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RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF
High Speed, Light Craft and Naval

Surface Craft
PART 3 CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT
Hull Structural Design,

Aluminium Alloy
JULY 2012
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Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Changes Page 3
CHANGES
General
This document supersedes the January 2011 edition.
Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve
a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
Main changes coming into force 1 January 2013
Sec.1 Structural Principles

Item B501 is amended.
Item H300 is deleted.
Subsec.I400 is added.
Sec.3 Manufacturing
Item A103 is amended.
Sec.5 Plating and Stiffeners
Sec.7 Pillars and Pillar Bulkheads
Corrections and Clarifications
In addition to the above stated rule requirements, a number of corrections and clarifications have been made to
the existing rule text.
Pt.3 Ch.3 Contents Page 4
CONTENTS
Sec. 1
Structural Principles .......................................................................................................................... 8
A. General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
A 100 The scantling reduction......................................................................................................................................... 8
A 200 Aluminium alloys ................................................................................................................................................. 8
B.
B
B
B
B
B
Bottom Structures ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

100 Longitudinal stiffeners .......................................................................................................................................... 8
200 Web frames ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
300 Longitudinal girders.............................................................................................................................................. 8
400 Engine girders ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
500 Double bottom, if fitted ........................................................................................................................................ 9
C. Side Structure ................................................................................................................................................................ 9

C 100 Stiffeners ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
D. Deck Structure............................................................................................................................................................... 9
D 100 Longitudinal stiffeners .......................................................................................................................................... 9
D 200 Bulwarks ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
E. Flat Cross Structure...................................................................................................................................................... 9
E 100 Definition .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
E 200 Longitudinal stiffeners .......................................................................................................................................... 9
F. Bulkhead Structures ................................................................................................................................................... 10
F 100 Transverse bulkheads.......................................................................................................................................... 10
F 200 Corrugated bulkheads ......................................................................................................................................... 10
G. Superstructures and Deckhouses............................................................................................................................... 10
G 100 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
G 200 Structural continuity ........................................................................................................................................... 10
H. Structural Design in General ..................................................................................................................................... 11
H 100 Craft arrangement ............................................................................................................................................... 11
H 200 Soft local transitions ........................................................................................................................................... 11
I.
I
I
I
I
Some Common Local Design Rules ........................................................................................................................... 11

100 Definition of span ............................................................................................................................................... 11
200 Effective girder flange ........................................................................................................................................ 12
300 Sniped stiffeners ................................................................................................................................................. 13
400 Floating Frames .................................................................................................................................................. 13
J. Support of Equipment and Outfitting Details .......................................................................................................... 13

J 100 Heavy equipment, appendages etc...................................................................................................................... 13
J 200 Minor outfitting details ....................................................................................................................................... 14
K. Structural Aspects not Covered by Rules ................................................................................................................. 14
K 100 Deflections .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
K 200 Local vibrations .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Sec. 2
Materials and Material Protection ................................................................................................. 15
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
A 100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
A 200 Material certificates ............................................................................................................................................ 15
B.
B
B
B
B
Structural Aluminium Alloy ...................................................................................................................................... 15

100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 15
200 Aluminium grades............................................................................................................................................... 15
300 Chemical composition ........................................................................................................................................ 15
400 Mechanical properties......................................................................................................................................... 15
C.
C
C
C
C
C
Corrosion Protection................................................................................................................................................... 17
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 17
200 For information and approval ............................................................................................................................. 17
300 Coating................................................................................................................................................................ 17
400 Cathodic protection............................................................................................................................................. 18
500 Other materials in contact with aluminium......................................................................................................... 19
D. Other Materials ........................................................................................................................................................... 19

D 100 Steel .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
D 200 Connections between steel and aluminium......................................................................................................... 19
D 300
Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)........................................................................................................................... 19
Sec. 3
Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................. 20
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
A 100 Basic requirements.............................................................................................................................................. 20
B.
B
B
B
B
Inspection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 20
200 Penetrant testing.................................................................................................................................................. 20
300 Radiographic testing ........................................................................................................................................... 20
400 Ultrasonic examination ....................................................................................................................................... 20
C. Extent of Examination ................................................................................................................................................ 20

C 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 20
D. Acceptance Criteria for NDT..................................................................................................................................... 20
D 100 Acceptance criteria.............................................................................................................................................. 20
E. Testing .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
E 100 Tanks................................................................................................................................................................... 21
E 200 Closing appliances .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Sec. 4
Hull Girder Strength........................................................................................................................ 22
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 200 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
B.
B
B
B
B
B
Vertical Bending Strength.......................................................................................................................................... 22

100 Hull section modulus requirement ...................................................................................................................... 22
200 Effective section modulus................................................................................................................................... 22
300 Hydrofoil on foils................................................................................................................................................ 23
400 Longitudinal structural continuity ...................................................................................................................... 23
500 Openings ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
C. Shear Strength............................................................................................................................................................. 24
C 100 Cases to be investigated ...................................................................................................................................... 24
D. Cases to be Investigated.............................................................................................................................................. 24
D 100 Inertia induced loads ........................................................................................................................................... 24
E. Transverse Strength of Twin Hull Craft................................................................................................................... 24
E 100 Transverse strength ............................................................................................................................................. 24
E 200 Allowable stresses .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Sec. 5
Plating and Stiffeners....................................................................................................................... 26
A.
A
A
A
General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 26
200 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
300 Allowable stresses............................................................................................................................................... 26
B.
B
B
B
Plating .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
100 Minimum thicknesses ......................................................................................................................................... 26
200 Bending ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
300 Slamming ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
C. Stiffeners ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
C 100 Bending ............................................................................................................................................................... 28
C 200 Slamming ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Sec. 6
Web Frames and Girder Systems ................................................................................................... 30
A.
A
A
A
A
A
General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 30
100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 30
200 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
300 Minimum thicknesses ......................................................................................................................................... 30
500 Continuity of strength members ......................................................................................................................... 31
B.
B
B
B
B
Web Frames and Girders ........................................................................................................................................... 31

100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 31
200 Effective flange................................................................................................................................................... 31
300 Effective web ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
400 Strength requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 32
B 500
B 600
Girder tripping brackets ...................................................................................................................................... 33

Girder web stiffeners........................................................................................................................................... 34
Sec. 7
Pillars and Pillar Bulkheads............................................................................................................ 35
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
A 100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 35
A 200 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 35
B.
B
B
B
B
Pillars............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
100 Arrangement of pillars ........................................................................................................................................ 35
200 Cross-section particulars..................................................................................................................................... 35
300 Pillar scantlings................................................................................................................................................... 35
400 Pillars in tanks..................................................................................................................................................... 36
C. Supporting Bulkheads ................................................................................................................................................ 37

C 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Sec. 8
Weld Connections............................................................................................................................. 38
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38
A 100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 38
A 200 Welding particulars............................................................................................................................................. 38
B. Types of Welded Joints............................................................................................................................................... 38
B 100 Butt joints............................................................................................................................................................ 38
B 200 Tee or cross joints ............................................................................................................................................... 38
C.
C
C
C
C
Size of Connections ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

100 Fillet welds, general ............................................................................................................................................ 39
200 Fillet welds and penetration welds subject to high tensile stresses .................................................................... 39
300 End connections of girders, pillars and cross ties ............................................................................................... 40
400 End connections of stiffeners.............................................................................................................................. 40
Sec. 9
Direct Strength Calculations ........................................................................................................... 43
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
A 100 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 43
A 200 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 43
B.
B
B
B
Plating .......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 43
200 Calculation procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 43
C.
C
C
C
C
Stiffeners ...................................................................................................................................................................... 43
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 43
200 Calculation procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 44
300 Loads................................................................................................................................................................... 44
D.
D
D
D
D
Girders ......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 44
200 Calculation methods ........................................................................................................................................... 44
300 Design load conditions........................................................................................................................................ 44
Sec. 10 Buckling Control .............................................................................................................................. 46

A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
A 100 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
B. Longitudinal Buckling Load ...................................................................................................................................... 47
B 100 Longitudinal stresses........................................................................................................................................... 47
C. Transverse Buckling Load ......................................................................................................................................... 47
C 100 Transverse stresses.............................................................................................................................................. 47
D.
D
D
D
Plating .......................................................................................................................................................................... 47
100 Plate panel in uni-axial compression .................................................................................................................. 47
200 Plate panel in shear ............................................................................................................................................. 49
300 Plate panel in bi-axial compression and shear .................................................................................................... 49
E. Stiffeners in Direction of Compression ..................................................................................................................... 50

E 100 Lateral buckling mode ........................................................................................................................................ 50
E 200 Torsional buckling mode .................................................................................................................................... 51
E 300
Web and flange buckling .................................................................................................................................... 52
F. Stiffeners Perpendicular to Direction of Compression............................................................................................ 52

F 100 Moment of inertia of stiffeners ........................................................................................................................... 52
G. Elastic Buckling of Stiffened Panels .......................................................................................................................... 53
G 100 Elastic buckling as a design basis ....................................................................................................................... 53
G 200 Allowable compression....................................................................................................................................... 53
H. Girders ......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
H 100 Axial load buckling............................................................................................................................................. 54
H 200 Girders perpendicular to direction of compression............................................................................................. 54
H 300 Buckling of effective flange................................................................................................................................ 54
H 400 Shear buckling of web ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.1 Page 8
SECTION 1
STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES
A. General
A 100 The scantling reduction
101 The scantling reductions for high speed and light craft structures compared with Rules for Classification
of Ships are based on:
s
a certain stiffener spacing reduction ratio ---sr
s = chosen spacing in m
2 ( 100 + L )
sr = basic spacing = --------------------------- m in general
1000
longitudinal framing in bottom and strength deck
extended longitudinal and local buckling control
a sea and weather service restriction.
A 200 Aluminium alloys
201
The alloy grades are listed in Sec.2 Tables B1 to B4.
202
The various formulae and expressions involving the factor f1 may be applied when:
f
f 1 = --------240
f = yield stress is not to be taken greater than 70% of the ultimate tensile strength.
The material factor f1 included in the various formulae and expressions is given in Sec.2 Tables B1 to B3 for
the un-welded condition and in Table B4 for the welded condition.
B. Bottom Structures
B 100 Longitudinal stiffeners
101
Single bottoms as well as double bottoms are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.
102 The longitudinals should preferably be continuous through transverse members. If they are to be cut at
transverse members, i.e. watertight bulkheads, continuous brackets connecting the ends of the longitudinals are
to be fitted or welds are to be dimensioned accordingly.
103
Longitudinal stiffeners are to be supported by bulkheads and web frames.
104
Longitudinal stiffeners in slamming areas should have a shear connection to transverse members.
B 200 Web frames

201 Web frames are to be continuous around the cross section i.e. floors side webs and deck beams are to be
connected. Intermediate floors may be used.
202 In the engine room plate floors are to be fitted at every frame. In way of thrust bearings additional
strengthening is to be provided.
B 300 Longitudinal girders
301
Web plates of longitudinal girders are to be continuous in way of transverse bulkheads.
302
A centre girder is normally to be fitted for docking purposes.
303 Manholes or other openings should not be positioned at ends of girders without due consideration being
taken of shear loadings.
B 400 Engine girders
401 Under the main engine, girders extending from the bottom to the top plate of the engine seating are to be
fitted.
402
Engine holdingdown bolts are to be arranged as near as practicable to floors and longitudinal girders.
403
In way of thrust bearing and below pillars additional strengthening is to be provided.
B 500 Double bottom, if fitted

501 Manholes are to be cut in the inner bottom, floors and longitudinal girders to provide access to all parts
of the double bottom. The vertical extension of lightening holes is not to exceed one half of the girder height.
Centre of lightening holes to be, as close as practicable, to the neutral axes of elements in question. The edges
of the manholes are to be smooth. Manholes in the inner bottom plating are to have reinforcement rings.
Manholes are not to be cut in the floors or girders in way of pillars.
502 In double bottoms with transverse stiffening, longitudinal girders are to be stiffened at every transverse
frame.
503
The longitudinal girders are to be satisfactorily stiffened against buckling.
C. Side Structure
C 100 Stiffeners
101
The craft's sides may be longitudinally or vertically stiffened.

