MED 131 Materials Engineering testing

3 Cr.hrs. =[ 2Lect . +2 Tut. +1 Lab] Prerequisite: MED 121

Crystalline structure, Defects of solid crystal structure (1), penetration, strain hardening, Control of
mechanical properties (2), Alloying theory, Equilibrium phase diagrams and their types, iron phase
diagram, ,iron carbide(3),
Microstructure of steel and cast iron (4), Relation between microstructure and mechanical properties,
Heat treatment of plain carbon steels (5), Mechanical properties of metals: stress -strain behavior,
tensile properties, true curves (6) , elastic recovery during plastic deformation, compression, shear (7) ,
torsion properties, hardness test (8).
‫ هندسة المواد وإختبارتها‬131 ‫مكص‬
- ‫ زيادة الصالدة باإلنفعال – طرق زيادة (التحكم) فى الخواص الميكانيكية‬- ‫ التغلغل‬، ‫ عيوب البنية البلورية للجوامد‬، ‫الشكل البلورى‬
‫نظرية السبانك – مخططات االطوار للسبانك وانواعها االساسية – مخطط االتزان الحرارى للحديد – كربيد الحديد – البنية المجهرية‬
‫ المواصفات‬- ‫ الخواص اليكانيكية‬،‫ المعالجة الحرارية للفوالذ‬،‫العالقات بين البنية المجهرية والخواص الميكانيكية‬- ‫للصلب وحديد الزهر‬
.‫ الشد والضغط واالنحناء واللى والصالدة‬، ‫القياسية – االختبارات الميكانيكية‬
Laboratory:
1 Chemical composition analysis test .
2 Microscopic test for microstrure properties
3 Tension test.
4 Hardness test.
5 Torsion test.
 Crystalline structure and defects of solid crystal structure
The (Common) Phases of Matter
Matter

Gases Liquids Solids

“Condensed Matter” includes both of these. We’ll focus on Solids!

Solids
• Solids consist of atoms or molecules undergoing thermal motion about their equilibrium positions, which are at fixed
points in space.
• Solids (at a given temperature, pressure, volume) have stronger interatomic bonds than liquids.
• So, Solids require more energy to break the interatomic bonds than liquids.(long range ordera)
• Liquids: Short range order
• Gas: no order
A Plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively
charged electrons. Plasma is a state of matter that is often thought of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave very
differently. ... But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been
stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC): a state of matter which is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density
,about one hundred thousandth the density of normal air ,to super low temperatures . They can slow light down
to the residential speed limit, flow without friction . A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a
dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near
absolute zero (0 K or −273.15 °C). • Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest
quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale
 Classification of Materials
❑Metals and Alloys
❑ Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics
❑ Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and Thermosets
❑ Semiconductors
❑ Composite Materials

Representative examples, applications, and properties for

each category of materials
Example of Applications Properties

Metals and Alloys

Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,
vibration damping
Ceramics and
Glasses
SiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass Optically
transparent,
thermally insulating
Polymers
Polyethylene Food packaging Easily formed into thin,
3 flexible, airtight film
 Example of Applications Properties

Semiconductors
Silicon Transistors and integrated Unique electrical
circuits behavior

Composites Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yet

Tungsten carbide machining good shock
resistance
-cobalt (WC-Co)

