LWV UHDVRQDEOH YDOXH LQ WKH EDODQFH VKHHW 7KH IROORZLQJ IDFWRUV DUH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKLOH FKDUJLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI
GHSUHFLDWLRQ WKH RULJLQDO FRVW RI WKH DVVHW WKH XVHIXO OLIH RI WKH DVVHW DQG WKH HVWLPDWHG VFUDS RU UHVLGXDO
YDOXH RI WKH DVVHW DW WKH HQG RI LWV OLIH 7KH %DVLF $VVHW /LIH &\FOH DQ DVVHW LV DFTXLUHG DQG DGGHG WR WKH DVVHW OHGJHU
DW WKH HQG RI HDFK SHULRG GHSUHFLDWLRQ H[SHQVH IRU TXDOLI\LQJ DVVHWV LV UHFRUGHG IRU HDFK ERRN -RXUQDO HQWULHV
DUH JHQHUDWHG IRU WKH SRVWLQJ ERRN WR VSHFLILHG DFFRXQWV LQ WKH *HQHUDO /HGJHU DW VRPH SRLQW RZQHUVKLS LQWHUHVW LQ
WKH DVVHW LV UHOLQTXLVKHG DQG WKH DVVHW LV GLVSRVHG 'HSUHFLDWLRQ DFFRXQWLQJ LV KHOSIXO WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH WUXH SURILW DQG
WKH UHDO ILQDQFLDO SRVLWLRQ RI WKH HQWLW\ $FFXPXODWHG GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV GHGXFWHG IURP WKH UHODWHG DVVHW DFFRXQW RQ
WKH EDODQFH VKHHW WR FRPSXWH WKH DVVHWV ERRN YDOXH 7KH FHUWDLQ FRPPRQO\ XVHG WHUPV IRU GHSUHFLDWLRQV DUH
2ULJLQDO FRVW RI WKH DVVHW LV WKH FRVW LQFXUUHG LQ PDNLQJ WKH DVVHW DYDLODEOH IRU XVH LQ WKH ILUVW LQVWDQFH
6DOYDJH YDOXH LV WKH H[SHFWHG UHFRYHU\ RI WKH VDOHV YDOXH RI DQ DVVHW DW WKH HQG RI LWV XVHIXO OLIH 8VHIXO OLIH LV WKH
H[SHFWHG WLPH SHULRG IRU ZKLFK WKH DVVHW SURYLGHV HFRQRPLF VHUYLFHV WKDW LV WKH SHULRG LQ ZKLFK WKH DVVHW FRXOG EH
XVHG IRU DQ HQWLW\V SURGXFWLRQ RU RSHUDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV 'HSUHFLDEOH FRVW LV WKH RULJLQDO FRVW OHVV H[SHFWHG VDOYDJH
YDOXH 7KLV LV WKH DPRXQW RI H[SHQVHV WKH HQWHUSULVH ZLOO EH LQFXUULQJ RQ DPRXQW RI H[SLUHG FRVWV RI WKH
PDFKLQH RYHU LWV XVHIXO RU HFRQRPLF OLIH :ULWWHQ GRZQ YDOXH RI DQ DVVHW DW DQ\ SRLQW RI WLPH LV RULJLQDO FRVW OHVV
GHSUHFLDWLRQ WR GDWH L H DFFXPXODWHG GHSUHFLDWLRQ ,W LV DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV ERRN YDOXH 7R DVVHVV GHSUHFLDWLRQ WKH
DFFRXQWLQJ SUDFWLFH XVHV VHYHUDO FULWHULD VXFK DV WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH WKH YROXPH RI DFWLYLW\ SURGXFHG WKH
LQWHUHVW UDWH HWF 7KH GLIIHUHQW GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV DLP WR DOORFDWH WKH FRVW RI DQ DVVHW WR GLIIHUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ
SHULRGV LQ D V\VWHPDWLF DQG UDWLRQDO PDQQHU (DFK PHWKRG SURGXFHV D GLIIHUHQW SDWWHUQ RI H[SHQVHV RYHU WLPH
,Q RUGHU WR FRUUHFW PHDVXULQJ RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR NQRZ WKH FRQFHSWXDO PHDQLQJ RI
GHSUHFLDWLRQ GHSOHWLRQ DQG DPRUWL]DWLRQ
'HSUHFLDWLRQ LV WUHDWHG DV D UHYHQXH ORVV ZKLFK LV UHFRUGHG ZKHQ H[SLUHG XWLOLW\ IL[HG DVVHWV VXFK DV SODQW DQG
PDFKLQHU\ EXLOGLQJ DQG HTXLSPHQW HWF 7KH WHUP GHSOHWLRQ UHIHUV WR PHDVXUH WKH UDWH RI H[KDXVWLRQ RI WKH
QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV RU DVVHWV VXFK DV PLQHV LURQ RUH RLO ZHOOV TXDUULHV HWF :KLOH FRPSDULQJ ZLWK GHSUHFLDWLRQ
GHSOHWLRQ LV JHQHUDOO\ DSSOLHG LQ WKH FDVH RI QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV WR DVFHQGLQJ WKH UDWH RI SK\VLFDO VKULQNDJH EXW
LQ WKH FDVH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV XVHG WR PHDVXUH WKH IDOO LQ WKH YDOXH RU XWLOLW\ RI IL[HG DVVHWV VXFK DV SODQW DQG
PDFKLQHU\ DQG RWKHU JHQHUDO DVVHWV 7KH WHUP DPRUWL]DWLRQ LV DSSOLHG LQ WKH FDVH RI LQWDQJLEOH DVVHWV VXFK DV
SDWHQWV FRS\ULJKWV JRRGZLOO WUDGHPDUNV HWF $PRUWL]DWLRQ LV XVHG WR PHDVXUH WKH UHGXFWLRQ LQ YDOXH RI LQWDQJLEOH
DVVHWV REVROHVFHQFH PHDQV D UHGXFWLRQ RI XVHIXOQHVV RI DVVHWV GXH WR WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDQJHV LPSURYHG
SURGXFWLRQ PHWKRGV FKDQJH LQ PDUNHW GHPDQG IRU WKH SURGXFW RU VHUYLFH RXWSXW RI WKH DVVHW RU OHJDO RU RWKHU
UHVWULFWLRQV
7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH YDULRXV PHWKRGV DSSOLHG IRU PHDVXULQJ DOORFDWLRQ RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ FRVW
x 6WUDLJKW /LQH PHWKRG 6/0
x :ULWWHQ 'RZQ 9DOXH :'9 PHWKRG
x $QQXLW\ PHWKRG
x 6LQNLQJ )XQG PHWKRG 6)0
x 5HYDOXDWLRQ RU $SSUDLVDO PHWKRG
x ,QVXUDQFH 3ROLF\ PHWKRG
x 'HSOHWLRQ PHWKRG
x 6XP RI WKH <HDUV 'LJLWV 6<' PHWKRG
x 0DFKLQH +RXU 5DWH PHWKRG

'HSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV XVHG LQ WKH UHVHDUFK


6WUDLJKW /LQH PHWKRG 6/0
7KH VWUDLJKW OLQH PHWKRG 6/0 DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH IL[HG LQVWDOOPHQW PHWKRG DOORFDWHV DQ HTXDO DPRXQW RI
DQ DVVHWV FRVW WR HDFK \HDU RI LWV H[SHFWHG XVHIXO OLIH 7KLV DOORFDWLRQ DVVXPHV WKDW DQ HTXDO DPRXQW RI DQ DVVHWV
SRWHQWLDO LV FRQVXPHG LQ HDFK SHULRG RI LWV OLIH +RZHYHU WKLV PD\ QRW EH WUXH XQGHU DOO FLUFXPVWDQFHV 7KH UHSDLUV
DQG PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW ZLOO EH ORZHU LQ HDUOLHU \HDUV RI XVH EXW ZLOO JUDGXDOO\ EH KLJKHU DV WKH DVVHW EHFRPHV
ROG
0RUHRYHU WKH DVVHW PLJKW KDYH GLIIHUHQW FDSDFLWLHV RYHU GLIIHUHQW \HDUV RI LWV OLIH 7KH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ
IRU HDFK SHULRG LV FRPSXWHG E\ GHGXFWLQJ WKH DVVHWV H[SHFWHG UHVLGXDO YDOXH IURP LWV DFTXLVLWLRQ FRVW DQG GLYLGLQJ
WKH UHVXOW E\ LWV H[SHFWHG HFRQRPLFDO DQG XVHIXO OLIH 7KH UDWH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV WKH UHFLSURFDO RI WKH HVWLPDWHG
XVHIXO OLIH 7KLV PD\ EH SUHVHQWHG DV IROORZV
$QQXDO 'HSUHFLDWLRQ
&RVW RI WKH $VVHW 5HVLGXDO 9DOXH (VWLPDWHG (FRQRPLF /LIH RU
$QQXDO 'HSUHFLDWLRQ
'HSUHFLDWLRQ SHU 8QLW RI 2XWSXW [ 1XPEHU RI 8QLWV 3URGXFHG GXULQJ DQ
$FFRXQWLQJ
3HULRG ZKHUH
'HSUHFLDWLRQ SHU 8QLW RI 2XWSXW
&RVW RI $VVHW 5HVLGXDO 9DOXH (VWLPDWHG 2XWSXW GXULQJ (FRQRPLF /LIH
:ULWWHQ 'RZQ 9DOXH :'9 PHWKRG
8QGHU WKH ZULWWHQ GRZQ YDOXH :'9 PHWKRG RI FDOFXODWLQJ GHSUHFLDWLRQ WKH DPRXQW FKDUJHG IRU GHSUHFLDWLRQ
GHFOLQHV RYHU WKH DVVHWV H[SHFWHG OLIH 7KLV PHWKRG LV VXLWDEOH LQ FDVHV ZKHUH D WKH UHFHLSWV DUH H[SHFWHG WR
GHFOLQH DV WKH DVVHW JHWV ROGHU DQG E LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ VKRXOG EH UHODWHG WR WKH
SDWWHUQ RI DVVHWV H[SHFWHG UHFHLSWV 7KH :'9 PHWKRG LV DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH UHGXFLQJ GLPLQLVKLQJ RU GHFOLQLQJ
EDODQFH PHWKRG 7KH GHSUHFLDWLRQ FKDUJH LV FDOFXODWHG E\ PXOWLSO\LQJ WKH QHW ERRN YDOXH RI WKH DVVHW DFTXLVLWLRQ
FRVW OHVV DFFXPXODWHG GHSUHFLDWLRQ DW WKH VWDUW RI HDFK SHULRG E\ D IL[HG UDWH 8QGHU WKH :'9 PHWKRG LW LV
LPSRVVLEOH WR UHGXFH WKH DVVHW YDOXH WR ]HUR EHFDXVH WKHUH LV DOZD\V VRPH EDODQFH WR UHGXFH WKH DVVHW YDOXH
HYHQ IXUWKHU :KHQ WKH DVVHW LV VROG DEDQGRQHG RU UHWLUHG IURP XVH WKH :'9 DSSHDULQJ LQ ERRNV LV ZULWWHQ RII
DV GHSUHFLDWLRQ IRU WKH ILQDO SHULRG 8QGHU WKLV PHWKRG WKH IL[HG GHSUHFLDWLRQ UDWH XVHG FKDUJHV WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ FRVW OHVV
VDOYDJH RU UHVLGXDO YDOXH RI WKH DVVHW RYHU LWV VHUYLFH OLIH