Guidance note:
It is advised that longitudinal stiffeners are used near bottom and strength deck.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
102
The continuity of the longitudinals is to be as required for bottom and deck longitudinals respectively.
D. Deck Structure
D 100 Longitudinal stiffeners
101
Decks are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.
102 The longitudinals should preferably be continuous through transverse members. If they are to be cut at
to be fitted.
103 The plate thickness is to be such that the necessary transverse buckling strength is achieved, or transverse
buckling stiffeners may have to be fitted intercostally.
D 200 Bulwarks
201 The thickness of bulwark plates is not to be less than required for side plating in a superstructure in the
same position.
202 A strong bulb section or similar is to be continuously welded to the upper edge of the bulwark. Bulwark
stays are to be in line with transverse beams or local transverse stiffening. The stays are to have sufficient width
at deck level. The deck beam is to be continuously welded to the deck in way of the stay. Bulwarks on forecastle
decks are to have stays fitted at every frame.
Stays of increased strength are to be fitted at ends of bulwark openings. Openings in bulwarks should not be
situated near the ends of superstructures.
203 Where bulwarks on exposed decks form wells, ample provision is to be made to freeing the decks for
water.
E. Flat Cross Structure

E 100 Definition
101 Flat cross structure is horizontal structure above waterline like bridge connecting structure between twin
hulls, etc.
E 200 Longitudinal stiffeners
201
Flat cross structures are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.
202
The longitudinals should preferably be continuous through transverse members. If they are to be cut at
to be fitted or welds are to be dimensioned accordingly.
203
Longitudinal stiffeners are to be supported by bulkheads and web frames.
F. Bulkhead Structures
F 100 Transverse bulkheads
101 Number and location of transverse watertight bulkheads are to be in accordance with the requirements
given in Ch.1 Sec.1 B200.
102 The stiffening of the upper part of a plane transverse bulkhead is to be such that the necessary transverse
buckling strength is achieved.
F 200 Corrugated bulkheads
201
Longitudinal and transverse bulkheads may be corrugated.
202
For corrugated bulkheads the following definition of spacing applies (see Fig. 1):
= s1 for section modulus calculations

= 1.05 s2 or 1.05 s3 for plate thickness calculations.
Fig. 1
Corrugated bulkhead
G. Superstructures and Deckhouses

G 100 Definitions
101 Superstructure is defined as a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the
ship or with the side plating not inboard of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth (B).
102 Deckhouse is defined as a decked structure above the strength deck with the side plating being inboard
of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth (B).
Long deckhouse - deckhouse having more than 0.2 L of its length within 0.4 L amidships.
Short deckhouse - deckhouse not defined as a long deckhouse.
G 200 Structural continuity
201 In superstructures and deckhouses, the front bulkhead is to be in line with a transverse bulkhead in the
hull below or be supported by a combination of girders and pillars. The after end bulkhead is also to be
effectively supported. As far as practicable, exposed sides and internal longitudinal and transverse bulkheads
are to be located above girders and frames in the hull structure and are to be in line in the various tiers of
accommodation. Where such structural arrangement in line is not possible, there is to be other effective support.
202
Sufficient transverse strength is to be provided by means of transverse bulkheads or girder structures.
203 At the break of superstructures, which have no set-in from the ship's side, the side plating is to extend
beyond the ends of the superstructure, and is to be gradually reduced in height down to the deck or bulwark.
The transition is to be smooth and without local discontinuities. A substantial stiffener is to be fitted at the upper
edge of plating. The plating is also to be additionally stiffened.
204 In long deckhouses, openings in the sides are to have well rounded corners. Horizontal stiffeners are to
be fitted at the upper and lower edge of large openings for windows.
Openings for doors in the sides are to be substantially stiffened along the edges. The connection area between
deckhouse corners and deck plating is to be increased locally.
Deck girders are to be fitted below long deckhouses in line with deckhouse sides.
205 Deck beams under front and aft ends of deckhouses are not to be scalloped for a distance of 0.5 m from
each side of the deckhouse corners.
206 For deckhouse side stiffeners the scantlings need not be greater than required for tween deck frames with
equivalent end connections.
207
Casings supporting one or more decks above are to be adequately strengthened.
H. Structural Design in General

H 100 Craft arrangement
101
Attention is drawn to the importance of structural continuity in general.
102
The craft arrangement is to take into account:
continuity of longitudinal strength, including horizontal shear area to carry a strength deck along
transverse bulkheads or strongwebs
web or pillar rings in engine room
twin hull connections
access for inspection
superstructures and deckhouses:
direct support
transitions
deck equipment support

multi-deck pillars in line, as practicable
external attachments, inboard connections.
103 Structural details in spaces that will be coated are to be designed in such way that a sound layer of coating
can be achieved everywhere.
H 200 Soft local transitions
201
Gradual taper or soft transition is specially important in high speed aluminium vessels, to avoid:
stress corrosion and fatigue in heavy stressed members

impact fatigue in impact loaded members.
202 End brackets, tripping brackets etc. are not to terminate on unsupported plating.
Brackets are to extend to the nearest stiffener, or local plating reinforcement is to be provided at the toe of the
bracket.
I. Some Common Local Design Rules

I 100
Definition of span
101 The effective span of a stiffener (l) or girder (S) depends on the design of the end connections in relation
to adjacent structures. Unless otherwise stated the span points at each end of the member, between which the
span is measured, is to be determined as shown on Fig.1. It is assumed that brackets are effectively supported
by the adjacent structure. For stiffeners, see also Fig. 2 or Sec.5.
R
2 b
3
2
R
3
2
b
3
STIFFENERS
GIRDERS
Fig. 2
Span points
I 200
201
Effective girder flange

For girders with curved face plate, e.g. web frames, the effective area of the flange is given by:
Ae= k tf bf (mm2)
bf = total face plate breadth in mm

k = flange efficiency coefficient, see also Fig. 3
rt
= k 1 ----------f
b
= 1.0 maximum
k1 =
0.643 ( sinh cosh + sin cos )

------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
sin h + sin
for symmetrical and unsymmetrical free flange

=
0.78
( sinh + sin ) ( cosh cos -)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
sin h + sin
for girder flange with two webs

1.56 ( cosh cos )
= ------------------------------------------------sinh + sin
for box girder flange with multiple webs
1.285b
= ----------------- (rad)
= 0.5 (bf tw) for symmetrical free flanges
rt f
= bf for unsymmetrical free flanges

s
tf
tw
r
=
=
=
=
=
=
s tw for box girder flanges

spacing of supporting webs for box girder (nun)
face plate thickness in general (mm)
tw (maximum) for unsymmetrical free flanges
web plate thickness (mm)
radius of curved face plate (mm)
Fig. 3
Effective width of curved face plates for alternative boundary conditions
202 The effective width of curved plate flanges, or effective width of plate at knuckles, is to be specially
considered.
I 300
Sniped stiffeners
301 Stiffeners with sniped ends may be allowed where dynamic loads are small and vibrations considered to
be of small importance.
I 400
401
Floating Frames
Floating frames are considered beams supporting extruded panels (plating and stiffeners together).
402 Profiles that may be used for floating frames are double flanged profiles (e.g. I or C profiles). Single
flanged profiles (e.g. T profiles) are not acceptable.
403 Floating frames may be used in Decks, Bulkheads, Side Shell Aft, etc., generally in low stress area and
where only static loads are foreseen.
404 Floating frames cannot be used in Hull Bottom, Side Fore Body Area, etc., generally in highly stressed
areas and / or areas where dynamic loads are foreseen.
405 Attached panels cannot be considered participating in strength of floating frames. Section properties of
floating frames to be calculated only for bare profile.
406 Allowable stresses as stipulated in Sec.6 A400 and Sec.9 D400 may be increased by 5% after special
considerations.
J. Support of Equipment and Outfitting Details

J 100
Heavy equipment, appendages etc.
101 Whether the unit to be supported is covered by classification or not, the forces and moments at points of
attachment have to be estimated and followed through hull reinforcements in line, through craft girder and
pillar system (taking into account hull stresses already existing) until forces are safely carried to craft's side or
bulkheads.
102
Doublers should be avoided normal to a tensile force.
J 200
Minor outfitting details
201 Generally connections of outfitting details to the hull are to be such that stress-concentrations are
minimized and welding to high stressed parts are avoided wherever possible.
Connections are to be designed with smooth transitions and proper alignment with the hull structure elements.
Terminations are to be supported.
202 Connections to topflange of girders and stiffeners are to be avoided if not well smoothened. Preferably
supporting of outfittings are to be welded to the stiffener web.
K. Structural Aspects not Covered by Rules

K 100 Deflections
101 Requirements for minimum moment of inertia or maximum deflection under load are limited to structure
in way of hatches and doors and some other special cases.
102
Deflection problems in general are left to designer's consideration.
K 200 Local vibrations

201 The evaluation of structural response to vibrations caused by impulses from engine and propeller blades
and jet units are not covered by the classification, but the builder is to provide relevant documentation.
Guidance note:
HSC Code 3.4:
Cyclic loads, including those from vibrations which can occur on the craft should not:
a) impair the integrity of structure during the anticipated service life of the craft or the service life agreed
with the Administration;
b) hinder normal functioning of machinery and equipment; and
c) impair the ability of the crew to carry out its duties.
Upon request such evaluation may be undertaken by the Society.
SECTION 2
MATERIALS AND MATERIAL PROTECTION
A. General
A 100 Application
101 The rules in this chapter apply to wrought aluminium alloys for objects classified or intended for
classification with the Society.
A 200 Material certificates
201 Rolled and extruded wrought aluminium alloys, glass reinforced plastic and core materials for hull
structures and rolled steel are normally to be supplied with DNV material certificates.
202 For class certificate requirement for chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment and
repair of defects, see Pt.2 Ch.2.
203
Particular attention is to be given to aluminium hull materials specification in Pt.2 Ch.2.
204 Requirements for material certificates for forgings, castings and other materials for special parts and
equipment are stated in connection with the rule requirements for each individual part.
B. Structural Aluminium Alloy

