Derek Holton

University of Otaijo, New Zealand

Mathematical

Olympiad
Series

A First

Step

to

Mathematical

Olympiad Problems

World Scientific
LONDON

SINGAPORE

BEIJING

SHANGHAI

HONG KONG

TAIPEI

CHENNAI

Contents

Foreword

1.

Jugs and Stamps:

3.

How To Solve Problems

1.1.

Introduction

1.2.

A Drinking Problem

1.3.

About

1.5.

Solving Problems
Rethinking Drinking
Summing It Up

1.6.

Licking

1.7.

A Little

1.4.

2.

vii

Stamp Problem

10
12

1.8.

Explanation
Tidying Up

1.9.

Generalise

14

1.10.

In Conclusion

16

1.11.

Epilogue

18

1.12.

Solutions

19

12

Combinatorics I

27

2.1.

Introduction

27

2.2.

What is Combinatorics?

27

2.3.

The Pigeonhole Principle

29

2.4.

Counting without Counting

36

2.5.

A Sigma Aside

48

2.6.

Solutions

49

Graph Theory

61

3.1.

Introduction

61

3.2.

Konigsberg

61

ix

A First

4.

Olympiad Problems

65

So What

3.4.

Ramsey

3.5.

Euler Tours

3.6.

Knight's Tours

75

3.7.

Hamilton

78

3.8.

Trees

80

3.9.

Planarity

81

3.10.

The Four Colour Theorem

85

3.11.

Some Additional Problems

91

3.12.

Solutions

93

Number

Theory

is

Graph?

72

(Revisited)

74

108

108

What is It?

4.2.

Divisibility by

4.3.

Common Factors

116

4.4.

Fermat's Little Theorem

124

4.5.

A.P.'s

127

4.6.

Some More Problems

131

4.7.

Solutions

132

Geometry

Small Numbers

110

146

5.1.

Introduction

146

5.2.

Squares

146
and

Parallelograms

151

5.4.

Rectangles
Triangles

5.5.

Circles

157

5.6.

Solutions

162

5.3.

6.

to Mathematical

3.3.

4.1.

5.

Step

153

180

Proof
6.1.

Introduction

180

6.2.

Why

Proof?

180

6.3.

Proof by Contradiction

184

6.4.

Mathematical Induction

186

6.5.

Conclusion

194

6.6.

Solutions

195

Contents

8.

Geometry

208

7.1.

Cartesian Geometry

208

7.2.

Lines

208

7.3.

Modulus

214

7.4.

Loci: One Fixed Point

218

7.5.

The Cosine Rule

221

7.6.

Loci: Two Points

223

7.7.

Conies

229

7.8.

Solutions

230

Some I MO Problems

249

8.1.

Introduction

249

8.2.

What is the IMO?

249

8.3.

PHIL 1

250

8.4.

MON 1

252

8.5.

MON 6

253

8.6.

UNK 2

8.7.

Hints

8.8.

Hints

8.9.

Hints

8.10.

Hints

8.11.

Solutions

Index

7.

xi

254
PHIL 1

254

MON 1

256

MON 6

258

UNK 2

259

261

275