You are on page 1of 9

),/2/2*,-$ ,661 ;

',))(5(1&(6 ,1 /$1*8$*( 86( %< 0(1 $1' :20(1 ,1


632.(1 ,17(5$&7,21

'$/,$ 0$6$,7,(1Ơ
9\WDXWDV 0DJQXV 8QLYHUVLW\
G PDVDLWLHQH#KPI YGX OW

.H\ZRUGV ODQJXDJH DQG JHQGHU VSRNHQ GLVFRXUVH LQWHUUXSWLQJ KHGJHV


RYHUODSSLQJ

7KH DUWLFOH VHWV RXW WR H[DPLQH WKH ¿QGLQJV UHSRUWHG E\ VRFLROLQJXLVWV WKDW PHQ
DQG ZRPHQ RIWHQ XVH VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW FRQYHUVDWLRQDO VW\OHV LQ HYHU\ GD\ FRQYHU
VDWLRQV 2I SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVW KHUH LV WKH LVVXH RI ODQJXDJH DQG JHQGHU ZKLFK KDV
DWWUDFWHG PDQLIROG UHVHDUFK LQ %ULWDLQ DQG WKH 86$ DQG KDV UDLVHG GHEDWHV DPRQJ
OLQJXLVWV DQG VRFLRORJLVW DOLNH WKRXJK WKH WRSLF KDV SUDFWLFDOO\ QRW EHHQ UHVHDUFKHG
LQ /LWKXDQLD
)LUVWO\ VRPH ZLGH JHQHUDOL]DWLRQV DERXW WKH VR FDOOHG ³ZRPHQ¶V ODQJXDJH´ DQG
³PHQ¶V ODQJXDJH´ QHHG UH H[DPLQLQJ EHFDXVH XQGHUO\LQJ WKHP LV WKH VXSSRVLWLRQ
WKDW JHQGHU GLPHQVLRQV RI ODQJXDJH XVH DUH SUH JLYHQ DQG RSSRVLQJ 1XPHURXV OLQ
JXLVWV KDYH SRLQWHG RXW WKDW FRQYHUVDWLRQDO VWUDWHJLHV RIWHQ PD\ KDYH GLIIHUHQW SR
WHQWLDO PHDQLQJV IRU PHQ DQG ZRPHQ &DPHURQ &UDZIRUG
'LDPRQG
0XODF DQG %UDGDF 7DQQHQ +RZHYHU LI ZH WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
QRWDEOH FKDQJHV LQ JHQGHU UROHV LQ VRFLHW\ WKDW KDYH WDNHQ SODFH RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGHV
LW PLJKW EH UHDVRQDEOH WR TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU WKH DOUHDG\ GHVFULEHG DQG DFFHSWHG GLI
IHUHQFHV LQ PDOH DQG IHPDOH ODQJXDJH XVH DUH VWLOO VR PDUNHG DV VRPH $PHULFDQ DQG
%ULWLVK OLQJXLVWV KDYH DVVXPHG D IHZ GHFDGHV DJR
7KH WRSLFDOLW\ RI ODQJXDJH DQG JHQGHU VWXGLHV OLHV LQ WKH IDFW WKDW LQ WKH SUHVHQW
G\QDPLFDOO\ GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG LQ WKH HUD RI JOREDOL]DWLRQ HDFK QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ EULQJV
ZLWK LW QHZ DVSHFWV WR WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI VRFLDO UHODWLRQV RI JHQGHU :KDW PLJKW
KDYH EHHQ WUXH ZKHQ 5RELQ /DNRII ZURWH KHU SLRQHHULQJ ZRUN /DQJXDJH DQG
WKH
:RPDQ¶V 3ODFH LQ FRXOG KDYH DW OHDVW SDUWLDOO\ FKDQJHG EHFDXVH RI FRQVWDQW
FKDQJHV WKDW DUH WDNLQJ SODFH LQ PRGHUQ VRFLHW\
7KH VWXGLHV RI PDOH DQG IHPDOH ODQJXDJH GLIIHUHQFHV EHJDQ ZLWK WKH ¿QGLQJV
Filologija 2012

RI WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ $PHULFDQ DQWKURSRORJLVWV ZKR QRWHG VRPH GLVFUHSDQFLHV LQ


ODQJXDJH XVH E\ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ LQ VRPH UHPRWH QRQ :HVWHUQ FXOWXUHV 7KH ¿UVW DW

9 9
WHPSW WR GHVFULEH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ :HVWHUQ PHQ¶V DQG ZRPHQ¶V ODQJXDJH ZDV
PDGH E\ WKH 'DQLVK OLQJXLVW -HVSHUVHQ ZKR ZURWH DERXW ZRPHQ¶V SUHIHUHQFH