:KHUH
U 5DWH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ RU D IL[HG SHUFHQWDJH Q
1XPEHU RI \HDUV RI DVVHWV XVHIXO OLIH
V 6DOYDJH YDOXH RU UHVLGXDO YDOXH F
$FTXLVLWLRQ FRVW RI WKH DVVHW
'HSUHFLDWLRQ DW D FHUWDLQ UDWH LV DSSOLHG WR WKH :'9 RI WKH DVVHW DV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI HDFK \HDU 7KH HIIHFW RI WKLV
PHWKRG LV WKDW WKH GHSUHFLDWLRQ DPRXQW FKDUJHG HYHU\ \HDU LV DQ DPRXQW OHVV WKDQ WKH SUHYLRXV \HDU ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV
ODUJHU DPRXQWV DUH FKDUJHG WR GHSUHFLDWLRQ GXULQJ WKH LQLWLDO \HDUV RI WKH DVVHWV XVHIXO OLIH
6XP RI WKH <HDUV 'LJLWV 6<' PHWKRG
7KH VXP RI WKH \HDUV GLJLWV 6<' PHWKRG RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ FKDUJHV ODUJHU DPRXQW RI DVVHW FRVWV WR H[SHQVHV
LQ WKH HDUO\ \HDUV RI OLIH DQG OHVVHU DPRXQW LQ ODWHU \HDUV 7KH GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV FDOFXODWHG E\ PXOWLSO\LQJ DQ DVVHWV
GHSUHFLDEOH FRVW E\ D GHFOLQLQJ UDWLR GHULYHG IURP WKH VXP RI WKH QXPEHU RI \HDUV LQ WKH DVVHWV H[SHFWHG OLIH
7R FDOFXODWH WKH DSSURSULDWH 6<' UDWLR ILUVW WKH VXP RI WKH GLJLWV LQ WKH H[SHFWHG OLIH LV IRXQG )RU H[DPSOH
WKH 6<' IRU DQ DVVHW ZLWK D OLIH RI \HDUV LV FDOFXODWHG DV
1H[W WKH DSSURSULDWH UDWLR IRU HDFK
\HDU RI WKH H[SHFWHG OLIH LV GHWHUPLQHG (DFK EDODQFH \HDU LV GLYLGHG ILJXUH E\ WKH VXP RI WKH GLJLWV H J

)LQDOO\ WKH GHSUHFLDEOH FRVW WKDW LV WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ FRVW OHVV WKH UHVLGXDO YDOXH LV PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH UDWLR
IRU HDFK \HDU WR GHWHUPLQH WKH DQQXDO GHSUHFLDWLRQ 7KLV PHWKRG DSSOLHV D FKDQJLQJ UDWH WR WKH GHSUHFLDEOH FRVW ZKLFK
LV FRQVWDQW ZKHUHDV WKH GHFOLQLQJ EDODQFH PHWKRG DSSOLHV D FRQVWDQW UDWH WR D FKDQJLQJ ERRN YDOXH 7KH 6<'
PHWKRG

