RESULT & CALCULATION

Counter Flow

V h
(cm/min)
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000

h ,
T
(C)
61
60
60
59

T h, mid

T h, out

(C)

(C)

52
54
54
55

44
48
49
49

c ,
T
(C)
25
26
26
26

T c, mid

T c, out

(C)

(C)

29
32
33
34

32
35
36
37

T h, mid = 52 , = 986.94 kg/m , C = 4.1818 kJ/kg.K

h
ph
T h, mid = 54 , = 985.78 kg/m , C = 4.1826 kJ/kg.K
h
ph
T c, mid = 33 , =994.80 kg/m , C = 4.1780 kJ/kg.K
c
pc
T c, mid = 34 , =996.00 kg/m , C = 4.1780 kJ/kg.K
c
pc

V h
(cm/min)

Power

Power

Power

Efficienc

Emitted
(W)

Absorbe

Lost (W)

y( )

d (W)

T1

T2

Tm

U
W/(m. C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

29
25

19
22

23.65
23.47

306.55
793.24

1,000
2,000

1169.60
1649.0

485.72
1247.26

683.88
401.82

(%)
41.53
75.63

3,000

8
2467.7

2078.14

189.58

91.64

24

23

23.50

1320.07

4,000

2
2747.5

2774.33

-26.8

100.97

22

23

22.50

1822.74

Parallel Flow

V h

h ,
T

(cm/min)

(C)
59
60
61
59

1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000

T h, mid

T h, out

(C)

(C)

49
52
55
53

44
47
50
49

c ,
T
(C)
26
26
25
25

T c, mid

T c, out

(C)

(C)

31
32
33
33

31
33
35
34

T h, mid = 49 , = 988.50 kg/m , C = 4.1800 kJ/kg.K

h
ph
T h, mid = 52 , = 986.94 kg/m , C = 4.1818 kJ/kg.K
h
ph
T c, mid = 33 , = 994.80 kg/m , C = 4.1780 kJ/kg.K
c
pc
T c, mid = 33 , =994.80 kg/m , C = 4.1780 kJ/kg.K
c
pc

V h

Power

Power

Power

Efficienc

Emitted
(W)

Absorbe

Lost (W)

y( )

1,000

1033.1

346.70

686.48

(%)
33.56

2,000

8
1788.2

970.09

818.18

3,000

7
2266.6

2078.13

4,000

0
2750.2

2493.89

(cm/min)

T1

T2

Tm

U
W/(m. C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

28

18

22.63

228.66

54.25

27

26

26.49

546.44

188.14

91.68

26

25

25.49

1216.50

256.35

90.68

25

24

24.50

1521.31

d (W)

SAMPLE CALCULATION
Note:

This sample calculation of parallel flow and counter flow is based on the data
taken at 1000 cm/min cold water and 1000 cm/min hot water volume flow
rate.

Parallel Flow
By referring to the table of saturated water properties (Table A-9):
At

T h, mid = 49

By doing interpolation:
At T= 50

, = 988.1 kg/m , Cp = 4.181 kJ/kg.K

At T= 45

, = 990.1 kg/m , Cp = 4.180 kJ/kg.K

(50 49) / (50 45) = (988.1 - h) / (988.1 990.1)

h = 988.5 kg/m
(50 49) / (50 45) = (4.181 Cph ) / (4.181 4.180)
Cph = 4.1808 kJ/kg.K

h = 988.5 kg/m
Cph = 4.1808 kJ/kg.K

At

T c, mid

= 31

By doing interpolation:
At

T c, mid = 35 , = 994 kg/m , C = 4.178kJ/kg.K

p

At

T c, mid = 30 , = 996 kg/m , C = 4.178 kJ/kg.K

p

c
(35 31) / (35 30) = (994 -

) / (994 996)

= 995.6 kg/m

c
= 995.6 kg/m
Cpc = 4.1780 kJ/kg.K

V h

Power Emitted =

C ph

h ,
T

= (1000 x 1/60 x 1/ 10

T h, out )

) m/s x 988.5 kg/m x 4.180 kJ/kg.K x (59 - 44)K

= 1033.18 W
Power Absorbed =

V c

C pc ( T c, out
6

= (1000 x 1/60 x 1/ 10

c ,
T )

) m/s x 995.6 kg/m x 4.1780 kJ/kg.K x (33-26)K

= 346.48 W
Power lost = Power Emitted - Power Absorbed
= 1033.18 346.48
= 686.48 W
The overall efficiency () is:
= (Power Absorbed/Power Emitted) x 100
= (346.70 / 1033.18) x 100
= 33.56 %

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (

T1 = (

T m ) is:

T1
T m = ( T 1 - T 2 ) / ln(
)
T2

h ,
T c, out )
T

= (59 - 31)
= 28 C

T2

=(

T h, out -

c ,
T )

= (44 26)
= 18 C

T1
T
T
T
ln(
)
m
1
2

= (
-
)/
T2
= (28 18) / ln (28/18)
= 22.63 C

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is:

U = Power Absorbed /

As T m

U = 346.70 / (0.067/22.63)
= 228.66 W/m. C

Counter Flow
By referring to the table of saturated water properties (Table A-9):

At

T h, mid = 52
h = 986.94 kg/m
Cph = 4.1818 kJ/kg.K

At

T c, mid = 29

By doing interpolation:

c
= 996.2 kg/m
Cpc = 4.1784 kJ/kg.K

Power Emitted =

V h

C ph

h ,
T

T h, out )

= (1000 x 1/60 x 1/ 10

) m/s x 986.94 kg/m x 4.1818 kJ/kg.K x (60 47)K

= 1169.60 W
Power Absorbed =

V c

C pc ( T c, out
6

= (1000 x 1/60 x 1/ 10

c ,
T )

) m/s x 996.2 kg/m x 4.1784 kJ/kg.K x (32-25)K

= 485.72 W
Power lost = Power Emitted -Power Absorbed
= 1169.60 - 485.72
= 683.88 W

The overall efficiency () is:

= (Power Absorbed/Power Emitted) x 100
= (485.72 / 1169.6) x 100
= 41.53 %

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (

T m ) is:

T1
T
T
T
ln(
)
m
1
2

= (
-
)/
T2

T1 = (

h ,
T c, out )
T

= (61 32)
= 29 C

T2

=(

T h, out -

= (44 - 25)
= 19 C

c ,
T )

T1
T
T
T
ln(
)
m
1
2

= (
-
)/
T2
= (29 - 19) / ln (29/19)
= 23.65 C

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is:

U = Power Absorbed /
U = 485.72 / (0.067/23.65)
= 306.55 W/m. C

As T m