9 9
IRU PRUH SROLWH H[SUHVVLRQ WKHLU VXSSRVHGO\ ³VPDOOHU´ YRFDEX ODU\ DQG OHVV FRPSOH[
VHQWHQFH VWUXFWXUH DQG PHQ¶V JUHDWHU LQFOLQDWLRQ WR XVH VWLJPDWL]HG IRUPV DQG VODQJ
ZRUGV &LWHG LQ QXPHURXV ZRUNV FI &DPHURQ &UDZIRUG &RQULFN
WKH FKDSWHU IURP -HSHUVHQ¶V ERRN FDOOHG 7KH :RPDQ UHÀHFWV WKH SUHMXGLFH DQG VWHUH
RW\SLFDO DSSURDFK WR PHQ¶V DQG ZRPHQ¶V ODQJXDJH RI WKH ¿UVW KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\
+RZHYHU -HVSHUVHQ¶V REVHUYDWLRQV ZHUH PDLQO\ EDVHG RQ KLV LQWXLWLRQ DQG SHUVRQDO
H[SHULHQFH EXW QRW RQ HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK
7KH $PHULFDQ OLQJXLVW 5RELQ /DNRII FODLPHG WKDW ZRPHQ XVH ODQJXDJH
LQ D GLVWLQFWLYH ZD\ EHFDXVH RI WKHLU LQVHFXUH SRVLWLRQ LQ VRFLHW\ 6KH H[SUHVVHG WKH
EHOLHI WKDW OLQJXLVWLF VWUDWHJLHV FKRVHQ E\ ZRPHQ LQ VSHHFK UHÀHFW WKHLU KLGGHQ IHH
OLQJV DQG DWWLWXGHV 7KH WHUP ³FRQYHUVDWLRQDO GRPLQDQFH´ ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQWR ODQJX
DJH DQG JHQGHU VWXGLHV WR UHIHU WR WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQDO VWUDWHJLHV VXFK DV IRU H[DPSOH
LQWHUUXSWLRQV LQ VSHHFK XVHG WR FRQFHQWUDWH XSRQ SRZHU DQG GRPLQDQFH LQ YHUEDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
$QRWKHU WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN IRU JHQGHU EDVHG ODQJXDJH GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ VWX
GLHV ZDV SXW IRUZDUG E\ 7DQQHQ DQG 0DOW] DQG %RUNHU
ZKR UHSUHVHQW WKH VR FDOOHG WZR FXOWXUH DSSURDFK ,WV SURSRQHQWV ZRUN RXWVLGH WKH
IUDPHZRUN RI GRPLQDQFH UHMHFWLQJ SRZHU EDVHG H[SODQDWLRQV RI IHPDOH DQG PDOH
GLIIHUHQFHV LQ ODQJXDJH XVH 7KH\ SUHIHU WR WKLQN RI WKH H[LVWLQJ GLIIHUHQFHV DV H[DP
SOHV RI WKH ODUJHU SKHQRPHQRQ RI FXOWXUDO GLIIHUHQFHV DQG PLVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 0DOW]
DQG %RUNHU SXW IRUZDUG DQ H[SODQDWLRQ WKDW :HVWHUQ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ FRPH IURP
GLIIHUHQW VRFLROLQJXLVWLF VXEFXOWXUHV ZKLFK KDYH GLIIHUHQW FRQFHSWLRQV RI IULHQGO\
FRQYHUVDWLRQ DQG GLIIHUHQW UXOHV IRU LQWHUSUHWLQJ LW $Q DQDORJ\ LV GUDZQ EHWZHHQ JHQ
GHU DQG HWKQLFLW\ PDOH DQG IHPDOH FRQYHUVDWLRQDO VW\OHV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK FURVV
FXOWXUDO WDON
7KH PDLQ GUDZEDFN RI WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI JHQGHU EDVHG GLI
IHUHQFHV LQ ODQJXDJH XVH VHHPV WR EH WKH WHQGHQF\ WR UHSUHVHQW WKHVH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ
YHUEDO EHKDYLRXU DV ELSRODU DQG ¿[HG ZKLOH LQ IDFW JHQGHU LV QRW ³VWDJQDQW DQG VWDWLF
EXW DFWLYHO\ FRQVWUXFWHG DQG LQ ÀX[´ 7DOERW
7KH SUHVHQW DQDO\VLV IRFXVHV RQ FDVXDO FRQYHUVDWLRQ LQ LQIRUPDO VHWWLQJV RI DGXOW
QDWLYH (QJOLVK VSHDNHUV PRVWO\ FR ZRUNHUV DQG IULHQGV 7KH DJH RI WKH VSHDNHUV LV
IURP WR 7KH K\SRWKHVLV LV UDLVHG WKDW D \RXQJHU JHQHUDWLRQ GLVSOD\V IHZHU
GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ PDOHV DQG IHPDOHV LQ WKH FKRLFH RI OLQJXLVWLF VWUDWHJLHV VLQFH
PRGHUQ VRFLHW\ VWURQJO\ HPSKDVL]HV HTXDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU ERWK VH[HV LQ WHUPV RI FD
UHHU DQG JHQHUDO DFKLHYHPHQW LQ VRFLHW\ 7KH IROORZLQJ DVSHFWV RI VSRNHQ GLVFRXUVH
LQ UHODWLRQ WR JHQGHU DUH DQDO\]HG WKH DPRXQW RI WDON SURGXFHG E\ PDOH DQG IHPDOH
SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQV LQWHUUXSWLRQV DQG RYHUODSV DQG KHGJHV
(LJKW UHFRUGHG DQG WUDQVFULEHG QDWXUDOO\ RFFXUULQJ FRQYHUVDWLRQV RI VLPLODU
OHQJWK WKH WRWDO OHQJWK RI WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQV LV PLQXWHV ZHUH WDNHQ DV WKH EDVLV
Filologija 2012