B 100 General
101 Aluminium alloy for marine use may be applied in hulls, superstructures, deckhouses, hatch covers and
sundry items.
B 200 Aluminium grades
201 Aluminium alloys are to have a satisfactory resistance to corrosion in marine environments. Grades for
welded structures are to be weldable, applying one of the welding methods approved by the Society.
202 For major hull structural components, alloys with temper H116/H321 for rolled products, and alloys with
temper T5/T6 for extruded products, are normally to be used. The use of 0- or F temper must be agreed with
the Society.
203 The use of 6000 series aluminium alloys in direct contact with sea water may be restricted depending on
application and corrosion protection system. The use of these alloys are to be agreed with the Society.
204 In weld zones (HAZ) of rolled or extruded products, the factor f1 given in Table B4 may in general be
used as basis for the scantling requirements.
205 Welding consumables are to be chosen according to Table C2 in Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.2. The consumable chosen
are to have minimum mechanical properties not less than specified for the parent alloy in the welded condition.
B 300 Chemical composition
301 The chemical composition is to satisfy the requirements in Pt.2 Ch.2. Other alloys or alloys which do not
fully comply with Pt.2 Ch.2, may be accepted by the Society after consideration in each particular case. Special
tests and/or other relevant information, e.g. which confirm a satisfactory corrosion resistance and weldability,
may be required.
B 400 Mechanical properties
401 Requirements to mechanical properties for different delivery conditions are given in Tables B1 and B2
for wrought products, extruded products and rivet bars/-rivets, respectively. Other delivery conditions with
related mechanical properties may be accepted by the Society after consideration in each particular case.
Table B1 Factor f1 for wrought aluminium alloy sheets, strips and plates, t: 2 mm t 40 mm
DNV Designation
Temper
NV-5052
H32
H34
NV-5154A
0, H111
NV-5754
H24
NV-5454
H32
H34
f1
0.61
0.69
0.35
0.69
0.73
0.79
Table B1 Factor f1 for wrought aluminium alloy sheets, strips and plates, t: 2 mm t 40 mm (Continued)
DNV Designation
Temper
f1
V-5086
H116, H32
0.80
H34
0.88
NV-5083
H116, H321
0.89
NV-5383
H116, H34
0.89
Note: For tempers 0 and H111, the factor f1 is to be taken from Table B4.
Table B2 Factor f1 for extruded aluminium alloy profiles, rods and tubes, t: 2 mm t 25 mm
DNV
Temper
f1
Designation
NV-6060
T5
0.55
NV-6061
T4
0.46
T5/T6
0.76
NV-6063
T5
0.44
T6
0.60
NV-6005A
T5/T6
0.76
NV-6082
T4
0.46
T5/T6
0.90
Note: Table B2 only applies when the main loading direction is logitudinal to the extrusion, see also Table B3.
Table B3 Factor f1 for extruded aluminium alloy profiles, rods and tubes, t: 2 mm t 25 mm, transverse to
extruding direction
DNV
Temper
f1
Designation
NV-6060
T5
0.51
NV-6061
T4
0.46
T5/T6
0.71
NV-6005A
T5/T6
6 < t < 10
0.76
10 < t < 25
0.67
NV-6082
T5 / T6
0.85
Note: Table B2 only applies when the main loading direction is logitudinal to the extrusion
Table B4 Factor f1 in the welded condition
DNV
Temper
Filler
f1
Designation
NV-5052
0, H111, H32, H34
5356
0.27
NV-5154A
0, H111
5356-5183
0.35
NV 5754
0, H111, H24
5356-5183
0.33
NV 5454
0, H111, H32, H34
5356-5183
0.35
NV-5086
0, H111, H116, H32, H34
5356-5183
0.42
NV-5083
H116, H321
5356
0.531)
H116, H321
5183
0.601)
NV-5383
H116, H34
5183
0.642)
NV-6060
T5
5356-5183
0.27
NV-6061
T4
5356-5183
0.48
T5/T6
0.48
NV-6063
T5
5356-5183
0.27
T6
NV-6005A
T5/T6
5356-5183
0.48
NV-6082
T4
5356-5183
0.46
T5/T6
0.48
1) The utilisation of the material is higher than given by the f1 factor as given in Sec. 1 A. This is due to extended
utilisation in Rules for HS, LC and NSC, f1=(1/240) x 1.10
2) The utilisation of the material is higher than given by the f1 factor as given in Sec. 1 A. This is due to extended
utilisation in Rules for HS, LC and NSC, f1=(1/240) x 1.10
C. Corrosion Protection
C 100 General
101
Loss of structural strength due to corrosion is not acceptable.
102 All surfaces that are not recognised as inherently resistant to the actual marine environment are to be
adequately protected against corrosion.
Guidance note:
In these rules, corrosion is defined as degradation of material due to environmental influence.
C 200 For information and approval

201 Specifications for corrosion protection, i.e. for coating, if applied, see 301, and for cathodic protection
(including calculations), see 403, are to be submitted for information. The specifications are basis for approval
of drawings of the cathodic protection system.
202 Drawings of cathodic protection system, e.g. fastening, numbers and distribution of anodes and reference
electrodes (if impressed current), are subject to approval.
203 Selection and combination of materials for exposure to sea water and/or marine atmosphere are subject
to approval.
C 300 Coating
301
If coating is applied, the specification is to be submitted for information.

Guidance note:
Coating of aluminium hulls is normally not required (see B200). However, hulls normally need to be coated for antifouling purposes. When coating is applied, it will influence the corrosion resistance of the hull, and constitute a basis
for cathodic protection design. The coating system including surface preparation before coating should therefore be
submitted for information.
The following is normally included in a specification for coating:
metal surface cleaning and preparation before application of the primer coat, including treatment of edges and
welds
build-up and application of coating system with individual coats
curing times and over-coating intervals
acceptable temperatures of air and metal surface and dryness or humidity conditions during the above mentioned
operations (normally, the metal surface is minimum 3 C above the dew point and the relative humidity is below
85%)
thickness of individual coats and final coating system
resistance to cathodic disbonding (for coatings to be used in connection with impressed current).
302 A sound anti-corrosion coating should always be combined with the anti-fouling coating on the external
hull.
303 Anti-corrosion coating is not to contain copper or other constituents that may cause galvanic corrosion
on the aluminium hull.
304 Hull integrated water ballast tanks and other tanks holding corrosive liquids are to be coated. All
stiffeners and frames in these tanks are to be welded to plating with double continuous welding, see Sec.8 B202.
305 In other internal compartments of the hull where corrosive water is likely to occur, the lower 0.5 m of
the internal bottom surface, measured along the plate on each side of the keel, and the corresponding section
of the bulkheads, is normally to be coated. The preparation of surfaces including welds and edges shall be such
that the coating can be properly applied.
Guidance note:
The use of 6000 alloys containing more than 0.15% Cu in internal compartments without coating may be restricted.
Stagnant, chloride-containing water in internal compartments, e.g. condensation water, may cause corrosion on
aluminium alloy plates and structures. Corrosion attacks will usually be of localised type, e.g. in the form of pitting.
Corrosion attacks of galvanic type may also occur, see also 500, e.g. if equipment made of other metal alloy remains
in electrical contact with aluminium alloy material.
Corrosion attacks of the above mentioned types can be reduced by means of e.g.:
coating applied as described above

regular cleaning, drying and inspection of the actual compartment
electrical isolation of any other metallic part from aluminium alloy plates and structures
use of dehumidifying equipment in a closed compartment
ventilation holes (minimum 2)

drainage holes
hot air fans.
C 400 Cathodic protection

401 Cathodic protection of aluminium hulls can be obtained with aluminium or zinc sacrificial anodes or
impressed current. Magnesium based sacrificial anodes are not to be used, and impressed current is not to be
used in internal hull compartments.
402 Cathodic protection is normally to be applied to aluminium hull craft due to electrical connection of the
aluminium with another metals (in propeller, water jet, etc.), which may initiate galvanic corrosion, and to
protect the hull against local corrosion and damage that normally will occur in protective coatings.
403
The following is normally to be included in a cathodic protection specification:
areas to be protected (m2) for hull and attached metallic components such as water jet unit and water jet duct
stipulated protective current density demand (mA/m2) for coated and not coated surfaces of hull and
attached components, respectively
total current demand (A)
target design life of cathodic protection system
anode material and manufacturer
for sacrificial anodes; calculation of anode mass, distribution, total number
for impressed current systems; current capacity of rectifiers and anodes
for impressed current systems; reference electrodes, system control and monitoring arrangement, cabling
and procedures for exchange or renewal of components
target protective potential difference to be obtained
drawings of cathodic protection systems, showing anode types, mass, distribution, location and attachment
details (for sacrificial anodes or impressed current anodes with reference electrodes)
cathodic protection system drawings shall be in compliance with the specification and calculations for the
same.
Guidance note:
The current density demand will vary dependent upon the speed of hull, the speed of propeller, and the type of metallic
material to be protected (aluminium, stainless steel, etc.).
The target protective potential difference for aluminium alloy surfaces may be minus 950 mV versus the Ag/AgCl/
seawater reference electrode, with an acceptable potential difference range of minus 800 mV to minus 1150 mV, i.e.
approximately as for carbon steel and stainless steel. Due concern must be given to the possibility of detrimental
overprotection of aluminium.
Stainless steel surfaces in water jet units of high speed craft may need a current density of up to about 300 mA/m2 to
be protected, while values as high as 500 mA/m2 may give overprotection problems.
404
For documentation of instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and
monitoring, see Pt.4 Ch.9 Sec.1.
405 The designed (target) service life of a cathodic protection system is normally to be at least as long as the
expected time interval between dockings.
406
With impressed current cathodic protection systems, precautions are to be taken to avoid:
1) overprotection or excessive negative potential differences locally, especially on aluminium surfaces

(implying transpassive corrosion) as well as
2) loss of protection,
by means of anode screens, automatic voltage control, overprotection alarm, or similar. The protective potential
difference is to be kept within a specified and agreed range, see Guidance note to 403.
407 Direct voltage stray currents may impose rapid electrolytic corrosion damage to hulls and is to be
avoided.
Guidance note:
Stray D.C. sources may be shore connections (e.g. ramps, cranes, cables, etc.), not properly grounded welding
machines, etc. Special precautions should be taken if welding is carried out with the craft afloat, or if the craft is
connected to electrical power in port.
C 500 Other materials in contact with aluminium

501 If other metallic materials are used in propellers or impellers, piping, pumps, valves, etc. and are in
contact with the aluminium hull, provisions are to be made to avoid galvanic corrosion. Acceptable provisions
are either one of or a combination of:
coating of water or moisture exposed surfaces
electrical isolation of different materials from each other
cathodic protection.
Guidance note:
Full electrical isolation of e.g. propeller or impeller from hull is usually difficult. Contact will be established when the
propeller is idle.
Wooden material, cloth, debris, non-adherent coating or other organic material remaining in durable contact with
aluminium may cause under-deposit corrosion on aluminium due to local oxygen deficiency at the surface.
D. Other Materials
D 100 Steel
101
Structural steel may be used in sundry items such as rudders, foils, propeller shaft brackets, etc.
102 For requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, testing and repair of
defects, see Pt.2.
103
The material factor f1 = 1 for ordinary ship quality steel.
104 All steel surfaces are to be protected against corrosion by paint of suitable composition or other effective
coating.
105 Shop primers applied over areas which will subsequently be welded, are to be of a quality accepted by
the Society as having no detrimental effect on the finished weld.
See Register of Approved Manufacturers and Register of Type Approved Products.
106 Coating systems are to be suitable for use on any previously applied shop primer.
The coating and the assumed application conditions must have been approved by the Society. Such approval
will normally be given as a Type approval.
The shipbuilders are to present a written declaration stating that the coating has been applied as specified.
Guidance note:
Upon request approval programs for coating systems may be obtained from the Society.
D 200 Connections between steel and aluminium

201
If there is risk of galvanic corrosion, provisions are to be made, see C500.
202 Aluminium plating connected to a steel boundary bar is wherever possible to be arranged on the side
exposed to moisture.
203
Direct contact between exposed wooden materials, e.g. deck planking, and aluminium is to be avoided.
204 Bolts with nuts and washers are either to be of stainless steel or hot galvanized steel. The bolts are in
general to be fitted with sleeves of insulating material.
D 300 Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
301
FRP materials, core materials and fillers are to be approved according to Sec. 3.
302 Other reinforcement and plastic materials may be approved on the basis of relevant documentation and
testing in each individual case.
SECTION 3
MANUFACTURING
A. General
A 100 Basic requirements
101 Welding of hull structures, machinery installations and equipment are to be carried out by approved
welders, with approved welding consumables and at welding shops recognised by the Society. See Sec.2.
102 Shot blasting, priming and coating are to be carried out under indoor conditions. For coating
specification and documentation, see Sec.2.
103
For all craft a non-destructive testing (NDT) plan is to be submitted for approval to the surveyor.
B. Inspection
B 100 General
101 Welds are to be subject to visual survey and inspection as fabrication proceed. NDT is to be performed
according to established procedures and if required, qualified for the work.
102 All examinations are to be carried out by competent personnel. The NDT operators are to be qualified
according to a recognised certification scheme accepted by the Society. The certificate is clearly to state the
qualifications as to which examination method and within which category the operator is qualified.
B 200 Penetrant testing
201
Penetrant testing is to be carried out as specified in the approved procedures.
B 300 Radiographic testing

