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Satellite Communications: Mika Nupponen
Satellite Communications: Mika Nupponen
Mika Nupponen
S-72.4210
Postgraduate Course in Radio
Communications
21/02/2006
Contents
Introduction
History of Satellite communications
Satellites
Satellite Link Design
Propagation Effects and their impact
Case: DVB-S
Conclusions
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Introduction I
Satellite communications systems exist because earth is a sphere.
Radio waves travel in straight lines at the microwave frequencies used for
wideband communications
-> repeater is needed to convey signals very long distances
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National organizations:
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GEostationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, i.e. satellites that are stationary with respect
to a fixed point on the earth
+ good coverage: Theoretically, only three GEO satellites are sufficient to serve all the earth.
+ the simplest space configuration and simple space control system
+ no need for tracking system at the earth stations
+ no variation of propagation delay and elevation angle
+ negligible Doppler effects
- problematic links feasibility due to the long satellite-user distance (prohibitive power levels
and/or too large on-board antennas could be required if low power hand-held user terminals
are considered)
- high propagation delays for interactive services and mobile-to-mobile communications
(higher than 400 ms recommended by CCITT in case of double hop communications)
- low minimum elevation angles at high latitudes (i.e. polar regions cannot be covered).
Non-GeoStationary Orbit (NGSO) satellites, that are moving with respect to a point
on the earth
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Satellite Orbits
+ high elevation angles (55-60) for European coverage, due to the orbital location of the
apogee;
+ possibility of tailoring the system to cover specific regions of the earth with a limited
number of satellites.
- problematic links feasibility (even higher than in the GEO case) due to the considerable
altitude of the satellites
- big on-board antennas (6 meters or more) required
- HEO satellites are not suitable for a global coverage;
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Power system
Communication subsystem
the linear or bent pipe transponders; amplifiers the received signal and
retransmits it a different, usually lower frequency
baseband processing transporters; used with digital signals, converts the
received signal to baseband, process it, and then retransmits a digital
signal
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where
k is Boltzmann's constant (-228.6 dBW/K/Hz)
Tp physical temperature of source in kelvin degrees
Bn is the noise Bandwith in herz
Pn is the available noise power in watts
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G/T ratio
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The diameter of the radio sun (Ws) is frequency dependent. You can
assume a value of 0.5 degrees for frequencies above 3000 MHz, 0.6
degrees for 1420 MHz, and 0.7 degrees for 400 MHz.
USAF Space Command runs a worldwide solar radio monitoring network
with stations in Massachusetts, Hawaii, Australia, and Italy. These
stations measure solar flux density (F) at 245, 410, 610, 1415, 2695,
4995, 8800, and 15400 MHz. If you are operating near one of these eight
"standard" frequencies then you can use the reported flux density.
When operating between two given frequencies then interpolate between flux
densities at the lower and higher frequencies. The best interpolation scheme is
to graph the flux density at several frequencies and use a curve fitting routine
to determine the flux density at your operating frequency.
The solar flux density obtained from the USAF must be multiplied by 10^-22 in
order to get the units correct for use in equation (4). In other words, if the
1415 MHz solar flux density is 98 *10^-22 watts/meter^2/Hz, the operator
may simply state "the solar flux at 1415 Mhz is 98".
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1.
2.
3.
4.
The major frequency bands are 6/4 GHz, 14/11 GHz and 30/20
GHz (Uplink/Downlink)
At geostationary orbit there is already satellites using both 6/4
and 14/11 GHz every 2(minimum space to avoid interference
from uplink earth stations) -> Additional satellites higher BW
Low earth orbit (LEO) & medium earth orbit (MEO) satellite
systems are closer and produces stronger signals but earth
terminals need omni directional antennas
The design of any satellite communication is based on
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Link budgets
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=10log10 ( PG
t t )dBW
Gr
= 10 log10 (4 Ae / 2 )dB
La
2
= 10 log10 ( 4 R / ) = 20 log10 ( 4 R / ) dB
Lta
Lra
PathLoss LP
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Pn = kTs Bn watts
N = k + Ts + Bn dBW,
where
k is Boltzmann's constant (-228.6 dBW/K/Hz)
Ts is the system noise temperature in dBK
Bn is the noise Bandwith of the receiver in dBHz
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Geosynchronous orbit
DVB-S uses QPSK modulation
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OFDM
OFDM
Inner interleaver
Bit/Byte
Bit/Byte
Inner coding
(FEC)
Outer interleaver
Outer coder
DVB-C
QAM
QAM
Convolutional
Convolutional
Code
Code
DVB-S
QPSK
QPSK
Convolutional
Convolutional
Code
Code
DVB
DVBl l=12
=12
DVB
DVBl l=12
=12
DVB
DVBl l=12
=12
Reed
ReedSolomon
Solomon
RS(204,
RS(204,188,
188,T=8)
T=8)
Reed
ReedSolomon
Solomon
RS(204,
RS(204,188,
188,T=8)
T=8)
Reed
ReedSolomon
Solomon
RS(204,
RS(204,188,
188,T=8)
T=8)
Figure 5. Error correction in DVB systems. At the receiving side in the typical
bit error ratio after QPSK demodulation is 10-1...10-2, after inner decoding 10-4
and after outer decoder 10-11. [3] & [4]
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Satellite
5 Mbits/s
7,2 Mbits/s
Error
Protection
Transmit
7,2 Mbits/s
Reception
5 Mbits/s
Error
Correction
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Homework
1.
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