IRU WKH DQDO\VLV 7KH FRQYHUVDWLRQV WRRN SODFH DPRQJ ÀXHQW QDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI (Q
JOLVK ZKR JDYH SHUPLVVLRQ WR EH UHFRUGHG ZKLOH WDONLQJ ZLWK WKHLU IULHQGV RU FR
ZRUNHUV LQ LQIRUPDO HQYLURQPHQWV $OO WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQV ZHUH VSRQWDQHRXV DQG QRW
SUH SODQQHG DQG WKH VSHDNHUV NQHZ HDFK RWKHU ZHOO $OO WKH VSHDNHUV DUH RI VLPLODU

9 9
DJH DQG HGXFDWLRQ WKXV LW FDQ EH FODLPHG WKDW WKH UROH RI WKHVH WZR VRFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW
YDULDEOHV KDV EHHQ PLQLPL]HG LQ RUGHU WR IRUHJURXQG JHQGHU $V LW LV D XVXDO SUDFWLFH
LQ VRFLROLQJXLVWLF UHVHDUFK WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH QRW LQIRUPHG DERXW WKH UHDO SXUSRVH
WKH VWXG\
7KH VWXG\ HPSOR\V WKH PHWKRG RI FRQYHUVDWLRQDO DQDO\VLV ZKLFK DOORZV WR DQD
O\]H DQG LQWHUSUHW WXUQ WDNLQJ DQG DPRXQW RI WDON LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQ SODFLQJ VSHFLDO
HPSKDVLV RQ FORVH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO FDVHV 7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ LQYROYHV WKH
DQDO\VLV RI WUDQVFULEHG UHFRUGHG FRQYHUVDWLRQV DQG SURYLGHV H[SODQDWLRQV IRU WKH SULQ
FLSOHV RI ODQJXDJH RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW OLH EHKLQG WKH FRKHVLRQ RI VSRNHQ GLVFRXUVH
6SHDNLQJ DERXW WKH JHQHUDO DPRXQW RI WKH WDON SURGXFHG E\ PDOH DQG IHPDOH
SDUWLFLSDQWV LW VKRXOG EH UHPHPEHUHG WKDW VWHUHRW\SHV DERXW JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFHV LQ
VSHHFK TXDQWLW\ LQ :HVWHUQ VRFLHWLHV KROG WKDW ZRPHQ WDON PRUH WKDQ PHQ 1XPHURXV
VWXGLHV ZKLFK IRFXVHG RQ JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DPRXQW RI WDON KDYH SURGXFHG RS
SRVLWH ¿QGLQJV )RU H[DPSOH -DPHV DQG 'UDNLVK IRXQG WKDW LQ DGXOW PL[HG
JHQGHU LQWHUDFWLRQV RYHU SHU FHQW RI FDVHV VKRZHG PDOHV WDONLQJ PRUH WKDQ IHPD
OHV +RZHYHU WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKHLU FRQYHUVDWLRQV ZHUH UHFRUGHG LQ IRUPDO VLWXDWLRQV
H J FODVVURRP VHWWLQJV RU ZHUH SUH RUJDQL]HG LQWHUDFWLRQV ZKHUH WKH LQIRUPDQWV
ZHUH NHG WR DFFRPSOLVK D IRUPDO WDVN
,Q WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ WKH JHQHUDO DPRXQW RI WDON IRU HDFK SHUVRQ ZDV GHWHUPLQHG
E\ FRXQWLQJ WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI ZRUGV VSRNHQ E\ WKDW SHUVRQ DQG DGGLQJ XS ZRPHQ¶V
DQG PHQ¶V UHVXOWV 7KH ¿QGLQJV VKRZ WKDW PHQ FRQWULEXWHG WR FRQYHUVDWLRQV VOLJKWO\
PRUH WKDQ ZRPHQ GLG KRZHYHU WKH GLIIHUHQFH LV YHU\ LQVLJQL¿FDQW
7KLV DQDO\VLV ZDV VXSSOHPHQWHG E\ DQ DQDO\VLV RI LQFRPSOHWH FODXVHV L H XQ¿
QLVKHG VHQWHQFHV ZKHUH WKH VSHDNHU OHDYHV WKH LGHD XQ¿QLVKHG DOWRJHWKHU H[DPSOH
DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQV L H FDVHV ZKHQ WKH VSHDNHU UHWUDFHV ZKDW KDV EHHQ VDLG DQG VWDUWV
DJDLQ ZLWK D QHZ ZRUG RU SKUDVH H[DPSOHV
: , NQRZ , FRXOG GR LW WKH ZD\« ZHOO«
0 +H LV P\ EHVW IULHQG \RXU NQRZ , PHDQ , FDQQRW OHDYH KLP OLNH WKDW
8Q¿QLVKHG VHQWHQFHV DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQV DUH NQRZQ WR EH HOHPHQWV RI VSRQWD
QHRXV VSRNHQ GLVFRXUVH LQ JHQHUDO \HW RQH RI WKH FODLPV RI JHQGHU VWXGLHV LV WKDW
ZRPHQ OHDYH PRUH XQ¿QLVKHG VHQWHQFHV DV D GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKHLU LQGHFLVLYH DQG
QRQ DVVHUWLYH PRGH RI VSHDNLQJ ,W ZDV IRXQG RXW KRZHYHU WKDW WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
WKHVH SDWWHUQV DPRQJ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ LV YHU\ VLPLODU WKH ZRPHQ XVHG VOLJKWO\ PRUH
XQ¿QLVKHG VHQWHQFHV ZKLOH WKH PHQ XVHG PRUH UHIRUPXODWLRQV 7KH REWDLQHG UHVXOWV
DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOH
7DEOH
7KH DPRXQW RI WDON LQFRPSOHWH FODXVHV DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQV
Filologija 2012