301
Radiographic testing is to be carried out as specified in the approved procedures.
302 Processing and storage are to be such that the films maintain their quality throughout the agreed storage
time. The radiographs are to be free from imperfections due to development processing.
B 400 Ultrasonic examination
401 Ultrasonic testing is to be carried out as specified in the approved procedures. Ultrasonic examination
procedures are to contain sketches for each type of joint and dimensional range of joints which clearly show
scanning pattern and probes to be used.
402 The examination record is to include the imperfection position, the echo height, the dimensions (length),
the depth below the surface and, if possible, the defect type.
C. Extent of Examination
C 100 General
101 All welds are to be subject to visual examination. In addition to the visual examination, at least 2 to 5%
of total welded length are to be examined by penetrant examination and/or radiographic examination. For
highly stressed areas the extent of examination may be increased.
102
If defects are detected, the extent of examination is to be increased to the surveyors satisfaction.
D. Acceptance Criteria for NDT

D 100 Acceptance criteria
101 All welds are to show evidence of good workmanship. The quality is normally to comply with ISO 10042
quality level C, intermediate. For highly stressed areas more stringent requirements, such as ISO level B, may
be applied.
E. Testing
E 100 Tanks
101 Protective coating systems may be applied before water testing.
All pipe connections to tanks are to be fitted before testing. If engine bed plates are bolted directly on the inner
bottom plating, the testing of the double bottom tank is to be carried out with the engine installed.
102 Unless otherwise agreed, all tanks are to be tested with a water head equal to the maximum pressure to
which the compartment may be exposed. The water is in no case to be less than to the top of the air pipe or to
a level h0 above the top of the tank except where partial filling alone is prescribed.
h0 = 0.03 L - 0.5 (m), minimum 1, generally
= pressure valve opening pressure when exceeding the general value.
E 200 Closing appliances
201
Inner and outer doors below the waterline are to be hydraulically tested.
202 Weathertight and watertight closing appliances not subjected to pressure testing are to be hose tested.
The nozzle inside diameter is to be 12.5 mm and the pressure at least 250 kN/m2. The nozzle should be held at
a distance of maximum 1.5 m from the item during the test.
Alternative methods of tightness testing may be considered.
203
All weathertight or watertight doors and hatches are to be function tested.
SECTION 4
HULL GIRDER STRENGTH
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section requirements for longitudinal and transverse hull girder strength is given. In addition,
buckling control according to Sec. 10 may be required.
102 Longitudinal strength has generally to be checked for the craft types and sizes mentioned in the
introduction to Ch.1 Sec.3.
103 For new designs (prototypes) of large and structurally complicated craft (e.g. multi-hull types) a
complete 3-dimensional global analysis of the transverse strength, in combination with longitudinal stresses, is
to be carried out.
104
Buckling strength in bottom and deck may, however, have to be checked also for the other craft.
A 200 Definitions
201
Moulded deck line, Rounded sheer strake, Sheer strake and Stringer plate are as defined in Fig.1.
Fig. 1
Deck corners
B. Vertical Bending Strength

B 100 Hull section modulus requirement
101
3
M
Z = ----- 10
( cm )
M =
=
=
=
the longitudinal midship bending moment in kNm from Ch.1 Sec. 3

sagging or hogging bending moment
hollow landing or crest landing bending moment
maximum still water + wave bending moment for high speed displacement craft and semi-planing craft
in the displacement mode
= maximum total moment for hydrofoil on foils
= 175 f1 N/mm2 in general.
Guidance note:
Simultaneous end impacts over a hollow are considered less frequent and giving lower moments than the crest
landing.
Need not be investigated if deck buckling resistance force is comparable to that of the bottom.
B 200 Effective section modulus

201 Where calculating the moment of inertia and section modulus of the midship section, the effective
sectional area of continuous longitudinal strength members is in general the net area after deduction of
openings.
Superstructures which do not form a strength deck are not to be included in the net section. This applies also
to deckhouses and bulwarks.
202 The effect of openings are assumed to have longitudinal extensions as shown by the shaded areas in
Fig.2, i.e. inside tangents at an angle of 30 to each other. Example for transverse section III:
bIII = b' + b + b
203 For twin hull vessels the effective breadth of wide decks without longitudinal bulkhead support will be
considered separately.
B 300 Hydrofoil on foils
301 For hydrofoils in addition to the calculation for the midship section, the sections in way of the foils are
required to be checked.
B 400 Longitudinal structural continuity
401 The scantling distribution of structures participating in the hull girder strength in the various zones of the
hull is to be carefully worked out so as to avoid structural discontinuities resulting in abrupt variations of
stresses.
402 At ends of effective continuous longitudinal strength members in deck and bottom region large transition
brackets are to be fitted.
Fig. 2
Effect of openings
B 500 Openings
501 A keel plate for docking is normally not to have openings. In the bilge plate, within 0.5 L amidships,
openings are to be avoided wherever practicable. Any necessary openings in the bilge plate are to be kept clear
of a bilge keel.
502 Openings in strength deck are wherever practicable to be located well clear of the crafts side and hatch
corners.
503 Openings in strength members should generally have an elliptical form. Larger openings in deck may be
accepted with well rounded corners and are to be situated as near to the craft's centreline as practicable.
504
For corners with rounded shape the radius is not to be less than:
r = 0.025 Bdk (m)
Bdk = breadth of strength deck.

r need not be taken greater than 0.1 b (m) where b = breadth of opening in m. For local reinforcement of deck
plating at circular corners, see Sec. 5 B.
505 Edges of openings are to be smooth. Machine flame cut openings with smooth edges may be accepted.
Small holes are to be drilled.
506 Studs for securing small hatch covers are to be fastened to the top of a coaming or a ring of suitable
thickness welded to the deck. The studs are not to penetrate the deck plating.
C. Shear Strength
C 100 Cases to be investigated
101 If doors are arranged in the craft's side, the required sectional area of the remaining side plating will be
specially considered.
102 If rows of windows are arranged below strength deck, sufficient horizontal shear area must be arranged
to carry down the midship tension and compression.
103
In these and other locations with doubtful shear areas, allowable shear stress may be taken as:
allowable bending stress
= ----------------------------------------------------------3
D. Cases to be Investigated
D 100 Inertia induced loads
101 Transversely framed parts of forebody are to be checked for the axial inertia force given in Ch.1 Sec.3
A700:
FL= al (kN)
al
= maximum surge acceleration, not to be taken less than:

V
0.4 g for ------- 5
L
V
0.2 g for ------- 3
L
V
linear interpolaton of a l for 3 < ----- < 5
l
The distribution of stresses will depend on instantaneous forward immersion and on location of cargo.
102 Bottom structure in way of thrust bearings may need a check for the increased thrust when vessel is
retarded by a crest in front.
103 Allowable axial stress and associated shear stresses will be related to the stresses already existing in the
region.
104 For passenger craft, a separate analysis is to be performed to investigate the structural consequence when
subject to the collision load as given in the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, paragraph 4.3.3
(see Ch.7 Sec.1 B300).
Guidance note:
Inertia forces from the collision deceleration should be considered for shear and buckling in the foreship area, and for
the forces acting on the supporting structure for cargo.
E. Transverse Strength of Twin Hull Craft

E 100 Transverse strength
101 The twin hull connecting structure is to have adequate transverse strength related to the design loads and
moments given in Ch.1.
102
When calculating the moment of inertia, and section modulus of the longitudinal section of the
connecting structure, the effective sectional area of transverse strength members is in general to be taken as the
net area with effective flange after deduction of openings.
The effective shear area of transverse strength members is in general to be taken as the net web area after
deduction of openings.
E 200 Allowable stresses
201
The equivalent stress is defined as:

c =
x2 + y2 x y + 3
x = total normal stress in x-direction

y = total normal stress in y-direction
= total shear stress in the xy-plane.
By total stress is meant the arithmetic sum of stresses from hull girder and local forces and moments.
202
The following total stresses are normally acceptable:
normal stress:
= 160 f1 (N/mm2)
mean shear stress:
= 90 f1 (N/mm2)
equivalent stress:
e = 180 f1 (N/mm2).
SECTION 5
PLATING AND STIFFENERS
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section the general requirements for plate thicknesses and local strength of panels of aluminium
alloy are given.
102 Buckling strength requirements are related to longitudinal hull girder stresses. Panels subjected to other
compressive, shear or biaxial stresses will be specially considered.
Table A1 Allowable bending stresses
Item
Bottom, slamming load
Bottom, sea load
Side
Deck
Flat cross structure, slamming load
Flat cross structure, sea load
Bulkhead, collision
Superstructure/deckhouse front
Superstructure/deckhouse side/deck
Bulkhead, watertight
Tank bulkhead
Plate
Stiffener
(N/mm2)
200 f1
180 f1
180 f1
160 f1
180 f1
160 f1
180 f1
160 f1
200 f1
180 f1
180 f1
160 f1
180 f1
160 f1
160 f1
140 f1
180 f1
160 f1
220 f1
200 f1
180 f1
160 f1
A 200 Definitions
201
Symbols:
t
Z
s
l
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
f1
rule thickness of plating in mm

rule section modulus of stiffener in cm3
stiffener spacing in m, measured along the plating
stiffener span in m, measured along the top flange of the member.
The depth of stiffener on crossing panel may be deducted when deciding the span.
For curved stiffeners l may be taken as the chord length
design pressure in kN/m2 as given in Ch.1 Sec.2
nominal allowable bending stress in N/mm2 due to lateral pressure (see Table A1)
see Sec.l A202
nominal allowable shear stress in N/mm2.
A 300 Allowable stresses

301
Maximum allowable bending stresses in plates and stiffeners are to be according to Table A1.
B. Plating
B 100 Minimum thicknesses
101
The thickness of structures is in general not to be less than:

t 0 + kL s
t = ----------------- ----sR
f
(mm)
f
= -------240
= yield stress in N/mm2 at 0.2% offset for unwelded alloy.

f is not to be taken greater than 70% of the ultimate tensile strength
s
sR
= actual stiffener spacing (m)

= basic stiffener spacing (m)
2 ( 100 + L )
= --------------------------1000
s
------ is not to be taken less than 0.5 or greater than 1.0.
sR
t0 and k according to Table B1.
Table B1 Values of t0 and k
Item
Bottom, bilge and side to loaded water line
Shell plating
Side above loaded water line
Bottom aft in way of rudder, shaft brackets etc.
Strength deck weather part forward of amidships
Strength deck weather part aft of amidships
Inner bottom
Deck and inner bottom Car deck
plating
Accommodation deck
Deck for cargo
Superstructure and deckhouse decks
Collision bulkhead
Tank bulkhead
Bulkhead plating
Other watertight bulkheads
Superstructure and deckhouse front
Superstructure and deckhouse sides and aft
Foundations
Other structures
Structures not mentioned above
t0
4.0
3.5
10.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
k
0.03
0.02
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.08
0
B 200 Bending
201
The general requirement for thickness of plating subject to lateral pressure is given by:
s Cp
t = -------------- (mm)
C
202
= correction factor for aspect ratio (= s/l) of plate field and degree of fixation of plate edges given in Table B2.
The thickness requirement for a plate field clamped along all edges and with an aspect ratio 0.5:
22.4s p
t = --------------------- (mm).
B 300 Slamming
301
The bottom plating is to be strengthened according to the requirements given in 302 to 303.
302
The thickness of the bottom plating is not to be less than:

22.4k r k a s P sl
t = ------------------------------------ (mm)
sl
ka
kr
=
=
=
=
=
correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field

(1.1 0.25 s/l)2
maximum 1.0 for s/l = 0.4
minimum 0.72 for s/l = 1.0
correction factor for curved plates
=
r
Psl
sl
1 0.5 s-
= radius of curvature in m
= as given in Ch.1 Sec.2
= 200 f1 (N/mm2).
303 Above the slamming area the thickness may be gradually reduced to the ordinary requirement at side.
For craft with rise of floor, however, reduction will not be accepted below the bilge curvature or chine.
Table B2 Values of C
Degree of fixation of plate edges
Aspect ratio < 0.5
Aspect ratio = 1.0
Clamped along all edges

500
342
Longest edge clamped, shortest
500
0
edge simply supported
l = stress at midpoint of longest edge.
s = stress at midpoint of shortest edge.
x = maximum field stress parallel to longest edge.
y = maximum field stress parallel to shortest edge.
75
75
250
250
310
425
310
0
130
140
130
200
C. Stiffeners
C 100 Bending
101 The section modulus of longitudinals, beams, frames and other stiffeners subjected to lateral pressure is
not to be less than:
2
3
m l sp
Z = ---------------- ( cm )
= bending moment factor depending on degree of end constraints and type of loading, see also Sec. 6
Table B2.
The m-values are normally to be as given in Table C 1.