4
Representative strengths of various categories of materials
 1-Crystal Structure
Crystals
• The periodic array of atoms, ions, or molecules that form the solid is called the Crystal Structure
Crystal Structure  Space (Crystal) Lattice + Basis
• A Crystal Structure is formed by “putting” the identical atoms )group of atoms( on the points
of the space lattice
• This group of atoms is called the Basis
Departures From the “Perfect Crystal”
• A “Perfect Crystal” is an idealization that does not exist in nature. In some ways, even a crystal
surface is an imperfection, because the periodicity is interrupted there.
• We also know that each atom undergoes thermal vibrations around their equilibrium positions for
temperatures T > 0K. These can also be viewed as “imperfections”.
• Real Crystals always have foreign atoms (impurities), missing atoms (vacancies), & atoms
between lattice sites (interstitials) where they should not be. Each of these spoils the perfect crystal
structure.
The Three General Types of Solids
Single Crystal, Polycrystalline, and Amorphous
• Each type is characterized by the size of the ordered region within the material. An ordered region is a
spatial volume in which atoms or molecules have a regular geometric arrangement or periodicity.
• All solids have “resistance” to changes in both shape and volume.
• Solids can be Crystalline or Amorphous
• Crystals are solids that consist of a periodic array of atoms, ions, or molecules
– If this periodicity is preserved over “large” )macroscopic( distances the solid has “Long-range
Order”
• Amorphous solids do not have Long-Range Order, but they often have Short Range Order
The fourteen Bravais lattices are grouped into seven crystal systems
Crystalline Solids
• Definitions:
• Single Crystals, ideally have a high degree of order, or regular geometric periodicity, throughout
the entire volume of the material.
• A Crystalline Solid is the solid form of a substance in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in
a definite, repeating pattern in three dimensions.
Polycrystalline Solids
• A Polycrystalline Solid is made up of an aggregate of many small single crystals (crystallites or
grains). Polycrystalline materials have a high degree of order over many atomic or molecular
dimensions.
• These ordered regions, or single crystal regions, vary in size & orientation with respect to one
another. These regions are called grains (or domains) & are separated from one another by grain
boundaries.

Polycrystalline Pyrite Grain

A polycrystal with grain boundaries

Amorphous Solids
• Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solids are composed of randomly orientated atoms, ions, or
molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order
only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions. They do not have any long-range order, but they
have varying degrees of short-range order. Examples of amorphous material include amorphous
silicon, plastics, & glasses . 1. Polymers, 2. Ceramics, 3. Window glass, 4. Cotton candy
 2-Defects of solid crystal structure
Types of Defects
Four categories depending on their dimension
➢ 0D, Point defects:
atoms missing or in irregular places in the lattice (vacancies, interstitials, impurities)
➢ 1D, Linear defects:
groups of atoms in irregular positions (e.g. screw and edge dislocations)
➢ 2D, Planar defects:
interfaces between homogeneous regions of the material (grain boundaries, external surfaces)
➢ 3D, Volume defects:
extended defects (pores, cracks)
1-Point defects:
1
3 (1) vacancies
(2) self-interstitial
(3)interstitial impurity
4

Vacancy (4,5)substitutional
2 impurities

Self-interstitials 5

Vacancy - lattice position that is vacant because atom is missing.

Interstitial - atom that occupies a place outside the normal lattice position. May be same type of atom
(self interstitial) or an impurity interstitial.
• Substitutional defect - A point defect produced when an atom is removed from a regular lattice point
and replaced with a different atom, usually of a different size.

Point defects: (a) vacancy, (b) interstitial atom, (c) small substitutional atom, (d) large
substitutional atom, (e) Frenkel defect, (f) Schottky defect. All of these defects disrupt the
perfect arrangement of the surrounding atoms.
2-Dislocations(line defect):
Dislocation - A line imperfection in a crystalline material.
 Screw dislocation - A dislocation produced by skewing a crystal so that one atomic plane produces
a spiral ramp about the dislocation.

the perfect crystal (a) is cut and sheared one atom spacing, (b) and (c). The line along
which shearing occurs is a screw dislocation..

 Edge dislocation - A dislocation introduced into the crystal by adding an ‘‘extra half plane’’ of
atoms.

 Mixed dislocation - A dislocation that contains partly edge components and partly screw
components.
 Slip - Deformation of a metallic material by the movement of dislocations through the
crystal.
3-Surface Defects
Surface defects - Imperfections, such as grain boundaries, that form a two-
dimensional plane within the crystal.

(a) The atoms near the boundaries of the three grains do not have an equilibrium spacing or
arrangement. (b) Grains and grain boundaries in a stainless steel sample.
4-Bulk or Volume Defects
➢ Pores: affect optical, thermal, mechanical properties
➢ Cracks: affect mechanical properties
➢ Foreign inclusions: affect electrical, mechanical, optical properties

Cluster of microcracks in a melanin granule

irradiated by a short laser pulse.

Importance of defects:
Point, Line, and Area defects exist in solids :
1-The number and type of defects can be varied and controlled
2-Defects affect material properties (e.g., grain boundaries control crystal slip).
3-Defects may be desirable or undesirable (e.g., dislocations may be good or bad, depending
on whether plastic deformation is desirable or not.)