6SHDNHUV 7RWDO ZRUGV VSRNHQ ,QFRPSOHWH FODXVHV 5HIRUPXODWLRQV


0DOH 99
)HPDOH 39

9 9
7KH VHFRQG VWHS ZDV WR ORRN DW WKH PHFKDQLVP RI WXUQ WDNLQJ 3RWHQWLDO VSHDNHU
FKDQJH PD\ QRUPDOO\ RFFXU RQO\ DW WKH HQG RI WXUQ FRQVWUXFWLRQDO XQLWV ZKLFK PD\
EH ZRUGV SKUDVHV FODXVHV DQG VHQWHQFHV 6DFNV 6FKHJORII -HIIHUVRQ ,I
PRUH WKDQ RQH VSHDNHU ZDQWV WR WDNH WKH QH[W WXUQ WKH\ PD\ EHJLQ WDONLQJ DW WKH QH[W
WUDQVLWLRQ UHOHYDQFH SODFH WKXV UHVXOWLQJ LQ RYHUODSSLQJ HDFK RWKHU ,Q FDVH RI PHUH
PLVSURMHFWLRQ WKH RYHUODS LV EULHI VLQFH WKH QRUPV RI FRQYHUVDWLRQ GR QRW WROHUDWH
VXEVWDQWLYH VLPXOWDQHRXV WDON
+RZHYHU LI VSHDNHUV GHOLEHUDWHO\ EHJLQ WKHLU WDON DW RWKHU SRVLWLRQV WKDQ WUDQVL
WLRQ UHOHYDQFH SODFHV ZLWK WKH LQWHQWLRQ WR WDNH WKH ÀRRU IURP WKH FXUUHQW VSHDNHU
WKLV UHVXOWV LQ LQWHUUXSWLRQV ZKLFK DUH VHHQ DV PDMRU YLRODWLRQV RI WXUQ WDNLQJ DQG W\SL
FDO VLJQV RI GRPLQDQFH 1XPHURXV VWXGLHV RQ LQWHUUXSWLRQV IRU H[DPSOH E\ =LPPHU
PDQ DQG :HVW LQGLFDWH WKDW PDOH VSHDNHUV WHQG WR LQWHUUXSW PRUH HVSHFLDOO\
LQ SXEOLF VHWWLQJV
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG D IHDWXUH RI FDVXDO FRQYHUVDWLRQ LV IULHQGO\ UDSSRUW ZKLFK
PD\ OHDG WR KLJK LQYROYHPHQW DPRQJ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV $V 7DQQHQ KDV SRLQWHG
RXW LQ WKDW FDVH RYHUODSSLQJ DQG VLPXOWDQHRXV WDON LV D VDOLHQW DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH
SRVLWLYH IHDWXUH RI YHUEDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DV LW FRQWULEXWHV WR FRRSHUDWLYH VHQWHQFH
EXLOGLQJ DQG LV D VLJQDO RI LQWHUHVW 6LPXOWDQHRXV WDON RI WKLV NLQG GRHV QRW WKUHDWHQ
WKH ÀRZ RI FRQYHUVDWLRQ RU LWV FRPSUHKHQVLRQ EXW RQ WKH FRQWUDU\ SHUPLWV D PRUH
OLYHO\ GHYHORSPHQW RI WRSLFV 7KLV LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ H[DPSOH ZKHUH DOO WKUHH SDUWL
FLSDQWV VSHDN DW WKH VDPH WLPH
: 2K ZKDW D PHVV
: $Q DEVROXWHO\ PHVV
: 7KDW¶ VR DEVROXWHO\ WUXH
,Q WKH SUHVHQW DQDO\VLV LQVWDQFHV RI RYHUODSSLQJ WKDW UHVXOW LQ WHUPLQDWLQJ WKH
VSHHFK RI WKH ¿UVW VSHDNHU DUH WUHDWHG DV LQWHUUXSWLRQV ,I KRZHYHU WZR VSHDNHUV SUR
GXFH VLPXOWDQHRXV XWWHUDQFHV EXW WKH FXUUHQW VSHDNHU LV QRW GHSULYHG RI WKH ULJKW WR