LV GHVLJQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI :ULWWHQ 'RZQ 9DOXH 0HWKRG 8QGHU WKLV PHWKRG WKH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ WR EH
FKDUJHG WR WKH 3URILW DQG /RVV $FFRXQW JRHV RQ GHFUHDVLQJ HYHU\ \HDU WKURXJKRXW WKH OLIH RI WKH DVVHW 7KH
IRUPXOD IRU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV DV IROORZV


6<' GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV DQ DFFHOHUDWHG GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG WKDW DOORFDWHV D JUHDWHU SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH DVVHW WR
HDUO\ SHULRGV DQG D VPDOOHU SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH DVVHW WR ODWHU SHULRGV 7KH EDVLF SUHPLVH RI WKLV PHWKRG LV WKDW DV
DQ DVVHW DJHV LW EHJLQV WR ZHDU RXW WKXV SURYLGLQJ OHVV YDOXH 6<' XVHV D IRUPXOD WR FDOFXODWH WKH UDWH RI
GHSUHFLDWLRQ
8QOLNH GRXEOH GHFOLQLQJ EDODQFH WKH UDWH RI WKH 6<' FKDQJHV IURP HDFK SHULRG DQG QHYHU VZLWFKHV WR VWUDLJKW
OLQH GHSUHFLDWLRQ 7KH 6<' LV HTXDO WR 1 1
ZKHUH 1 HTXDOV WKH DVVHWV XVHIXO OLIH
6LQNLQJ )XQG PHWKRG
8QGHU WKLV PHWKRG ZKLOH FDOFXODWLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ D IL[HG DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV FKDUJHG
IRU HYHU\ \HDU RI WKH HVWLPDWHG XVHIXO OLIH RI WKH DVVHW LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW DW D IL[HG UDWH RI LQWHUHVW LV
FDOFXODWHG RQ WKH VDPH DPRXQW KDG EHHQ LQYHVWHG LQ VRPH RWKHU IRUP RI FDSLWDO LQYHVWPHQW ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV
GHSUHFLDWLRQ FKDUJHG IRU HYHU\ \HDU UHIHUV WR LQWHUHVW ORVLQJ RU UHGXFWLRQ LQ WKH RULJLQDO FRVW RI WKH IL[HG DVVHWV 7KH
DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV FKDUJHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI 6LQNLQJ )XQG 7DEOHV 8QGHU WKLV PHWKRG DQ DPRXQW HTXDO WR
WKH DPRXQW ZULWWHQ RII DV GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV LQYHVWHG LQ RXWVLGH VHFXULWLHV LQ RUGHU WR IDFLOLWDWH WR UHSODFH WKH DVVHW DW
WKH H[SLU\ XVHIXO OLIH RI WKH DVVHW ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ FKDUJHG LV GHELWHG WR GHSUHFLDWLRQ
DFFRXQW DQG DQ HTXDO DPRXQW LV FUHGLWHG WR 6LQNLQJ )XQG $FFRXQW $W WKH HVWLPDWHG H[SLU\ XVHIXO OLIH RI WKH
DVVHW WKH DPRXQW RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ HDFK
\HDU LV LQYHVWHG LQ HDVLO\ UHDOL]DEOH VHFXULWLHV ZKLFK FDQ EH UHDGLO\ DYDLODEOH IRU WKH UHSODFHPHQW RI WKH DVVHW
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU IL[HG DVVHWV YDOXDWLRQ
7KH ILUVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WDQGDUG IRU SURSHUW\ OLIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ /&& %6 ,62
%XLOGLQJV DQG
FRQVWUXFWHG DVVHWV 6HUYLFH OLIH SODQQLQJ 3DUW
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ %6,
GHILQHV /&& DV WKH
PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU WKH V\VWHPDWLF HFRQRPLF HYDOXDWLRQ RI OLIH F\FOH FRVWV RYHU D SHULRG RI DQDO\VLV DV GHILQHG LQ WKH
DJUHHG VFRSH /LIH F\FOH FRVW LQ WXUQ LV GHILQHG DV WKH FRVW RI DQ DVVHW RU LWV SDUWV WKURXJKRXW LWV OLIH F\FOH ZKLOH
IXOILOOLQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH UHTXLUHPHQWV ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH /&& REMHFWLYHV WKH IROORZLQJ FULWLFDO YDULDEOHV
KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG LQ QXPHURXV SDSHUV DQG WH[WERRNV RQ WKH VXEMHFW )ODQDJDQ DQG 1RUPDQ
)HUU\ DQG )
ODQDJDQ
+RDU
%XOO
1RUPDQ
.LUN DQG 'HOO,VROD
:RRGZDUG
.LVKN HW DO
DPRQJ RWKHUV SURMHFW OLIH WLPH WKH DQDO\VLV SHULRG WKH GLVFRXQW UDWH WR DGGUHVV WKH WLPH YDOXH RI PRQH\
LQIODWLRQ DQG WD[DWLRQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVW RSHUDWLQJ FRVW UHSDLU DQG PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW RFFXSDQF\ FRVW HQG RI
OLIH GLVSRVDO FRVW QRQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV LQFRPHV H[WHUQDOLWLHV VRFLDO HQYLURQPHQWDO FRVWV EHQHILWV XQFHUWDLQW\
ULVN DVVHVVPHQW VHQVLWLYLW\ DQDO\VLV /&& DQDO\VLV UHTXLUHV WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV &RQVWUXFWLQJ ([FHOOHQFH
WR
LGHQWLI\ HVWLPDWH DOO SURSHUW\ FRVWV DQG LQFRPHV LQ LWV HQWLUH OLIH F\FOH WR HPSOR\ DQ HIIHFWLYH &RVW
%UHDNGRZQ
6WUXFWXUH &%6 WR GHFLGH ZKHQ WKHVH FRVWV DQG LQFRPHV DUH OLNHO\ WR RFFXU WR XVH GLVFRXQWHG FDVK IORZ
WHFKQLTXHV WR EULQJ FRVWV DQG LQFRPHV EDFN WR D FRPPRQ EDVLV LWHPV VKRXOG QRUPDOO\ EH HQWHUHG LQWR WKH DQDO\VLV
DW WKH FXUUHQW FRVW LQFRPH DQG D GLVFRXQW UDWH DSSOLHG WR DGGUHVV XQFHUWDLQW\ LVVXHV E\ XQGHUWDNLQJ ULVN DVVHVVPHQW
DQG RU VHQVLWLYLW\ DQDO\VLV RI WKH YDULDEOHV VXFK DV WKH GLVFRXQW UDWH WKH VWXG\ SHULRG WKH SUHGLFWHG GHVLJQ OLYHV RI
YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV DVVXPSWLRQV DERXW UXQQLQJ FRVWV HWF 7KH REMHFWLYHV RI /&& LGHQWLILHG E\ WKH 5R\DO
,QVWLWXWH RI &KDUWHUHG 6XUYH\RUV DUH WR HQDEOH LQYHVWPHQW RSWLRQV WR EH PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ HYDOXDWHG WR FRQVLGHU WKH
LPSDFW RI DOO FRVWV UDWKHU WKDQ RQO\ LQLWLDO FDSLWDO FRVWV WR DVVLVW LQ WKH HIIHFWLYH PDQDJHPHQW RI FRPSOHWHG
EXLOGLQJV DQG SURMHFWV WR IDFLOLWDWH FKRLFH EHWZHHQ FRPSHWLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH 7KH /&& DSSURDFK LGHQWLILHV DOO IXWXUH
FRVWV DQG EHQHILWV DQG UHGXFHV WKHP WR WKHLU SUHVHQW YDOXH E\ WKH XVH RI WKH GLVFRXQWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WKURXJK
ZKLFK WKH HFRQRPLF ZRUWK RI D SURMHFW RU VHULHV RI SURMHFW RSWLRQV FDQ EH DVVHVVHG ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKHVH
REMHFWLYHV WKH IROORZLQJ HOHPHQWV RI /&& KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG LQLWLDO FDSLWDO FRVWV OLIH RI WKH DVVHW WKH
GLVFRXQW UDWH RSHUDWLQJ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH FRVWV GLVSRVDO FRVW LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG IHHGEDFN XQFHUWDLQW\ DQG VHQVLWLYLW\
DQDO\VLV

