a)

P T X v h s ‫توضیحات‬
1.2MPa 187.96℃ 0% 0.001138 798.33 2.2159 ‫آب اشباع‬
m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
2000PSi 635.8℉ 100% 0.18831 1138.3 1.2881 ‫بخار اشباع‬
ft3/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm.℉
9865kPa 310℃ 100% 0.001833 2727.9 5.6243 ‫بخار اشباع‬
m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
1543.2PSi 600℉ 0% 0.02364 617.1 0.8134 ‫آب اشباع‬
ft3/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm.℉
1000PSi 800℉ 100% 0.6875 1389.6 1.5677 ‫بخار داغ‬
ft3/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm.℉
20MPa 550℃ 100% 0.01657 3393.4 6.339 ‫بخار داغ‬
m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
1987PSi 1200℉ 100% 0.4716 1597.2 1.64 ‫بخار داغ‬
ft3/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbmR
600PSi 486.2℉ 90% 0.69478 1130.5 1.3687 ‫مخلوط آب و‬
ft3/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm.℉ ‫بخار اشباع‬

b)
1-6)
(a) m = ?
V = 100 ft3
P = 5000 psi (1 psi = 144 lbf/ft2)
T = 1000℉ = 1460 °R
v = 0.1312 ft3/lbm (Table A-3|p=5000 psi, T=1000℉)
𝑉 100
𝑣= →𝑚= = 762.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚 0.1312
(b)The compressibility chart?
Ideal Gas Constant of Steam: R = 85.775 lbf·ft/(lb·R)
Critical Pressure: Pc = 3200.11 psi
Critical Temperature: Tc = 705.1028 ℉ = 1164.77 °R
5000
𝑃𝑟 = = 1.562
3200.11
1460
𝑇𝑟 = = 1.253
1164.77
From fig. 1-3 → Z = 0.715
𝑃𝑉 (5000 × 144) × 100
𝑚= = = 804.1 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.715 × 85.775 × 1460

1-7)
𝑉 = 10 𝑚3
𝑃1 = 30 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇1 = 400 ℃
𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
(a) The final condition of the steam?
From table A-5 → 𝑣1 = 0.0994 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 , ℎ1 = 3230.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ,
𝑠1 = 6.9212 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 , 𝑢1 = 2932.87 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Rigid tank → 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0.0994 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
From Saturation Pressure Table for Steam:
𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇2 = 151.84 ℃
𝑣𝑓 = 0.001093 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.3737 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓 = 639.79 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2107.86 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠𝑓 = 1.8595 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 4.9594 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑓
𝑥= = 0.263
𝑣𝑓𝑔
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1194.157 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 3.164 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
0.0994
𝑢2 = ℎ2 − 𝑃2 𝑣2 = 1194.157 − 5 × 105 × = 1144.457 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1000
(b) The heat transfer, in kj?
𝑉 10
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚. ∆𝑢 = ( ) . (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) = × (1144.46 − 2932.87)
𝑣 0.0994
= −179920.52 𝑘𝑗

1-9)
𝑃1 = 30 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇1 = 400 ℃
𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑉2 = 20 𝑓𝑡 3 = 0.5663 𝑚3
Insulated → ∆Q = 0
The work done, in Kj?
From table A-5 → 𝑣1 = 0.0994 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 , ℎ1 = 3230.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ,
𝑠1 = 6.9212 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 , 𝑢1 = 2932.87 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
From saturation pressure table for steam:
𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 → 𝑠𝑔 = 6.8174 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 , 𝑠1 > 𝑠𝑔
This is an isentropic process as initial entropy value is greater than sg at 5 bar, the
steam is superheated at the end the process.
𝑠1 = 𝑠2𝑠 = 6.9212 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
We can find the enthalpy and the specific volume using interpolation.
𝑣𝑔 = 0.37329 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 𝑣2𝑠 =? 𝑣 = 0.4249 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑠𝑔 = 6.8174 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑠2𝑠 = 6.9212 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑠 = 7.0592 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
ℎ𝑔 = 2747.84 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℎ2𝑠 =? ℎ = 2855.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

→ 𝑣2𝑠 = 0.39545 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 , ℎ2𝑠 = 2794 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

0.39545
𝑢2𝑠 = ℎ2𝑠 − 𝑃2 𝑣2𝑠 = 2794 − 5 × 105 × = 2596.275 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑉 0.5663
𝑚= = = 1.432 𝑘𝑔
𝑣2𝑠 0.39545
∆𝑊 + 𝑈2 = 𝑈1 + ∆𝑄 → ∆𝑊 = 𝑚(𝑢1 − 𝑢2𝑠 ) = 482 𝑘𝑗

c)
In engineering and physics, gc is a unit conversion factor used to convert mass to
force or vice versa.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑔𝑐 =
2𝐾𝐸
In unit systems where force is a derived unit, like in SI units, gc is equal to 1. In unit
systems where force is a primary unit, like in English units, gc is not equal to 1, and
is required to obtain correct results.
𝐹 = 𝐶𝑚𝑎
Where
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹, 𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
In the SI system in which the unit of force is defined to be the Newton (N) when 1
kg is accelerated at 1 m/s2, a conversion factor C = 1 N/(Kg)(m)/s2 must be
introduced to have the force be 1 N:
1𝑁 1𝑚
𝐹= |1 𝑘𝑔 | 2 = 1 𝑁
(𝑘𝑔)(𝑚) 𝑠
𝑠 2

Because the numerical value associated with the conversion factor is 1, the
conversion factor seems simple, even nonexistent, and the units are ordinarily
ignored.
To make the numerical value of the force and the mass be essentially the same at
the earth’s surface, if a mass of 1 lbm is hypothetically accelerated at g ft/s2, where
g is the acceleration that would be caused by gravity (about 32.2 ft/s2 depending
on the location of the mass), we can make the force be 1 lbf by choosing the proper
numerical value and units for the conversion factor C:
1 (𝑙𝑏𝑓 )(𝑠 2 ) 𝑔 𝑓𝑡
𝐹=( ) . (1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 | 2 ) = 1 𝑙𝑏𝑓
32.174 (𝑙𝑏𝑚 )(𝑓𝑡) 𝑠
A numerical value of 1/32.174 has been chosen for the numerical value in the
conversion factor because 32.174 is the numerical value of the average
acceleration of gravity (g) (9.80665 m/s2) at sea level at 45° latitude when g is
expressed in ft/s2.
The inverse of the conversion factor with the numerical value 32.174 included is
given the special symbol gc
𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑔𝑐 = 32.174
𝑠 2 . 𝑙𝑏𝑓

d)
1)
ln(2)
𝑇𝑑 = 𝑡 𝑟
ln(1 + )
100
𝑇𝑑 = 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑟 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 96 − 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 95
𝑟= = 0.0084
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 95
= 0.84%
ln(2)
𝑇𝑑 = 1 × = 82.86 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
0.84
ln(1 + )
100

2)
Best: Saudi Arabia (1.3)
Worst: Japan (-2.33)
Iran: (0.99)

3)
Iran: 0.51
OECD: 0.11
Turkey: 0.12
World: 0.18
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑛
= 4.636 , = 4.25 , = 2.83
𝑂𝐸𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑦 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑

4)
Energy Production: 3060.6
Power Generation: 11%
Domestic energy consumption: 29.7%
Industry: 24.03%
Commercial: 5.85%
Transportation: 23.75%
Agriculture: 4.035%