VSHDN WKH FDVH LV WUHDWHG DV DQ RYHUODS 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH VWXG\ RI LQWHUUXSWLRQV DQG
RYHUODSV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH
7DEOH
,QWHUUXSWLRQV DQG RYHUODSV LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQV

6SHDNHUV ,QWHUUXSWLRQV 2YHUODSV


0DOH 5
)HPDOH 3 12

7DEOH VKRZV WKDW LQWHUUXSWLRQV DUH OHVV IUHTXHQW WKDQ RYHUODSV 0DOHV DQG IH
PDOHV EHKDYH VLPLODUO\ SUDFWLFDOO\ QRW LQWHUUXSWLQJ HDFK RWKHU \HW WKH\ GLIIHU VLJQL
¿FDQWO\ LQ WKH VSKHUH RI RYHUODSV ZRPHQ PRUH RIWHQ RYHUODS WKH FXUUHQW VSHDNHU
Filologija 2012

ZKLOH PHQ¶V VSHHFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH ODFN RI RYHUODS


7KH QH[W VWHS ZDV WKH DQDO\VLV RI KHGJHV DQG PLQLPDO UHVSRQVHV RU DWWHQWLRQ VLJ
QDOV +HGJHV DUH PRGLI\LQJ ZRUGV RU H[SUHVVLRQV WKDW VKRZ WKH LPSUHFLVLRQ RI ZRUG
FKRLFH DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ RIWHQ FRQYH\ XQFHUWDLQW\ %LEHU HW DO 7KH\ DUH DOVR

9
WUDGLWLRQDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG WR EH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ZHDNQHVV W\SLFDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
WHQWDWLYHQHVV DQG LQGHFLVLYHQHVV RI VSHDNLQJ
7KH KHGJHV IRXQG LQ WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQV XQGHU DQDO\VLV LQFOXGH H[SUHVVLRQV you
NQRZ NLQG RI VRPHKRZ VRPHKRZ DQG OLNH
0LQLPDO UHVSRQVHV VKRZ LQWHUHVW WR WKH OLVWHQHU DQG DOVR KHOS WR PDLQWDLQ FRQYHU
VDWLRQ 7KH\ IXQFWLRQ DV EDFNFKDQQHOV ZKRVH DEVHQFH PD\ EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV VLJQL¿
FDQW IRU H[DPSOH DV ODFN RI VXSSRUW RQ WKH SDUW RI WKH OLVWHQHU 7KH DQDO\VHG (QJOLVK
PLQLPDO UHVSRQVHV LQFOXGH \HV LWV FROORTXLDO FRXQWHUSDUW \HDK DQG PKP ZKLFK DUH
XVHG DV EULHI URXWLQL]HG UHDFWLRQV WR D SUHYLRXV UHPDUN E\ DQRWKHU VSHDNHU DV ZHOO
DV D PRUH IRUFHIXO GLVFRXUVH PDUNHU ULJKW ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG DJUH
HPHQW
7DEOH
+HGJHV DQG PLQLPDO UHVSRQVHV LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQV
6SHDNHUV +HGJHV 0LQLPDO UHVSRQVHV
0DOH 5
)HPDOH 12