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ZRUN RI /LDSLV HW DO


WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 139 HTXDWLRQ DV IRXQG LQ .LVKN HW DO
LV WUDQVIRUPHG WR D SURWRW\SH /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ LQWURGXFLQJ D QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV WKDW DIIHFW WKH YDOXDWLRQ RI
IL[HG DVVHWV DIWHU DQDO\VLQJ D QXPEHU RI FRPSRQHQWV OLNH WKH RSHUDWLQJ DQG QHW FDVK IORZV 2&) DQG 1&)
WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ 3ULFH DQG 5HYHQXH RI UHDO SURSHUW\ WKH GLVFRXQW IDFWRU RU :HLJKWHG $YHUDJH &RVW
RI &DSLWDO
:$&& WD[ UDWHV LQIODWLRQ DQG ULVN IUHH UDWHV ULVN SUHPLXP DQG H[SHFWHG FDSLWDO JDLQV 7KH DQDO\VLV UHVXOWHG LQ
WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ HDV\ WR XVH LQWHJUDWHG /&& PRGHO EDVHG RQ WKH IROORZLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO H[SUHVVLRQV

)RU DQ\ \HDU \ RI SURSHUW\ OLIH F\FOH WKH UHPDLQLQJ 9DOXH RI IL[HG DVVHW LV WKH VXP RI WKH GLVFRXQWHG YDOXHV
RI WKH 1&)V IURP \HDU \ XQWLO WKH HQG \HDU 7 RI LWV XVHIXO OLIH 8/

