CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- Series of metabolic pathways and processes

- Refers to the biological pathway by which cells
release energy from chemical bonds of food
molecules and provide that energy for the essential
processes of life.

GLYCOLYSIS
- First step in cellular respiration that leads
to the breakdown of glucose to extract
energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis
take place in the cytoplasm of both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Glucose enters heterotrophic cells into two
ways.
-Secondary active transport
- Glucose transporter proteins
(GLUT proteins)
-Begins with the 6 carbon ring-shaped
structure of a single glucose
molecule and ends with two molecules of a 3-
carbonsugar called Pyruvate.

First half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring

steps)
-The first half of Glycolysis uses 2 ATP
molecules in the phosphorylation of glucose
which is the split into three-carbon molecules
Second half of Glycolysis (Energy-
Releasing Steps)
-So far, glycolysis has cost the cell 2 ATP
molecules and produced 2 small, three-carbon
sugar molecules. Both of these molecules will
proceed through the second half of the
pathway, and sufficient energy will be
extracted to pay back the 2 ATP molecules
used as an initial investment and produce a
profit for the cell of two additional ATP
molecules and 2 even higher-energy NADH
molecules.
- It involves phosphorylation without ATP
investment and produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
molecules per glucose.

Outcomes of Glycolysis
- Starts with glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate
molecules, a total of four ATP molecules
NADH.
- The two ATP molecules were used in the first
half of the pathway to prepare the six carbon
ring for cleavage so the cell has a net gain of
two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules of
glucose.
- the pyruvate kinase deficiency is a
metabolic disorder of the enzyme pyruvate
kinase causing the decreased energy
production in red blood cells that affects all its
active processes.

Citric and Cycle/Tricarboxylic Cycle

(KREBS CYCLE)
- In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is
transformed into acetyl group attached to
a carrier molecule of co-enzyme.
- The pyruvate molecules produced at the
end of glycolysis are transported into
mitochondria
Which are the next sites of cellular
respiration

- There, the pyruvate will be transformed

into acetyl group that will be picked up
and activated by a carrier compound
called coenzyme A (CoA)
- (Acetyl CoA)

Break down of Pyruvate

- for pyruvate to enter its next pathway the
krebs cycle must undergo several
changes.
- Upon entering the mitochondria matrix a
multi enzyme complex converts pyruvate
into Acetyl CoA in the process, carbon
 dioxide is released and 1 molecule of
NADH is formed.

Acetyl CoA to Co2

- In the presence of oxygen, Acetyl CoA

delivers its delivers its acetyl group to a four-
carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, to form
citrate, a six-carbon molecule with 3 carboxyl
group this pathway will harvest the remainder
of the extractable energy from what began as
a glucose molecule.

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

- the citric acid cycle takes place in the
matrix of mitochondria.
- It is a closed loop: the last part of the
pathway regenerates the compound used
in the first step
- The 8 steps are a series of redox,
dehydration, hydration, and
 decarboxylation reactions that produce 2
carbon dioxide molecules, (GTP/ATP), and
reduced forms of NADH and FADH2.

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

- 2 Carbon atoms come into the citric acid
cycle from each acetyl group,
representing four out of the 6-carbons of
one glucose molecule.
- Produce 2 carbon dioxide molecules are
released on each turn of the cycle(do not
necessarily contain the most recently
added carbon atoms).
- Each turn of the cycle forms NADH
molecules and one FADH2 molecule.
- These carriers will connect with the last
portion of anaerobic respiration to produce
ATP molecules. (1 GTP or ATP)
- Amphibolic (both catabolic and anabolic).