&RQFOXVLRQV
*HQHUDOL]LQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH DQDO\VLV LW FDQ EH VWDWHG WKDW WKH GLVFXUVLYH UHDOLW\
RI FDVXDO FRQYHUVDWLRQ LQ SULQFLSOH UHÀHFWV UDWKHU VLPLODU FKRLFHV RI VWUDWHJLHV XVHG
E\ PDOHV DQG IHPDOHV 'LIIHUHQFHV FRQWLQXH WR H[LVW WKRXJK WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK WKH\
PDQLIHVW WKHPVHOYHV PLJKW EH VDLG WR EH PLQLPDO DW OHDVW LQ WKH FDVXDO LQWHUDFWLRQ XQ
GHU DQDO\VLV 6WLOO WKH PDLQ FODLP RI JHQGHU DQG ODQJXDJH UHVHDUFKHUV WKDW ZRPHQ XVH
ODQJXDJH WR PLQLPL]H GLVWDQFH DQG FUHDWH DOLJQPHQW PRUH WKDQ PHQ PLJKW EH VDLG WR
EH WUXH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH VH[HV PD\ QRW EH DV VLJQL¿FDQW
DV VRPH SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK LQGLFDWHV $W OHDVW LQ FDVXDO FRQYHUVDWLRQ DPRQJ SHRSOH
ZKR DUH IULHQGV DQG RI FRPSDUDEOH VRFLDO VWDWXV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ PDOH DQG IHPDOH
WDON VHHP WR EH GLPLQLVKLQJ

7UDQVFULSWLRQ FRQYHQWLRQV
$ VODVK LQGLFDWHV WKH HQG RI D WRQH JURXS
$ K\SKHQ LQGLFDWHV DQ LQFRPSOHWH ZRUG RU XWWHUDQFH
6KRUW SDXVHV DUH LQGLFDWHG E\ D IXOO VWRS
: PHDQV ZRPDQ 0 PHDQV PDQ

5HIHUHQFHV
%LEHU ' HW DO /RQJPDQ JUDPPDU RI VSRNHQ DQG ZULWWHQ (QJOLVK /RQGRQ /RQJPDQ
Filologija 2012

&DPHURQ ' )HPLQLVP DQG /LQJXLVWLF 7KHRU\ QG HGLWLRQ /RQGRQ 0DFPLOODQ


&RQULFN 0 :RPDQVSHDN 'XEOLQ 0DULQR %RRNV
&UDZIRUG 0 7DONLQJ 'LIIHUHQFH 2Q *HQGHU DQG /DQJXDJH /RQGRQ 6DJH 3XEOLFDWLRQV

9
'LDPRQG - 6WDWXV DQG SRZHU LQ YHUEDO LQWHUDFWLRQ $ VWXG\ RI GLVFRXUVH LQ FORVH NQLW VRFLDO
QHWZRUN $PVWHUGDP -RKQ %HQMDPLQV
-DPHV ' 'UDNLFK - 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ *HQGHU 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ $PRXQW RI 7DON $ &ULWLFDO 5H
YLHZ RI 5HVHDUFK ' 7DQQHQ HG *HQGHU DQG &RQYHUVDWLRQDO ,QWHUDFWLRQ 1HZ <RUN
2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV ±
-HVSHUVHQ 2 /DQJXDJH ,WV 1DWXUH 'HYHORSPHQW DQG 2ULJLQ /RQGRQ $OOHQ
8QZLQ