:KHUH

W
\

1HW FDVK IORZ RI WKH SURMHFW DW \HDU W


7 DQG 7 (QG \HDU RI 8/
\
7 DQ\ \HDU RI 8/
7KH GLVFRXQW UDWH RU WKH :HLJKWHG $YHUDJH &RVW RI &DSLWDO
5HYHQXH LQFRPH DW \HDU W
5HVLGXDO YDOXH RI IL[HG DVVHW
2SHUDWLQJ FRVWV DW RSHUDWLQJ \HDU W
0DLQWHQDQFH FRVWV DW RSHUDWLQJ \HDU W
&RUSRUDWH WD[ UDWH ,QFRPH WD[ RQ SURSHUW\ \LHOG DQQXDO UHQW
$FTXLVLWLRQ &RVW
$FTXLVLWLRQ ([SHQVHV
3URSHUW\ WD[ UDWH
5LVN IUHH UDWH RI LQWHUHVW ZKHUH
LVN IUHH UDWH RI LQWHUHVW LQ DQ HFRQRP\ ZLWKRXW LQIODWLRQ
,QIODWLRQ UDWH

5DWH RI RSHUDWLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH ZKHUH

5LVN SUHPLXP IRU FRPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ LQYHVWPHQWV

([SHFWHG FDSLWDO JDLQV DW \HDU W EXW LQ WHUPV RI :/& LV FORVHO\ WR


'LUHFW FRVW RI SURSHUW\ DVVHW ZKLFK LV HTXDO WR FRVW UDWLR H[HPSW ULVN SUHPLXP DQG FDSLWDO JDLQV

WKXV

(VWLPDWLRQV DQG ILQGLQJV

7KH UHVHDUFK REMHFWLYH RI WKH SDSHU LV D SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK /&&
PHWKRGRORJ\ %RWK /&& DQG GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV DUH DSSOLHG WR L D W\SLFDO FRPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ DVVHW DQ RIILFH
EXLOGLQJ DV SDUW RI D UHDO SURSHUW\ GHYHORSHUV IL[HG DVVHWV SRUWIROLR DQG LL D YHVVHO D +DQG\PD[ DV SDUW RI WKH
IL[HG DVVHWV RI D VKLSSLQJ FRPSDQ\ LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHVH PHWKRGV ZKHQ DSSOLHG WR WKH
YDOXDWLRQ RI IL[HG DVVHWV DQG KRZ WKHVH PHWKRGV FRUUHODWH ZLWK HDFK RWKHU

5HDO SURSHUW\ IL[HG DVVHW 2IILFH EXLOGLQJ


8VLQJ WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ /LDSLV HW DO
DUH SURYLGHG LQ 7DEOH
7DEOH

WKH DVVXPSWLRQV DQG EDVLF FDOFXODWLRQV

/&& FDOFXODWLRQV 2IILFH EXLOGLQJ WRWDO JURVV IORRU DUHD RI


),1$1&(

48$17,7<
0($685(
40 64 0
5(9(18( <($5
$&48,6,7,21 &267
$&
$&48,6,7,21 (;3(16(6
$&

'(%7 '

9$/8(6

&5(',7 635($'
,1)/$7,21
5$7(
)5(( 5,6. 5$7(
12 ,1)/$7,21

0$,17(1$1&(
(;3(16(6

727$/ )5((
5,6. 5$7(

5(6,'8$/ 9$/8(
$&

5,6. 35(0,80

727$/ /,)( &<&/(


3(5,2' <($56

5$7(6 40
64 0 RU
$&

:$ &&

23(5$7,21
(;3(16(6

$&48,6,7,21 3(5,2'
<($56
3/$11,1* 72 6$/(
<($56

(48,7< 6

VT P

*52:7+ 5$7(
7$; 21 ,1&20(
3523(57< 7$;

7KH DPRXQWV RI /&& YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG DUH SURYLGHG LQ 7DEOH
DQG
/&& FXUYHV LQ )LJXUH
7DEOH

)L[HG DVVHW YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG 2IILFH EXLOGLQJ

<($5
$&48,6,7,21

5(6$/(

),;(' $66(7
9$/8(

&855(17 $&&2817,1* 9$/8( 2) ),;(' $66(7


3(5 '(35(&,$7,21 0(7+2'
6/0

:'9

6<'

6)0

&XUYHV IRU IL[HG DVVHW YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG 2IILFH EXLOGLQJ

)LJXUH

/&&
'(35(&,$7,21 0(7+2'6
&855(17 9$/8( 2) 5($/ 3523(57< ),;(' $66(7

s &

^>D

t s

^z

^&D

6KLSSLQJ FRPSDQ\V YHVVHO +DQG\PD[


/&& DVVXPSWLRQV DQG EDVLF FDOFXODWLRQV DUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH
7DEOH

/&& FDOFXODWLRQV 9HVVHO +DQG\PD[


48$17,7<
0($685(
40 12
2) 6+,36

5(9(18( <($5
$&48,6,7,21 &267
$&
$&48,6,7,21 (;3(16(6
$&

),1$1&(
'(%7 '

