About Single Crystal

A single crystal or monocrystalline solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire
sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The
absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique properties,
particularly mechanical, optical and electrical, which can also be anisotropic, depending on the type
of crystallographicstructure. These properties, in addition to making them precious in some gems,
are industrially used in technological applications, especially in optics and electronics.
Because entropic effects favor the presence of some imperfections in the microstructure of solids,
such as impurities, inhomogeneous strain and crystallographic defects such as dislocations, perfect
single crystals of meaningful size are exceedingly rare in nature, and are also difficult to produce in
the laboratory, though they can be made under controlled conditions. On the other hand, imperfect
single crystals can reach enormous sizes in nature: several mineral species such
as beryl, gypsum and feldspars are known to have produced crystals several metres across.
The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atomic position is limited to
short range order only. In between the two extremes exist polycrystalline, which is made up of a
number of smaller crystals known as crystallites, and paracrystalline phases

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