/DNRII 5 /DQJXDJH DQG :RPDQ¶V 3ODFH 1HZ <RUN +DUSHU DQG 5RZ
0DOW] ' %RUNHU 5 $ &XOWXUDO $SSURDFK WR 0DOH )HPDOH 0LVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ -RKQ *XP
SHU HG /DQJXDJH DQG 6RFLDO ,GHQWLW\ &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
±
0XODF $ %UDGDF - - :RPHQ¶V VW\OH LQ SUREOHP VROYLQJ LQWHUDFWLRQ 3RZHUOHVV RU VLPSO\
IHPLQLQH" 3 - .DOEÀHLVFK DQG 0 - &RG\ HGV *HQGHU SRZHU DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
LQ KXPDQ UHODWLRQVKLSV +LOOVGDOH /DZUHQFH (UOEDXP $VVRFLDWWHV ±
6DFNV + 6FKHJORII ( -HIIHUVRQ * $ 6LPSOHVW 6\VWHPDWLFV IRU WKH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI 7XUQ
7DNLQJ IRU &RQYHUVDWLRQ /DQJXDJH ±
7DOERW 0 /DQJXDJH DQG *HQGHU 2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO 3XEOLVKHUV
7DQQHQ ' &RQYHUVDWLRQDO 6W\OH $QDO\]LQJ 7DON DPRQJ )ULHQGV 1RUZRRG 1- $EOH[

7DQQHQ ' <RX -XVW 'RQ¶W 8QGHUVWDQG :RPHQ DQG 0HQ LQ &RQYHUVDWLRQ 1HZ <RUN
%DOODQ WLQH %RRNV
7DQQHQ ' *HQGHU DQG 'LVFRXUVH 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
=LPPHUPDQ ' + :HVW & 6H[ 5ROHV ,QWHUUXSWLRQV DQG 6LOHQFHV LQ &RQYHUVDWLRQ % 7KRU
QH 1 +HQOH\ HGV /DQJXDJH DQG 6H[ 'LIIHUHQFH DQG 'RPLQDQFH 5RZOH\
0$
1HZEXU\ +RXVH ±
0XODF $ %UDGDF - - :RPHQ¶V VW\OH LQ SUREOHP VROYLQJ LQWHUDFWLRQ 3RZHUOHVV RU VLPSO\
IHPLQLQH" 3 - .DOEÀHLVFK DQG 0 - &RG\ HGV *HQGHU SRZHU DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
LQ KXPDQ UHODWLRQVKLSV +LOOVGDOH /DZUHQFH (UOEDXP $VVRFLDWWHV ±

'DOLD 0DVDLWLHQơ

9<5Ǐ ,5 027(5Ǐ ä2',1,2 %(1'5$9,02 6.,5780$,

6DQWUDXND

3DJULQGLQLDL åRGåLDL NDOED LU O\WLV VDN\WLQLV GLVNXUVDV NDOEDQþLRMR SHUWUDXNLQơMLPDV


VąãYHOQLDL NDOEơMLPDV YLHQX PHWX

6WUDLSVQ\MH WDLNDQW SRNDOELR DQDOL]ơV PHWRGą QDJULQơMDPD NDLS PRWHU\V LU Y\UDL NRQ
VWUXRMD SRNDOEƳ 6LHNLDPD QXVWDW\WL JDOLPXV NDOELQơV UDLãNRV IRUPǐ VNLUWXPXV
6RFLROLQJYLVWDL DWNUHLSLD GơPHVƳ Ƴ WDL NDG Y\Uǐ LU PRWHUǐ YHUEDOLQơ UDLãND UHPLDVL ãLHN
Filologija 2012

WLHN VNLUWLQJDLV NULWHULMDLV NXULH JDOL EnjWL QHYLHQRGDL LQWHUSUHWXRMDPL SULHãLQJRV O\WLHV DWVWRYǐ

9
9DNDUǐ PRNVOLQLQNǐ DWOLNWL W\ULPDL JULQGåLDPL NHOLRPLV WHRULMRPLV DLãNLQDQþLRPLV Y\Uǐ LU
PRWHUǐ NDOEơMLPR VNLUWXPXV NXULDV JDOLPD VNLUWL Ƴ GYL JUXSHV GRPLQDYLPR LU GYLHMǐ NXOWnjUǐ
WHRULMRV 3LUPRVLRV JUXSơV DWVWRYDL WHLJLD NDG Y\Uǐ NDOEơMLPR VWLOLXV DWVSLQGL Mǐ SUDQDãHVQĊ