&5(',7 635($'
,1)/$7,21
5$7(
)5(( 5,6. 5$7(
12 ,1)/$7,21

0$,17(1$1&(
(;3(16(6

727$/ )5((
5,6. 5$7(

5(6,'8$/
9$/8(

5,6. 35(0,80

727$/ /,)( &<&/(


3(5,2' <($56

9$/8(6

:$ &&

23(;

$&48,6,7,21 3(5,2'
<($56
3/$11,1* 72 6$/(
<($56

(48,7< 6

5$7(6 40
12 2)
6+,36 RU
$&

*52:7+ 5$7(
7$; 21 ,1&20(
3523(57< 7$;

7KH DPRXQWV RI /&& YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG DUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH DQG WKH
DVVRFLDWHG YDOXH FXUYHV LQ )LJXUH

7DEOH

)L[HG DVVHW YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG 9HVVHO +DQG\PD[
),;(' $66(7
9$/8(

<($5

&855(17 $&&2817,1* 9$/8( 2) ),;(' $66(7


3(5 '(35(&,$7,21 0(7+2'
6/0

:'9

6<'

6)0

$&48,6,7,21

5(6$/(
)LJXUH

&XUYHV IRU IL[HG DVVHW YDOXH DQG FXUUHQW DFFRXQWLQJ YDOXHV SHU GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRG 9HVVHO +DQG\PD[

/&& '(35(&,$7,21 0(7+2'6


&855(17 9$/8( 2) 6+,33,1* ),;(' $66(7

s
&

s ^>D

s t s

s ^z

s ^&D

&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q WKLV ZRUN WKH DFFRXQWLQJ IUDPHZRUN RI WDQJLEOH DVVHWV XVLQJ ,)56 DQG 86 *$$3 DQG WKH GHSUHFLDWLRQ
PHWKRGV WRJHWKHU ZLWK IDLU YDOXH DFFRXQWLQJ IROORZLQJ /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ DUH H[DPLQHG 7KH /&& YDOXDWLRQ PHWKRG
ZLWK WKH PDLQ GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV DUH EHLQJ WHVWHG IRU WZR NLQGV RI WDQJLEOH DVVHWV D FRPPHUFLDO UHDO
SURSHUW\ DVVHW DQG D YHVVHO +DQG\PD[ 7KH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH SDSHU FRQVLVWV RI D IUDPHZRUN RI JRRG SUDFWLFHV
LQ WDQJLEOH DVVHWV PDQDJHPHQW EXLOGLQJ XSRQ WKH DVVHUWLRQ WKDW /&& LV IXQGDPHQWDO IRU VHFXULQJ EHVW YDOXH IRU
PRQH\ RQ SURSHUW\ YDOXDWLRQ D OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ ,)56 DQG 86 *$$3 SULQFLSOHV DQG DFFRXQWLQJ VWDQGDUGV IRU IL[HG
DVVHWV D OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ IRU GHSUHFLDWLRQV PHWKRGV D FULWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH RI WKH XVHG DFFRXQWLQJ GHSUHFLDWLRQ
IUDPHZRUNV SURYLGLQJ D FRPSDULVRQ RI HDFK IUDPHZRUN DJDLQVW /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ )L[HG DVVHW PDQDJHPHQW LV QRW
DQ HDV\ FDVH
0DQDJHPHQW RI WKH ILUP PXVW FRQIURQW VHYHUDO GLIILFXOW LVVXHV ZKHQ DFTXLULQJ DQ DVVHW VXFK DV WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ
WKH YDOXDWLRQ PHWKRG DQG PHDVXUHPHQW WKH PRQLWRULQJ WKH GHSUHFLDWLRQ RI LWV YDOXH DQG WKH HIIHFWV RI HDFK
GHFLVLRQ UHODWLQJ WR IL[HG DVVHWV LQ WKH LQFRPH VWDWHPHQW DQG VKDUHKROGHUV HTXLW\ 'HSUHFLDWLRQ DV DQ DFFRXQWLQJ
SUDFWLFH KDV WKH VDPH SRLQW RI YLHZ ZLWK /&& PHWKRGRORJ\ 7KXV FRVW DFFRXQWLQJ DQG GHSUHFLDWLRQ PHWKRGV
DQG WKH IDLU YDOXH DFFRXQWLQJ IROORZLQJ /&& IDFLQJ WKH VDPH SUREOHP WKH WLPH YDOXH RI WDQJLEOH DVVHWV
7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH HPSLULFDO DQDO\VLV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH PHWKRG RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ LV WKH 6LQNLQJ
)XQG 0HWKRG ZKLFK LV EDVHG RQ D ILQDQFLDO DSSURDFK WR GHSUHFLDWHG DVVHWV RQO\ ZKHQ WKH DVVHW LV SURILWDEOH
)URP D SUDFWLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ WKLV SDSHU FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI DQ DXWRPDWHG PHFKDQLVP IRU
WKH YDOXDWLRQ DQG GHSUHFLDWLRQ RI D IL[HG DVVHW DVVLVWLQJ LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI WDQJLEOH DVVHWV