The m-values may have to be increased after special consideration of rotation/deflection at supports or variation
in lateral pressure.
The m-values may be reduced, provided acceptable stress levels are demonstrated by direct calculations.
102 The requirement in 101 is to be regarded as a requirement about an axis parallel to the plating. As an
approximation, the requirement for standard section modulus for stiffeners at an oblique angle with the plating
may be obtained if the formula in 101 is multiplied by the factor:
1
-----------cos
= angle between the stiffener web plane and the plane perpendicular to the plating.
For -values less than 12 corrections are normally not necessary.

103 When several members are equal, the section modulus requirement may be taken as the average
requirement for each individual member in the group. However, the requirement for the group is not to be taken
less than 90% of the largest individual requirement.
104 Front stiffeners of superstructures and deckhouses are to be connected to deck at both ends with a
connection area not less than:
0.07
a = ----------- lsp
f1
( cm )
Side and after end stiffeners in the lowest tier of erections are to have end connections.
Table C1 Values of m
Item
Continuous longitudinal members
Non-continuous longitudinal members
Transverse members
Vertical members, ends fixed
Vertical members, simply supported
Bottom longitudinal members
Bottom transverse members
Side longitudinal members
Side vertical members
Deck longitudinal members
Deck transverse members
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed ends
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed one end (lower)
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, simply supported ends
Watertight bulkhead horizontal stiffeners, fixed ends
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed one end (upper)
Watertight bulkhead horizontal stiffeners, simply supported
Tank cargo bulkhead, fixed ends
Tank cargo bulkhead, simply supported
Deckhouse stiffeners
Casing stiffeners
m
85
100
100
100
135
85
100
85
100
85
100
65
85
125
85
75
125
100
135
100
100
C 200 Slamming
201 The section modulus of longitudinals or transverse stiffeners supporting the bottom plating is not to be
less than:
2
m l s p sl
Z = ----------------------
sl
m
psl
sl
=
=
=
=
( cm )
85 for continuous longitudinals

100 for transverse stiffeners
slamming pressure as given in Ch.1 Sec. 2
180 f1 (N/mm2).
The shear area is not to be less than:

6.7 ( l s )s p sl
A S = -----------------------------------
sl
( cm )
sl = 90 f1 (N/mm2).
SECTION 6
WEB FRAMES AND GIRDER SYSTEMS
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section the general requirements for simple girders and procedures for the calculations of complex
girder systems are given.
A 200 Definitions
201
s
b
p
P
c
el
Z
AW
A
tw
hw
bf
Symbols:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
girder span in m. The web height of in-plane girders may be deducted

breadth of load area in m (plate flange) b may be determined from Table A1
design pressure in kN/m2 according to Ch. 1 Sec.2
design axial force in kN
nominal allowable bending stress in N/mm2 due to lateral pressure
nominal allowable shear stress in N/mm2
critical buckling stress in N/mm2
ideal elastic buckling stress in N/mm2
rule section modulus in cm3
rule web area in cm2
rule cross-sectional area in cm2
web thickness in mm
web height in mm
flange breadth in mm.
A 300 Minimum thicknesses

301
The thickness of structures are in general not to be less than:

t 0 + kL s
t = ----------------- ----- ( mm )
sR
f
f
s
sR
f
= -------240
= yield stress in N/mm2 at 0.2% offset for unwelded alloy. f is not to be taken greater than 70% of the
ultimate tensile strength. For unwelded material, f may be taken as f1 in Sec.2 Tables B1 to B3.
= actual stiffener spacing in m
= basic stiffener spacing in m
2 ( 100 + L )
= --------------------------1000
s----is not to be taken less than 0.5 or greater than 1.0.

sR
t0 and k according to Table A2.
Table A1 Breadth of load area
For ordinary girders
b = 0.5 (l1 + l2 (m)
l1 and l2 are the spans in m of the supported stiffeners
For hatch side coamings
b = 0.2 (B1 - b2) (m)
B1 = breadth of craft in m measured at the middle of the hatchway
b2 = breadth of hatch in m measured at the middle of the hatchway
For hatch end beams
b = 0.4 b3 (m)
b3 = distance in m between hatch end beam and nearest deep transverse girder or transverse
bulkhead
Table A2 Values of t0 and k

Item
Bottom centre girder
Bottom side girders, floors, brackets and stiffeners
Side, deck and bulkhead longitudinals girders and stiffeners outside the peaks
Girders and
stiffeners
Peak girders and stiffeners
Longitudinals
Double bottom floors and girders
Foundations
Other structures
Structures not mentioned above
t0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
k
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.08
0
A 400 Allowable stresses

401 Maximum allowable bending stresses and shear stresses in web frames and girders are to be according
to Table A3.
Table A3 Allowable stresses
Item
Web frames and girders
Bending stress Shear stress
Equivalent stress
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
Dynamic load
180 f1
90 f1
200 f1
Sea/static load
160 f1
90 f1
180 f1
For watertight bulkheads (excluding the collision bulkhead), allowable stresses may be increased to 200 f1, 100
f1 and 220 f1 for bending, shear and equivalent stresses, respectively.
A 500 Continuity of strength members
501 Structural continuity is to be maintained at the junction of primary supporting members of unequal
stiffness by fitting well rounded brackets.
Brackets are to extend to the nearest stiffener, or local plating reinforcement is to be provided at the toe of the
bracket.
502
Where practicable, deck pillars are to be located in line with pillars above or below.
503 Below decks and platforms, strong transverses are to be fitted between verticals and pillars, so that rigid
continuous frame structures are formed.
B. Web Frames and Girders

B 100 General
101 The requirements for section modulus and web area given in 400 are applicable to simple girders
supporting stiffeners or other girders exposed to linearly distributed lateral pressure. It is assumed that the
girder satisfies the basic assumptions of simple beam theory and that the supported members are approximately
evenly spaced and similarly supported at both ends. Other loads will have to be specially considered.
102 When boundary conditions for individual girders are not predictable due to dependence of adjacent
structures, direct calculations according to the procedures given in Sec. 9 D will be required.
103 The section modulus and web area of the girder are to be taken in accordance with requirements as given
in the following. Structural modelling in connection with direct stress analysis is to be based on the same
requirements when applicable. Note that such structural modelling will not reflect the stress distribution at local
flange cutouts or at supports with variable stiffness over the flange width. The local effective flange which may
be applied in stress analysis is indicated for construction details in various Classification Notes on strength
analysis of hull structures).
B 200 Effective flange
201 The effective plate flange area is defined as the cross-sectional area of plating within the effective flange
width. Continuous stiffeners may be included with 50% of their cross-sectional area. The effective flange width
be is determined by the following formula:
be = C b (m)
C
= as given in Table B1 for various numbers of evenly spaced point loads (r) on the span.
If the above method of calculation is used for strength members which support corrugations perpendicular to
the span of the strength member, C is to be reduced by 90%.
Table B1 Values of C
a/b
0
C (r 6)
0.00
C (r = 5)
0.00
C (r = 4)
0.00
C (r 3)
0.00
1
0.38
0.33
0.27
0.22
2
0.67
0.58
0.49
0.40
3
0.84
0.73
0.63
0.52
4
0.93
0.84
0.74
0.65
5
0.97
0.89
0.81
0.73
6
0.99
0.92
0.85
0.78
7
1.00
0.93
0.87
0.80
= distance between points of zero bending moments

= S for simply supported girders
= 0.6 S for girders fixed at both ends.
202 The effective plate area is not to be less than the effective area of the free flange within the following
regions:
ordinary girders: total span
continuous hatch side coamings and hatch end beams: length and breadth of the hatch, respectively, and an
additional length of 1 m at each end of the hatch corners.
B 300 Effective web
301 Holes in girders will generally be accepted, provided the shear stress level is acceptable and the buckling
strength is sufficient. Holes are to be kept well clear of end of brackets and locations where shear stresses are
high.
B 400 Strength requirements
401
The section modulus for girders subjected to lateral pressure is not to be less than:
2
3
mS bp
Z = ----------------- ( cm )
m
402
= 160 f1 (maximum)
= bending moment factor, m-values in accordance with 403 may be applied.
The effective web area of girders subjected to lateral pressure is not to be less than:
10 ( k s Sbp ar )
A W = -------------------------------------
( cm )
ks = shear force factor.

ks-values in accordance with 403 may be applied
a = number of stiffeners between considered section and nearest support
r = average point load in kN from stiffeners between considered section and nearest support
= 90 f1 (maximum).
n+1
The a-value is in no case to be taken greater than -----------4
= number of supported stiffeners on the girder span. The web area at the middle of the span is not to be
less than 0.5 AW.
403 The m- and ks-values referred to in 401 and 402 may be calculated according to general beam theory. In
Table B2 m- and ks-values are given for some defined load and boundary conditions. Note that the greatest mvalue is to be applied to simple girders. For girders where brackets are fitted or the flange area has been partly
increased due to large bending moment, a smaller m-value may be accepted outside the strengthened region.
Table B2 Values of m and ks

Load and boundary conditions
Positions
1
2
3
Support
Field
Support
Bending moment and shear force factors

1
2
3
m1
m2
m3
ks1
ks3
85
0.50
42
85
0.50
0.38
70
1.25
0.63
0.50
125
0.50
65
0.30
43
100
0.70
0.20
60
135
0.80
0.33
130
0.67
404 The m- and ks-values referred to in 401 and 402 are normally to be as given in Table B3 for the various
structural items.
Table B3 Values of m and ks for various structural items
Item
m
Web frames
100
Bottom:
Floors
100
Longitudinal girders
100
Longitudinal girders
100
Web frames, upper end
100
Side:
Web frames, lower end
100
Deck girders
100
Horizontal girders
100
Bulkhead:
Vertical girders, upper end
100
Vertical girders, lower end
100
405
ks
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.54
0.54
0.72
0.63
0.54
0.54
0.72
The equivalent stress is not to exceed 180 f1 N/mm2.
B 500 Girder tripping brackets

501 The spacing ST of tripping brackets is normally not to exceed the values given in Table B4 valid for
girders with symmetrical face plates. For others the spacing will be specially considered.
Tripping brackets are further to be fitted near the toe of bracket, near rounded corner of girder frames and in
line with any cross ties.
502 The tripping brackets are to be fitted in line with longitudinals or stiffeners, and are to extend the whole
height of the web plate. The arm length of the brackets along the longitudinals or stiffeners, is not to be less
than 40% of the depth of the web plate, the depth of the longitudinal or stiffener deducted. The requirement
may be modified for deep transverses.
503 Tripping brackets on girders are to be stiffened by a flange or stiffener along the free edge if the length
of the edge exceeds:
0.06 tt (m)
tt
= thickness in mm of tripping bracket.
The area of the stiffening is not to be less than:

10 lt (cm2)
lt
= length in m of free edge.
The tripping brackets are to have a smooth transition to adjoining longitudinals or stiffeners exposed to large
longitudinal stresses.
Table B4 Spacing between tripping brackets
Girder type
ST (m)
Bottom and deck transverses
0.02 bf
Stringers and vertical webs in general
maximum 6
Longitudinal girders in general
Longitudinal girders in bottom and strength deck for L > 50m within 0.5 L amidships
0.014 bf
Stringers and vertical webs in tanks and machinery spaces
maximum 4
Vertical webs supporting single bottom girders and transverses
If the web of a strength member forms an angle with the perpendicular to the ships side of more than 10,
ST is not to exceed 0.007 bf.
bf
S
= flange breadth in mm
= distance between transverse girders in m.
B 600 Girder web stiffeners

601
The web plate of transverse and vertical girders are to be stiffened where:
hw > 75 tw (mm)
tw = web thickness in mm,

with stiffeners of maximum spacing:
s = 60 tw (mm)
within 20% of the span from each end of the girder and where high shear stresses.
Elsewhere stiffeners are required when:
hw > 90 tw (mm)
with stiffeners of maximum spacing:
s = 90 tw (mm)
For girders supporting other girders, the end requirements may have to be applied all over the span.
602 Stiffeners are to be fitted along free edges of the openings parallel to the vertical and horizontal axis of
the opening. Stiffeners may be omitted in one direction if the shortest axis is less than 400 mm and in both
directions if length of both axes is less than 300 mm. Edge reinforcement may be used as an alternative to
stiffeners.
SECTION 7
PILLARS AND PILLAR BULKHEADS
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101
In this section requirements for pillars and for bulkhead stiffeners substituting pillars are given.
A 200 Definitions
201 Symbols:
L, B, D, T, CB, see Ch.1.
t
s
l
I
A
p
=
=
=
=
=
=
thickness of plating in mm
stiffener spacing in m, measured along plate
length of pillars, cross ties, bulkhead stiffeners etc. between effective supports normal to their axis in m
smallest moment of inertia in cm4, including 40 x plate thickness as flange for bulkhead stiffener
cross-sectional area in cm2, including 40 x plate thickness for bulkhead stiffener
design pressure as given in Ch.1.
B. Pillars
B 100 Arrangement of pillars
101 Where practicable, deck pillars are to be located in line with pillars above or below.
If arrangement with pillars in line is not possible, deck beams or girders will have to be reinforced.
102 Pillars or equivalent supports are to be arranged below deckhouses, windlasses, winches and other heavy
weights.
103
The engine room casing is to be supported.
104 Doublers are to be fitted on deck and inner bottom. When pillars are subject to tension loads, mainly in
tanks, doublers are not allowed, adequate diamond plates with increased thickness to be fitted as inserts on
girder-/beam flanges. Brackets may be used instead of doublers and diamond plates.
105
Structural reinforcement below pillars will be considered in the individual cases.
B 200 Cross-section particulars

201
The radius of gyration of a member is to be taken as:

i =
I
-----aAa
( cm )
Ia = moment of inertia as built in cm4 about the axis perpendicular to the expected direction of buckling
Aa = cross-sectional area as built in cm2.
If the end conditions are different with respect to the principle axes of the member, the i-value may have to be
checked for both axes.
B 300 Pillar scantlings
301
The cross-sectional area of members subjected to compressive loads is not to be less than:
2
10 P
A = ----------- ( cm )
k
= ---------------- minimum 0,3
1 + -l
= axial load in kN as given for various strength members in 302 and 303. Alternatively, P may be
obtained from direct stress analysis. See Sec.9 D
= length of member in m
= radius of gyration in cm
l
i
= 0.7 in general
= 0.6 when design loads are primarily dynamic
= E when E < -----F2
- when E > -----F= F 1 --------

2
4 E
i
= E ------------ (N mm )
100 l
= minimum upper yield stress of material in N/mm2

= modulus of elasticity for aluminium = 69 000 N/mm2.
The formula given for E is based on hinged ends and axial force only.
If, in special cases, it is verified that one end can be regarded as fixed, the value of E may be multiplied by 2.
If it is verified that both ends can be regarded as fixed, the value of E may be multiplied by 4.
In case of eccentric force additional end moments or additional lateral pressure, the strength member is to be
reinforced to withstand bending stresses.
302
n
F
The nominal axial force in pillars is normally to be taken as:

P=nF
= number of decks above pillar. In case of a large number of decks (n > 3), a reduction in P will be
considered based upon a special evaluation of load redistribution
= the force contribution in kN from each deck above and supported by the pillar in question given by:
F = p AD (kN)
p = design pressure on deck as given in Ch.1 Sec.2

AD = deck area in m2 supported by the pillar, normally taken as half the sum of span of girders supported,
multiplied by their loading breadth.
For centre line pillars supporting hatch end beams (see Fig.1 and Fig.2):
b
AD = 4 ( A 1 + A 2 ) ----1- when transverse beams

B
= 4 ( A 3 + A 4 + A 5 ) ----1- when longitudinals

B
b1 = distance from hatch side to craft's side.

303
e
b
p
The nominal axial force in cross ties and panting beams is normally to be taken as:
P = e b p (kN)
= mean value of spans in m on both sides of the cross tie
= load breadth in m
= the larger of the pressures in kN/m2 on either side of the cross tie (e.g. for a side tank cross tie, the
pressure head on the craft's side may be different from that on the longitudinal bulkhead).
B 400 Pillars in tanks

401
Hollow pillars are not accepted.
402 Where the hydrostatic pressure may give tensile stresses in the pillars and cross members, their sectional
area is not to be less than:
A = 0.07 Adkpt (cm2)
Adk = deck or side area in m2 supported by the pillar or cross member
pt = design pressure, p in kN/m2 giving tensile stress in the pillar.
The formula may be used also tension control of panting beams and cross ties in tanks.
Doubling plates at ends are not allowed.
C. Supporting Bulkheads
C 100 General
101 Bulkheads supporting decks are to be regarded as pillars. Compressive loads are to be calculated based
on supported deck area and deck design loading.
102 Buckling strength of stiffeners are to be calculated as indicated in Sec.10 E101, assuming a plate flange
equal to 40 x the plate thickness when calculating IA, A and i.
Local buckling strength of adjoining plate and torsional buckling strength of stiffeners are to be checked.
Fig. 1
Deck with transverse beams
Fig. 2
Deck with longitudinals
SECTION 8
WELD CONNECTIONS
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101
In this section requirements for welding of aluminium alloys and various connection details are given.
102
For general requirements for approval of welding of wrought aluminium alloys, see Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.2.
A 200 Welding particulars

201
Welding at ambient air temperature of 5C or below is only to take place after special agreement.
202 The welding sequence is to be such that the parts may as far as possible contract freely in order to avoid
cracks in already deposited runs of weld. Where a butt meets a seam, the welding of the seam is to be
interrupted well clear of the junction and not be continued until the butt is completed. Welding of butt is to
continue past the open seam and the weld be chipped out for the seam to be welded straight through.
203 Welding procedures and welding consumables approved for the type of connection and parent material
in question, are to be used. See Register of Approved Manufac-turers and Register of Type Approved
Products.
B. Types of Welded Joints

B 100 Butt joints
101
For panels with plates of equal thickness, the joints are normally to be butt welded with prepared edges.
102 For butt welded joints of plates with thickness difference exceeding 2 mm, the thicker plate is normally
to be tapered. The taper is generally not to exceed 1:3.
103 Welding against permanent or temporary backing is to be specially considered with respect to fatigue,
non-destructive examination and any risk of crevice corrosion.
B 200 Tee or cross joints
201 The connection of girder and stiffener webs to plate panels, including plating abutting to other plate
panels, is normally to be made by fillet welds as indicated in Fig.1.
Fig. 1
Tee or cross joints
Where the connection is highly stressed, the edge of the abutting plate may have to be bevelled to give deep or
full penetration welding. Where the connection is moderately stressed, intermittent welds may be used. With
reference to Fig.2, the various types of intermittent welds are as follows:
chain weld
staggered weld
scallop weld (closed).
Fig. 2
Intermittent welds
202
Double continuous welds are required in the following connections irrespective of the stress level:
oiltight and watertight connections
connections in foundations and supporting structures for machinery
all connections in way of the steering gear arrangement
connections in rudders, except where access difficulties necessitate slot welds
all connections in a region above the propeller extending a radius of minimum 1.5 x the propeller diameter
connections at supports and ends of stiffeners, pillars, cross ties and girders
centreline girder to keel plate
all structures in ballast tanks and other tanks holding corrosive liquids.
C. Size of Connections
C 100 Fillet welds, general
101 Unless otherwise stated, the requirements for throat thicknesses are given for double continuous fillet
welds. It is assumed that the welding consumables used will give weld de posits with yield strength according
to Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.2 Table C2.
102
t0
The throat thickness of double continuous fillet weld is not to be less than:
t = 0.42 t0(mm)
= thickness in mm of thinner of the plates.
The throat thickness is not to be less than 2 mm.

The throat thickness may have to be increased when considered necessary due to a high stress level.
103 The throat thickness of intermittent welds is to be as required in 102 for double continuous welds
provided the welded length is not less than:
80% of total length in the slamming area forward of amidships
60% of total length for connections in tanks and bottom aft of amidships
45% of total length for connections elsewhere.
t0
= as given in 102.
Total length means total length of double continuous welds.

104
Double continuous welds may be required in:
slamming area
engine room area
adjacent to tanks.
C 200 Fillet welds and penetration welds subject to high tensile stresses
201
In structural parts where high tensile stresses (> 50 N/mm2) act through an intermediate plate (see Fig.1)
increased fillet welds or penetration welds are to be used. Examples of such structures are:
transverse bulkhead connection to the double bottom
structural elements in double bottoms below bulkheads
transverse girders to longitudinal bulkheads.
202
The throat thickness of double continuous weld is not to be less than:

- ---r-
----t = 0.35
r
t0
=
=
=
=
55
t0
1 t 0 (mm)
calculated maximum tensile stress in abutting plate in N/mm2

minimum 50 N/mm2
root face in mm
thickness in mm of thinner of the plates.
C 300 End connections of girders, pillars and cross ties

301 The weld connection area of bracket to adjoining girders or other structural parts is to be based on the
calculated normal and shear stresses. Double continuous welding is to be used. Where high tensile stresses are
expected, welding according to 200 is to be applied.
302 The end connections of simple girders are to satisfy the requirements for section modulus given for the
girder in question.
Where shear stresses in web plates exceed 35 fw N/mm2, double continuous boundary fillet welds are to have
throat thickness not less than:
t0
t = ------------- (mm)
80 f w
t0
fw
fw
=
=
=
=
=
303
calculated shear stress in N/mm2

thickness of abutting plate.
material factor for weld deposit
fw/240
yield strength in N/mm2 of weld deposit.
End connections of pillars and cross ties are to have a weld area not less than:
2
0.14Ap
a = ------------------- (cm )
fw
A = load area in m2 for pillar or cross tie

p = design pressure in kN/m2 as given in Ch.1
fw = as given in 302.
C 400 End connections of stiffeners
401
Stiffeners may be connected to the web plate of girders in the following ways:
welded directly to the web plate on one or both sides of the frame
connected by single- or double-sided lugs
with stiffener or bracket welded on top of frame
a combination of the above mentioned connections.
In locations with great shear stresses in the web plate, a double-sided connection or a stiffening of the
unconnected web plate edge is normally required. A double-sided connection may be taken into account when
calculating the effective web area.
402
The connection area at supports of stiffeners is normally not to be less than:

2
c k ( l 0.5s ) s p
a 0 = --------------------------------------- (cm )
fw
c
k
l
=
=
=
=
factor as given in Table C 1

0.125 for pressure acting on stiffener side
0.1 for pressure acting on opposite side
span of stiffener in m
s = spacing between stiffeners in m

p = design pressure in kN/m2 as given in Ch.1
fw = as given in 302.
Table C1 c-factors
Type of connection
(see Fig. 3)
Stiffener or bracket on top of stiffener

None
1.00
0.90
0.80
a
b
c
Single-sided
1.25
1.15
1.00
Double-sided
1.00
0.90
0.80
403 Various standard types of connections are shown in Fig.3.

