1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Tetrahydrobiopterin(THB)*****HydroxylationReactions
a. Tryptophanhydroxylase
i.
Ltryptophan(TRP)to5
hydroxytryptophan(5HTP)
[eventuallyformsserotonin]soifyoudonthaveTHByou
canadd5HTPtogetserotonin(samewithdopaminegive
LDopa)
b. Phenylalaninehydroxylase
i.
L
phenylalanine(PHE)toL
tyrosine(TYR)
c. Tyrosinehydroxylase(TH)
i.
LtyrosinetoL
DOPA(DOPA)
d. Nitricoxidesynthase(NOS)
i.
L
arginine(LArg)ton
itricoxide(NO)
THFInhibitedinB
ingeDrinkingAlcoholics&CommonCauseofAnemia
a. Source:Folate.GutFlora.
b. SerinetoGlycine(SerineHydroxymethyltransferase)
c. GlycinetoCO2+NH4(GlycineCleavageSystem)
SAM(MethylTransfers)(AlsorequiresB12,THF,PLP)
a. NorepinephrinetoEpinephrine
b. MethionineHomocysteine
VitaminB1Thiamine
a. Source:AbsorbedinSmallIntestine
b. ThiaminePyrophosphate(TPP)PyruvateDehydrogenase,aKG
DH
c. Transketolase(PentosePhosphatePathway)
d. Deficiency:BeriBeriLossofNeuralFunctionDecreasedPyruvate
OxiationElevatedPyruvateWernickeKorsakoff
e. SeeninC
hronicAlcoholics
VitaminB2Riboflavin
a. FlavinAdeneineDinucleotidePyruvateDehydrogenase,aKG
DH,SuccinateDehydrogenase
b. DeficiencyInflammationCornersofMouth,Tongue,Dermatitis
VitaminB3(Niacin)(akaNicotinicAcid,Nicotinamide)
a. Source:AbsorbedinSmallIntestine
b. NicotinamideAdenineDinucleotide(NAD)NicotinatePyruvate
Dehydrogenase,aKGDH
c. Deficiency=P
ellagra(4Ds)(Alsobytryptophandeficiency)
i.
HartnupsDisease
d. NADP=Glucose6PhosphateDehydrogenase,MalicEnzyme,
Lactonase
VitaminB5(PantothenateHSCoA)
a. Source:GutFlora
b. CoenzymeA=ReactiveThiol+Pantothenate+ADP
PyruvateDehydrogenase,aKGDH
VitaminB6(PLP)DisturbedPyridoxineMetabolismfromA
lcohol
Oxidation
a. Aminotransferasesortransaminases
i.
AspartateAminotransferase
b. HemeSynthesis

c.
d.

9.

10.
11.

12.

13.
14.
15.
16.

DopatoDopamine
SerinetoGlycine(SerineHydroxymthylTransferase)
i.
AlsorequiresN5,N10MethyleneTHForTHF
e. GlutamatetoGABA
f.
HistidinetoHistamine
g. 5HTtoSerotonin
h. ALASynthase***
i.
CystathioneBSynthase/CystathioneBLyase***
VitaminB7B
iotin( Carboxylations)****
a. Source:GutFlora.
b. MOA:C
O2CovalentlyBoundtoLysineResidue
c. Inhibitedby:A
vidin
d. AcetylCoAcarboxylase
i.
AcetylCoAMalonylCoA(firststepinf attyacid
biosynthesis)
e. ProprionylCoAcarboxylase
i.
ProprionylCoAmethylmalonylCoAinmetabolismof
oddchainfattyacids( eventuallybrokendowninto
succinylCoAforTCAcycle)
1. OddChainFattyAcid
2. AminoAcidBreakdown(Isoleucine,Leucine,
Valine,Methionine)
f.
Pyruvatecarboxylase
i.
pyruvateoxaloacetate(1ststepingluconeogenesis)
g. methylcrotonylCoAcarboxylase
i.
LecuineAcetylCoA+AcetoAcetylCoA
VitaminB9(FolicAcid)
VitaminB12
a. Source:SmallIntestine.RequiresIntrinsicFactor+Iron
b. methioninesynthase
i.
Methyltransferfrom5
methyltetrahydrofolateto
homocysteine(substrate),therebygenerating
tetrahydrofolate(THF)andm
ethionine(product)
c. methylmalonylCoAmutase
i.
methylmalonylCoAtos uccinylCoA
AscorbicAcid*****
a. Dopamine hydroxylase
i.
DopamineNorepinephrine
VitaminA
Note:VitaminB4&B8arenolongertruevitamins.B4:Adenine,Carnitine,
CholineB8:AMP&Inositol
2,3bPG*****
a. RequiredforPhosphoglyceromutase
LipoicAcid
a. PyruvateDehydrogenase,aKGDH