5HIHUHQFHV
$VWRQ 0DQRU $FDGHP\
)L[HG $VVHW
'HSUHFLDWLRQ $GRSWHG $SULO
%6,
%6 ,62
%XLOGLQJ DQG FRQVWUXFWHG DVVHWV 6HUYLFH OLIH SODQQLQJ
3DUW

/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ %ULWLVK 6WDQGDUGV


,QVWLWXWLRQ 8QLWHG .LQJGRP
%XOO - :
7KH ZD\ DKHDG IRU OLIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LQ %XOO - :
HG
/LIH
F\FOH FRVWLQJ IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ
%ODFNLH $FDGHPLF
3URIHVVLRQDO *ODVJRZ 8QLWHG .LQJGRP
&RQVWUXFWLQJ ([FHOOHQFH
)DFW 6KHHW :KROH /LIH &RVWLQJ 3XEOLVKHG E\ &RQVWUXFWLQJ ([FHOOHQFH LQ WKH %XLOW
(QYLURQPHQW /WG
8QLWHG
.LQJGRP
'DYLV /DQJGRQ 0DQDJHPHQW &RQVXOWLQJ
/LIH &\FOH &RVWLQJ DV D FRQWULEXWLRQ WR VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ
D FRPPRQ
PHWKRGRORJ\ )LQDO UHSRUW DYDLODEOH RQOLQH IURP KWWS
HF HXURSD HX HQWHUSULVH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPSHW OLIHF\FOHFRVWLQJ LQGH[OLIHF\FOHHQ KWP
)$6 0DQXDO 'HSUHFLDWLRQ
6WDWH RI ,GDKR )$6 )L[HG $VVHW 6\VWHP 5HY
'DWH
)HUU\
' - 2 DQG )ODQDJDQ 5
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ D UDGLFDO DSSURDFK &,5,$ UHSRUW QR
/RQGRQ 8QLWHG
.LQJGRP
)ODQDJDQ 5 DQG 1RUPDQ *
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ WKHRU\ DQG SUDFWLFH 5,&6 6XUYH\RUV 3XEOLFDWLRQV /WG /RQGRQ
+RDU
' :
$Q RYHUYLHZ RI OLIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV 3URSHUW\ 0DQDJHPHQW
SS
,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUGV %RDUG ([SRVXUH 'UDIW
0D\
)DLU 9DOXH 0HDVXUHPHQW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUGV %RDUG
,QWHUQDWLRQDO )LQDQFLDO 5HSRUWLQJ 6WDQGDUGV
,)56
LQFOXGLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
$FFRXQWLQJ
6WDQGDUGV ,$6V
DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV DV DW
-DQXDU\
,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG 1R
3URSHUW\ SODQW
DQG HTXLSPHQW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG 1R
,QYHQWRULHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG 1R
/HDVHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG
1R
$FFRXQWLQJ IRU *RYHUQPHQW *UDQWV DQG 'LVFORVXUH RI *RYHUQPHQW $VVLVWDQFH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG 1R
,PSDLUPHQW RI DVVHWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $FFRXQWLQJ 6WDQGDUG 1R
,QYHVWPHQW 3URSHUW\
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 9DOXDWLRQ 6WDQGDUGV
.LUN 6 - DQG 'HOO ,VROD $ /LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ IRU GHVLJQ SURIHVVLRQDOV 1HZ <RUN 0F*UDZ +LOO %RRN &RPSDQ\
.LVKN 0
$O +DMM $
3ROORFN 5
$RXDG *
%DNLV 1 DQG 6XQ 0
:KROH OLIH FRVWLQJ LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ D VWDWH RI WKH
DUW UHYLHZ 7KH
5,&6 )RXQGDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3DSHU 6HULHV $SULO
SS
/LDSLV
. .DQWLDQLV
'
' DQG *DODQRV & /
&RPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ ZKROH OLIH FRVWLQJ DQG WKH WD[DWLRQ
HQYLURQPHQW -RXUQDO RI
3URSHUW\ ,QYHVWPHQW
)LQDQFH
SS
1RUPDQ *
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ 3URSHUW\ 0DQDJHPHQW
SS
3HWHUVRQ 5D\PRQG +
$FFRXQWLQJ IRU )L[HG $VVHWV
QG (G
-RKQ :LOH\
6RQV ,QF 1HZ <RUN
:RRGZDUG ' *
/LIH F\FOH FRVWLQJ WKHRU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 3URMHFW
0DQDJHPHQW
SS

You might also like