Other types of connection will be considered in each case.
STIFFNER OR
BRACKET
THIS DISTANCE SHOULD BE

AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE
STIFFNER OR
BRACKET
b
LUG
STIFFNER OR
BRACKET
c
Fig. 3
End connections
404
Connection lugs are to have a thickness not less than the web plate thickness.
405
Lower ends of peak frames are to be connected to the floors by a weld area not less than:
2
0.105 l s p
a = ------------------------- (cm )
fw
l, s p and fw = as given in 402.

406
Bracketed end connections as mentioned in 407 and 408 are to have a weld area not less than:
2
kZ
a = --------- (cm )
fw h
Z
h
k
fw
= section modulus of stiffener in cm3

= stiffener height in mm
= 24 for connections between supporting plates in double bottoms and transverse bottom frames or
reversed frames
= 25 for connections between the lower end of main frames and brackets
= 15 for brackets fitted at lower end of tween deck frames, and for brackets on stiffeners
= 10 for brackets on tween deck frames carried through the deck and overlapping the underlying bracket
= as given in 302.
407 Brackets between transverse deck beams and frames or bulkhead stiffeners are to have a weld area not
less than:
2
a = 0.41 Z t b (cm )
tb
Z
= thickness in mm of bracket
= as defined in 406.
408 The weld area of brackets to longitudinals is not to be less than the sectional area of the longitudinal.
Brackets are to be connected to bulkhead by a double continuous weld.
SECTION 9
DIRECT STRENGTH CALCULATIONS
A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In the preceding sections the scantlings of the various primary and secondary hull structures (girder
systems, stiffeners, plating) have been given explicitly, based on the design principles outlined in Ch.1 Sec.l.
In some cases direct strength or stress calculations have been referred to in the text. The background and
assumptions for carrying out such calculations in addition to or as a substitute to the specific requirements are
given in this section. Load conditions, allowable stresses and applicable calculation methods are specified.
A 200 Application
201
The application of direct stress analysis is governed by:
a) Required as part of rule scantling determination. In such cases where simplified formulations are not able
to take into account special stress distributions, boundary conditions or structural arrangements with
sufficient accuracy, direct stress analysis has been required in the rules.
b) As alternative basis for the scantlings. In some cases direct stress calculations may give reduced scantlings,
especially when optimisation routines are incorporated.
B. Plating
B 100 General
101 Normally direct strength analysis of laterally loaded plating is not required as part of rule scantling
estimation.
102
Buckling control of plating subjected to large in-plane compressive stresses is specified in Sec. 4.
B 200 Calculation procedure

201 Laterally loaded local plate fields may be subject to direct stress analysis applying general 3-dimensional
plate theory or finite element calculations. The calculations should take into account the boundary conditions
of the plate field as well as membrane stresses developed during deflection of the plate.
B 300 Allowable stresses
301 When combining the calculated local bending stress with in-plane stresses the equivalent stress e in the
middle of a local plate field is not to exceed 240 f1 N/mm2. The local bending stress in the same point is in no
case to exceed 160 f1 N/mm2.
e
x2 + y2 x y + 3
x = aritmetic sum of local bending stress and in-plane stresses in the x-direction
y = aritmetic sum of local bending stress and in-plane stresses in the y-direction
= shear stress in the xy-plane.
302 The final thickness is not, however, to be less than the minimum thickness given in Sec.1 for the structure
in question.
C. Stiffeners
C 100 General
101
Direct strength analysis of stiffeners may be requested in the following cases:
stiffeners on supports with different deflection characteristics

stiffeners subjected to large bending moments transferred from adjacent structures at supports.
102
Buckling control of stiffeners subjected to large axial, compressive stresses is specified in Sec.4.
C 200 Calculation procedure

201 The calculations are to reflect the structural response of the 2- or 3-dimensional structure considered.
Calculations based on elastic beam theory may normally be applied, with due attention to:
boundary conditions
shear area and moment of inertia variations
effective flange
effects of bending, shear and axial deformations
influence of end brackets.
C 300 Loads
301
The local lateral loads are to be taken as specified in Ch.1 for the structure in question.
C 400 Allowable stresses

401
The allowable stress level is given in Table C1.
Table C1 Allowable stress levels

Nominal local bending stress
Combined local bending stress or girder stress or longitudinal stress
Nominal shear stress
= 160 f1 N/mm2
= 220 f1 N/mm2
= 90 f1 N/mm2
D. Girders
D 100 General
101 For girders which are parts of a complex 2- or 3-dimensional structural system, a complete structural
analysis may have to be carried out to demonstrate that the stresses are acceptable when the structure is loaded
as described in 300.
102
Calculations as mentioned in 101 may be requested to be carried out for:

bottom structures
side structures
deck structures
bulkhead structures
transverse frame structures
other structures when deemed necessary by the Society.
103 In addition to the complex structures indicated above, direct strength calculations may also be performed
on more simple girders in order to optimise scantlings.
D 200 Calculation methods
201 Calculation methods or computer programs applied are to take into account the effects of bending, shear,
axial and torsional deformations.
The calculations are to reflect the structural response of the 2- or 3-dimensional structure considered, with due
attention to boundary conditions.
For systems consisting of slender girders, calculations based on beam theory (frame work analysis) may be
applied, with due attention to:
shear area variation
moment of inertia variation
effective flange.
202 For deep girders, bulkhead panels, etc. where results obtained by applying the beam theory are
unreliable, finite element analysis or equivalent methods are to be applied.
D 300 Design load conditions
301 The calculations are to be based on loads at design level as given in Ch.1. For sea-going conditions
realistic combinations of external and internal dynamic loads are to be considered.
The mass of deck structures may be neglected when less than 5% of the applied loads.
302
For transverse web frame beam element analysis, the following combinations of load apply:
sea pressure on all elements

slamming pressure on bottom.
If twin hull, the following three conditions are to be added:

slamming pressure on bottom from outside and sea pressure on hull outer side
slamming pressure on bottom from inside and sea pressure on tunnel side and tunnel top
slamming pressure on tunnel top and sea pressure on tunnel side and bottom from inside
For all load cases, deck load pressure from cargo, passengers etc. is to be added.
D 400 Allowable stresses
401
e
The equivalent stress is defined as:

=
x2 + y2 x y + 3
x = normal stress in x-direction

y = normal stress in y-direction
= shear stress in the xy-plane.
402 The longitudinal combined stress taken as the sum of hull girder and longitudinal bottom, side or deck
girder bending stresses, is normally not to exceed 190 f1 N/mm2.
403 For girders in general, the following stresses are normally acceptable:
Normal stress:
= 160 f1 N/mm2.
Mean shear stress:
= 90 f1 N/mm2 for girders with one plate flange

= 100 f1 N/mm2 for girders with two plate flanges.
Equivalent stress:
e = 180 f1 N/mm2.
SECTION 10
BUCKLING CONTROL
A. General
A 100 Definitions
101
t
s
l
E
el
f
el
f
Symbols:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
thickness in mm of plating
shortest side of plate panel in m
longest side of plate panel in m
length in m of stiffener, pillar etc.
modulus of elasticity of the material
0.69 105 N/mm2 for aluminium
the ideal elastic (Euler) compressive buckling stress in N/mm2
minimum upper yield stress of material in N/mm2. Usually base material properties are used, but critical
or extensive weld zones may have to be taken into account
= the ideal elastic (Euler) shear buckling stress in N/mm2
= minimum shear yield stress of material in N/mm2
= ------f3
the critical compressive buckling stress in N/mm2

the critical shear stress in N/mm2
calculated actual compressive stress in N/mm2
calculated actual shear stress in N/mm2
c
c
a
a
=
=
=
=
= stability (usage) factor = -----a = ----a

c c
Zn = vertical distance in m from the baseline or deckline to the neutral axis of the hull girder, whichever is
relevant
Za = vertical distance in m from the baseline or deckline to the point in question below or above the neutral
axis, respectively.
102
Relationships:
c = el when el < -----f

2
f
- when el > -----f
= f 1 ---------2
4 el
c = el when el < ----f

2
f
- when el > ----f
= f 1 --------4 el
2
Guidance note:
When the required c or c is known, the necessary el or el will from the above expressions of the Johnson-Ostenfeld
relationship be
c
c
el = ------------- and el = ------------KJ 0
KJ 0
KJ 0 from Fig.1 or from formula

KJ 0
2
c or c
= 1 -------------------------------- 1
0.5 ( f or f )
Fig. 1
c
For ----- < 0.5, K J 1 = 1
B. Longitudinal Buckling Load

B 100 Longitudinal stresses
101
See Ch.l Sec.3 A700.
C. Transverse Buckling Load

C 100 Transverse stresses
101
Transverse hull stresses in compression may occur from:
transverse loads and moments in twin hull craft, see Sec. 4 E

supports of craft's side structure, see Sec. 6.
D. Plating
D 100 Plate panel in uni-axial compression
101
The ideal elastic buckling stress may be taken as:

2
2
t
el = 0.9 k E -------------- (N/mm )
1000s
For plating with longitudinal stiffeners (in direction of compressive stress):

8.4
k = k l = ------------------ for (0 1)
+ 1.1
For plating with transverse stiffeners (perpendicular to compressive stress):

s 2 2
2.1
------------------ for (0 1)
k = ks = c 1 + -
l
+ 1.1
= 2.50 when stiffeners are hollow profiles with s/l <0.5 and the enclosed area of the hollow profile is larger
than 20 s t
= 1.21 when stiffeners are angles or T-sections
= 1.10 when stiffeners are bulb flats
= 1.05 when stiffeners are flat bars.
For double bottom panels the c-values may be multiplied by 1.1.

is the ratio between the smaller and the larger compressive stress assuming linear variation, see Fig. 2.
The above correction factors are not valid for negative values of .
The critical buckling stress is found from A102.
Fig. 2
Buckling stress correction factor
102
The critical buckling stress is to be related to the actual compressive stresses as follows:
c -----a
a = calculated compressive stress in plate panels. With linearly varying stress across the plate panel, a is
=
=
=
=
to be taken as the largest stress

1.0 for deck, side, single bottom and longitudinal bulkhead plating
0.9 for bottom and inner bottom plating in double bottoms
1.0 for locally loaded plate panels where an extreme load level is applied
G for locally loaded plate panels where a normal load level is applied (e.g. plating acting as effective
flange for girders)
p + 0.5p
s
d
G = ------------------------
ps + pd
ps and pd = static and dynamic parts of p.

103
Guidance note:
The resulting thickness requirement (before elastic buckling) will be:
with stiffeners in direction of compressive stress:
c
t = 2s ------------ (mm)
KJ 0
c according to 102
KJ - 0 from Fig. l
with stiffeners perpendicular to compressive stress:
c
s
t = 4 -------------------- --------------- (mm)
s- 2 cK J 0
1+
l
c according to 101.
104
For elastic buckling, see G.

D 200 Plate panel in shear

201
The ideal elastic buckling stress may be taken as:

t
el = 0.9k t E --------------
1000s
(N/mm )
s 2
k t = 5.34 + 4 -
l
The critical shear buckling stress is found from A102.

