CHAPTER 8

AUXILIARY AND MODALS

PRESENT
Ability
Permission
Possibility
Advise
Necessity
Probability

Can
I can speak German
May, Can, Might
May I go playing football ?
May, Can, Might
John hasnt come yet. He may work.
Should, Ought to, Had better.
You should study hard.
Must, Have to.
We must eat our breakfast.
Must
He is absent today.
He must be sick.

PAST
Could
I could speak German when I was a child
Could, Might
Could I go playing football?
May, Have, Might Have
John hadnt come yet when we got home.
He might have worked overtime
Should have, Ought to have.
you should have studied hard.
Had to
We had to eat our breakfast this morning.
Must have
He was absent yesterday.
He must have been sick.

Catatan :
1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
You dont have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada
kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
contoh :
o My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
o My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.
EXAMPLES
- He can do it
- Can I borrow your pen?
- Could I borrow your pen please? Yes, certainly or yes of course
- May I borrow your pen please?
- Would you pass the salt please?
- Will you pass the salt please?
- Could you pass the salt
- Can you pass the salt? Yes, certainly, Id be glad to
- Would you mind if I closed the window?
- Would you mind helping me?
- You must take an extra exam
Ask and answer polite questions
1.
A and B are sitting at the dinner table. A. wants the butter
A: Would you please pass me the butter?
B: Certainly, Id be glad to, Here you are
2.
3.

You want to ask your teacher question

You want to leave the class earlier . youre speaking to your instructor.

Change into polite requests

Example:
- Open the window (could you please open the window or would you mind opening the window)
1. turn on the light
2. give me that book

3.
4.
5.
6.

sit down
Say that again
Give me you pen
pass me the butter

Complete the sentence with your own words

1. Children must not
2. Driver must not..
3. Students must..
4. I must
5. we mustnt
Complete the following sentences
1. I should study tonight because..
2. I should wash my clothes today, but.
3. You shouldnt stay up late tonight because.