9
VRFLDOLQĊ SDGơWƳ LU OHPLD GRPLQDYLPą SRNDOELR PHWX 'YLHMǐ NXOWnjUǐ WHRULMRV UHPLDVL UHPLDVL
WHLJLQLDLV NDG O\þLǐ VRFLDOLQLV LU YHUEDOLQLV HOJHV\V SUDGHGD IRUPXRWLV MDX DQNVW\YRMH YDLN\V
WơMH
7DþLDX DELHMǐ PLQơWǐ WHRULQLǐ SDNUDLSǐ PRNVOLQLQNDL Y\Uǐ LU PRWHUǐ NDOEơMLPR VNLUWX
PXV OLQNĊ LQWHUSUHWXRWL QHSDNDQNDPDL DWVLåYHOJGDPL Ƴ VLWXDFLMą NRQWHNVWą LU SRNDOELR WLNVOXV
%njWHQW ãLH YHLNVQLDL JDOL VXSRQXRWL LU QHW OHPWL SRNDOELR SDUWQHULǐ NDOEơMLPR VWLOLǐ 'UDXJLãNR
SRNDOELR QHIRUPDOL DSOLQND LU Lã DQNVWR QHSODQXRMDPD WHPDWLND JDOL PLQLPL]XRWL O\þLǐ NDOEL
QơV UDLãNRV VNLUWXPXV
6WUDLSVQ\MH QDJULQơMDPL QDWnjUDOLRV VDN\WLQơV NDOERV UDLãNRV \SDWXPDL OHPLDQW\V QHIRU
PDODXV GUDXJLãNR SRNDOELR VWUXNWnjUą .DVGLHQLV SRNDOELV NDLS EHW NXULV GLVNXUVDV \UD VWUXN
WnjUL]XRWDV LU VąO\JRMDPDV WDP WLNUǐ WDLV\NOLǐ
$WOLNWRV DQDOL]ơV UH]XOWDWDL OHLGåLD WHLJWL NDG OLQJYLVWǐ SDVWHEơWL O\þLǐ NDOEơMLPR VNLUWX
PDL \UD PLQLPDOnjV QRUV Mǐ SREnjGLV URGR NDG Y\Uǐ NDOEơMLPR VWLOLXV OHLGåLD MLHPV NDL NXULDLV
DWYHMDLV GRPLQXRWL SRNDOE\MH

&CNKC /CUCKVKGPø

',))(5(1&(6 ,1 /$1*8$*( 86( %< 0(1 $1' :20(1 ,1


632.(1 ,17(5$&7,21

6XPPDU\

Keywords: language and gender, spoken discourse, interrupting, hedges, overlap-


ping.

7KH DLP RI WKH DUWLFOH LV WR DQDO\]H KRZ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ FRQVWUXFW WKHLU HYHU\ GD\ FRQ
YHUVDWLRQV DQG WR VHDUFK IRU SRVVLEOH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKHLU OLQJXLVWLF FKRLFHV 7KH PHWKRG XVHG
LV WKDW RI &RQYHUVDWLRQDO $QDO\VLV
2QH RI WKH QHZHU EUDQFKHV RI PRGHUQ VRFLROLQJXLVWLFV LV WKH VWXG\ RI ODQJXDJH DQG
JHQGHU ZKLFK IRFXVHV RQ KRZ PDOHV DQG IHPDOHV YHUEDOO\ H[SUHVV WKHPVHOYHV DQG DOVR KRZ
WKH\ LQWHUSUHW WKH VSHHFK RI WKHLU LQWHUORFXWRUV 7KH :HVWHUQ OLQJXLVWV KDYH SURSRVHG VHYHUDO
WKHRULHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH LVVXH WKHVH WKHRULHV IDOO LQWR WZR JURXSV ± WKH GRPLQDQFH DSSURDFK
DQG WKH WZR FXOWXUH DSSURDFK 7KH ¿UVW DSSURDFK VWUHVVHV WKH GRPLQDQW SRVLWLRQ RI PDOHV LQ
VRFLHW\ ZKLOH WKH VHFRQG GUDZV DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH IDFW WKDW VRFLDOL]LQJ EHJLQV LQ FKLOGKRRG DQG
ER\V DQG JLUOV PD\ IRUP WKHLU YHUEDO KDELWV LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WV
:KDW WKH UHVHDUFKHUV RIWHQ RYHUORRN KRZHYHU LV WKH DFWXDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG WKH FRQWH[W LQ
ZKLFK WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH (YHU\ GD\ FRQYHUVDWLRQ XVXDOO\ WDNHV SODFH LQ DQ LQIRU
PDO HQYLURQPHQW DQG KDV D IULHQGO\ DWPRVSKHUH ZKLFK PD\ GHWHUPLQH WKH VW\OH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ
RI ERWK PHQ DQG ZRPHQ
7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH DQDO\VLV OHDG WR WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW LQ HYHU\ GD\ FRQYHUVDWLRQ WKH OLQ
JXLVWLF FKRLFHV PDGH E\ PDOHV DQG IHPDOHV DUH PLQLPL]HG WKRXJK VRPH VOLJKW WHQGHQFLHV WR
Filologija 2012

GRPLQDWH WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQ DUH VWLOO REVHUYHG DPRQJ PHQ

You might also like