202
The critical shear stress is to be related to the actual shear stresses as follows:
c ----a
= 0.90 for craft's side and longitudinal bulkhead subject to hull girder shear forces
= 0.95 G for local panels in girder webs when nominal shear stresses are calculated (a = Q/A)
= G for local panels in girder webs when shear stresses are determined by finite element calculations or
similar
= according to 102.
Guidance note:
The resulting thickness requirement will be:
c
t = 4s ----------------- (mm)
kt KJ 0
c according to 202
KJ - 0 from Fig.1.
D 300 Plate panel in bi-axial compression and shear

301 For plate panels subject to bi-axial compression the interaction between the longitudinal and transverse
buckling strength ratios is given by:
ay
ax
ax ay
- 1
----------------- K --------------------------------- + ---------------- x cx q
x y cx cy q y cy q
ax = compressive stress in longitudinal direction (perpendicular to stiffener spacing s)

ay = compressive stress in transverse direction (perpendicular to the longer side l of the plate panel)
cx = critical buckling stress in longitudinal direction as calculated in 100
cy = critical buckling stress in transverse direction as calculated in 100
a and c are as given in 200
x, y = 1.0 for plate panels where the longitudinal stress a (as given in Ch.1 Sec.3 A700) or other extreme
stress is incorporated and constitutes a major part in ax or ay
= 0.95 G other cases
G = according to 102
K
= c a
c and a are factors given in Table B1
s
= 1000 t
f
----E
= factor given in Table B1
Table B1 Factors for buckling strength

c
a
1.0 < l/s < 1.5
0.78
0.12
1.5 l/s < 8
0.80
0.04
n
1.0
1.2
a
q = 1 -----------
c
= as given in 200.
Only stress components acting simultaneously are to be inserted in the formula.
For plate panels in structures subject to longitudinal stresses, such stresses are to be directly combined with
local stresses to the extent they are acting simultaneously and for relevant load conditions. Otherwise
combinations based on statistics may be applied.
Guidance note:
For shear in combination with:
uni-axial compression:
may be written:
ax ay
-------- or -------- ( x or y )q
cx cy
and with:
bi-axial compression, approximately:
ax
ay
0, 8 ax-
ay
-------q
-------------- + 1.1 -------------- ------------ ------ x cx
y cy x y cx cy
For bi-axial compression alone q = 1.

E. Stiffeners in Direction of Compression

E 100 Lateral buckling mode
101
The ideal elastic lateral buckling stress may be taken as:

E
el = 10 --------------------2- (N/mm )
100 -l
i =
IA
----A
IA = moment of inertia in cm4 about the axis perpendicular to the expected direction of buckling
A = cross-sectional area in cm2.
When calculating IA and A, a plate flange equal to 0.8 times the spacing is included for stiffeners.
The critical buckling stress is found from A102.
The formula given for el is based on hinged ends and axial force only.
Continuous stiffeners supported by equally spaced girders are regarded as having hinged ends when considered
for buckling.
In case of eccentric force, additional end moments or additional lateral pressure, the strength member is to be
reinforced to withstand bending stresses.
102 For longitudinals and other stiffeners in the direction of compressive stresses, the critical buckling stress
calculated in 101 is to be related to the actual compressive stress as follows:
c -----a
a = calculated extreme compressive stress, or ordinary local load stress divided by G from D100
= 0.85 for continuous stiffeners.
= 1 b, maximum 0.85 for single-span stiffeners
simultaneous bending moment at midspan
b = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bending moment capacity
Guidance note:
The resulting maximum allowable slenderness will be:
KJ 0
l
100 - = 830 -----------i
c
c = -----a
KJ-0 from Fig. 1.
E 200 Torsional buckling mode

201 For longitudinals and other stiffeners in the direction of compressive stresses, the ideal elastic buckling
stress for the torsional mode may in general be calculated from formulae in Rules for Classification of Ships
Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.14.
202
The critical buckling stress as found from 201 and A102 is not to be less than:
c -----a
= 0.85 in general
= 0.8 when the adjacent plating is allowed to buckle in the elastic mode, according to G.
Guidance note:
To avoid torsional buckling the height of flats should not exceed:
140
h w = t w ------------------ (mm)
c
-----------KJ 0
tw = thickness of web in mm
c = -----a
KJ - 0 from Fig.1.
hw
For flanged profiles, 1 < ------ < 3:
bf
Minimum flange breadth may be taken as:
For symmetrical flanges:
c
b f = 5l ------------ (mm)
KJ 0
For unsymmetrical flanges:
c
b f = 3.5 l ------------ (mm)
KJ 0
c = -----a
KJ 0 = according to Fig.1
hw
= height of web in mm.
E 300 Web and flange buckling

301
The el -value required for the web buckling mode may be taken as:
t
w
el = 3.8 E ----h w
( N mm )
tw, hw = web thickness and height in mm.

302 The ideal elastic buckling stress of flange of angle and tee stiffeners may be calculated from the
following formula:
t 2
el = 0.38 E ----f
bf
tf
bf
303
( N mm )
= flange thickness in mm
= flange width in mm for angles, half the flange width for T-sections.
The critical buckling stress c found from A102 is not to be less than as given in 202.
Guidance note:
Web thickness, see plating with stiffener in direction of compression stress, D103.
Flange width from web:
140
b f < t f ------------------ (mm)
c
-----------KJ 0
= according to 202
KJ 0 = according to Fig.1
F. Stiffeners Perpendicular to Direction of Compression

F 100 Moment of inertia of stiffeners
101 For stiffeners supporting plating subject to compressive stresses perpendicular to the stiffener direction
the moment of inertia of the stiffener section (including effective plate flange) is not to be less than:
4
0.81 a el l s
4
I = --------------------------------- ( cm )
t
l = span in m of stiffener
s = spacing in m of stiffeners
t = plate thickness in mm
c
el = -----------KJ 0
a
c = ----------
0.85
KJ 0=according to Fig.1.
G. Elastic Buckling of Stiffened Panels

G 100 Elastic buckling as a design basis
101
Elastic buckling may be accepted for plating between stiffeners when:
plating
el < ----- , i.e. el = c

2
c of stiffener in direction of compression > el of plating.

c from E and A102. To be multiplied by G for ordinary local load.
el from D and A102
there are no functional requirements prohibiting the deflections
extreme loads are used in the calculations.
Guidance note:
For the torsional buckling mode of flats may be taken
t
w
el = 0.385E ----h w
( N mm )
G 200 Allowable compression

201
The allowable compressive force in the panel may be increased from:

PA = 0.l p el (Ap + As) (kN)
to:
PA = 0.l p el (Ap + As) +
be
0.1 ( s c p el ) ----- A p + A s (kN)
b
p, s = for plating and stiffener from D and E. s to be multiplied by G for ordinary local load
el, c= for plating and stiffener, respectively, from D and E. Ordinary effective flange is to be used for
stiffeners
Ap, As= area of plating and stiffener in cm2
be
----b
= fraction of Ap participating in the post-buckling stress increase

u el
= ------------------ f el
= ultimate average stress of plating
= el 1 + 0.375 ------f- 2
el
202
For transversely stiffened plating (compressive stress perpendicular to longest side l of plate panel) is
u = el 1 + c ------f- 2
el
0.75
c = ----------l
- +1
s
As = 0
resulting in:
PA = 0.l p u Ap (kN).
203
u may be substituted for el when calculating uniaxial compression and shear in D300.
H. Girders
H 100 Axial load buckling
101
For lateral, torsional, web and flange buckling, see E, Stiffeners in direction of compression.
H 200 Girders perpendicular to direction of compression

201 For transverse girders supporting longitudinals or stiffeners subject to axial compression stresses, the
ideal elastic buckling stress may be taken as:
2
- Ia Ib
el = 1.38 -----------------------------2
S ( t + ta )
S
l
s
Ia
Ib
t
ta
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
sl
span of girder in m
distance between girders in m
spacing of stiffeners in m
moment of inertia of stiffener in cm4
moment of inertia of transverse girder in cm4
plate thickness in mm
equivalent plate thickness of stiffener area in mm
stiffener area
--------------------------------------stiffener spacing
The critical buckling stress c is found from A102.

202
The critical buckling stress found from 201 and A102 is not to be less than:
c -----a
a = calculated compressive stress

= 0.75.
H 300 Buckling of effective flange
301 Plating acting as effective flange for girders which support crossing stiffeners is to have a satisfactory
buckling strength.
302 Compressive stresses arising in the plating due to local loading of girders are to be less than G x the
critical buckling strength, see 303. When calculating the compressive stress the section modulus of the girder
may be based on a plate flange breadth equal to the distance between girders (100% effective flange).
G: see D100.
303 The critical buckling strength is given in D101 and A102, when l = span of stiffener or distance from
girder to eventual buckling stiffener parallel to the girder.
304 Elastic buckling of deck plating may be accepted after special consideration.
Reference is made to G.
The additional PA, and the corresponding additional moment capacity, will, however, refer to a girder section
with effective width of deck plating = be.
H 400 Shear buckling of web

401
See D200, for constant shear force over l.

Guidance note:
For variable shear force over l of panel, a reduced l may be considered in formula.

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RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF

High Speed, Light Craft and Naval

Hull Structural Design,

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Det Norske Veritas AS July 2012

Sec.1 Structural Principles

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Structural Principles .......................................................................................................................... 8

Bottom Structures ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

C. Side Structure ................................................................................................................................................................ 9

Some Common Local Design Rules ........................................................................................................................... 11

J. Support of Equipment and Outfitting Details .......................................................................................................... 13

Materials and Material Protection ................................................................................................. 15

Structural Aluminium Alloy ...................................................................................................................................... 15

D. Other Materials ........................................................................................................................................................... 19

Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)........................................................................................................................... 19

C. Extent of Examination ................................................................................................................................................ 20

Hull Girder Strength........................................................................................................................ 22

Vertical Bending Strength.......................................................................................................................................... 22

Plating and Stiffeners....................................................................................................................... 26

Web Frames and Girder Systems ................................................................................................... 30

Web Frames and Girders ........................................................................................................................................... 31

Girder tripping brackets ...................................................................................................................................... 33

Pillars and Pillar Bulkheads............................................................................................................ 35

C. Supporting Bulkheads ................................................................................................................................................ 37

Size of Connections ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

Direct Strength Calculations ........................................................................................................... 43

Sec. 10 Buckling Control .............................................................................................................................. 46

E. Stiffeners in Direction of Compression ..................................................................................................................... 50

Web and flange buckling .................................................................................................................................... 52

F. Stiffeners Perpendicular to Direction of Compression............................................................................................ 52

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

The alloy grades are listed in Sec.2 Tables B1 to B4.

Single bottoms as well as double bottoms are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.

Longitudinal stiffeners are to be supported by bulkheads and web frames.

B 200 Web frames

Web plates of longitudinal girders are to be continuous in way of transverse bulkheads.

A centre girder is normally to be fitted for docking purposes.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

In way of thrust bearing and below pillars additional strengthening is to be provided.

B 500 Double bottom, if fitted

The longitudinal girders are to be satisfactorily stiffened against buckling.

The craft's sides may be longitudinally or vertically stiffened.

Decks are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.

E. Flat Cross Structure

Flat cross structures are normally to be longitudinally stiffened.

Longitudinal stiffeners are to be supported by bulkheads and web frames.

Longitudinal and transverse bulkheads may be corrugated.

= s1 for section modulus calculations

G. Superstructures and Deckhouses

Sufficient transverse strength is to be provided by means of transverse bulkheads or girder structures.

Casings supporting one or more decks above are to be adequately strengthened.

H. Structural Design in General

Attention is drawn to the importance of structural continuity in general.

The craft arrangement is to take into account:

deck equipment support

stress corrosion and fatigue in heavy stressed members

I. Some Common Local Design Rules

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Effective girder flange

bf = total face plate breadth in mm

0.643 ( sinh cosh + sin cos )

for symmetrical and unsymmetrical free flange