L13 (Sep 16th, 2016)

Chap. 4. 2D Steady-State Conduction

- Numerical Approach
- Example 4.2
Review: Chapters 1-4

Sep. 19th, Mon.: HW#3 (Probs.4.11, 4.35, 4.46) Due, Review SS For Exam I

Sep. 20th, Tues.: Graded HW#3 ready for pickup

Sep. 21st, Wed. (10:05 11:05 AM) Exam I

Numerical Approach
Finite-Difference Method (FDM), Finite-Element method (FEM), Finite Volume method (FVM), etc.
An approximate method for determining temperatures at discrete (nodal) points or nodes of the physical system.

Nodal network, Grid, or Mesh - Aggregate of Points

- m,n notation to designate their location.

2D Steady-state Conduction

 2T

With no generation

2T
x 2

|( x ) lim

2T
y

0
T |( x x ) T |( x )
T
|( x x /2) lim
x 0
x
x
T |( x ) T |( x x )
T
|( x x /2) lim
x 0
x
x

T x |( x x /2) T x |( x x /2)
x

x 0

Finite-difference approximation
2T
x 2

|m,n

2T
x 2

2T

When x y

|m,n

T |m,n T |m 1,n
T
|m1/2,n
x
x

|m,n

y 2

T x |m 1/2,n T x |m 1/2,n

T |m 1,n T |m,n

2T

T |m1,n T |m,n
T
|m1/2,n
x
x

T |m,n T |m 1,n

T y |m,n 1/2 T y |m,n 1/2

2T
y

Tm1,n 2Tm,n Tm 1,n

x

T |m 1,n 2T |m,n T |m 1,n

x 2

Tm,n 1 2Tm,n Tm,n 1

y 2

Tm,n 1 2Tm,n Tm,n 1

y

Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 Tm 1,n Tm 1,n 4Tm,n 0

Using the Energy Balance Method

Assume all heat flows are into the nodal region of interest, and express all heat rates accordingly.

Consider application to an interior nodal point (one that exchanges heat by conduction with
four, equidistant nodal points):

Tm-1,n - Tm,n

Tm,n-1 - Tm,n

q( m-1,n)( m,n) = k Dy

q(i )( m,n )

q( m,n-1)( m,n) = k Dx

Again, use x y

Dx

Dy

Tm+1,n - Tm,n

Tm,n+1 - Tm,n

q( m+1,n)( m,n) = k Dy

q( m,n+1)( m,n) = k Dx

Dx

Dy

With Surface Convection

Again, use x y

q m 1,n m,n q m,n 1 m,n q m,n 0

T
y Tm 1,n Tm,n
x T
k

k m,n 1 m,n
x
y
2
2
x
y
h
T Tm,n h
T Tm,n 0
2
2
with x y,

Tm-1,n - Tm,n
1

Tm,n-1 - Tm,n
1

Dx
Dy
+ h
T - Tm,n + h T - Tm,n = 0
k
k

Tm 1,n Tm,n 1 2

hx
hx
T 2
1 Tm,n 0
k
k

Example.4.2. Using the energy balance method, derive the nite-difference equation for the (m, n) nodal point located on a
plane, insulated surface of a medium with uniform heat generation.

Example.4.2 i) No heat generation, q3 : Convection h, T

q1 q2 q3 q4 0

q1 k y

Tm 1,n Tm,n
x

Dx Tm,n-1 - Tm,n
q2 = k
2
Dy

q3 hy (T Tm,n )

Dx Tm,n+1 - Tm,n
q4 = k
2
Dy
Using

y x

k
k
k (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) hx(T Tm,n ) 0
2
2
(2Tm 1,n Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 )

2hx
hx
T 2(
2)Tm,n 0
k
k

Example.4.2 i) No heat generation, q3 is prescribed as q

q1 q2 q3 q4 0

q1 k y

Tm 1,n Tm,n
x

Dx Tm,n-1 - Tm,n
q2 = k
2
Dy

q3 q

Dx Tm,n+1 - Tm,n
q4 = k
2
Dy
Using

y x

k
k
k (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) q 0
2
2
(2Tm 1,n Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 )

2qx
4Tm,n 0
k

 Note potential utility of using thermal resistance concepts to express rate equations.

e.g., conduction between adjoining dissimilar materials with an interfacial contact resistance.

q m,n 1 m,n

Rtot

y / 2
kA x

Tm,n 1 Tm,n

Rtot

Rt,c
x

y / 2
kB x

(4.46)

Solution Methods
Expression of system of N finite-difference equations for N unknown nodal temperatures as:

AT C
Coefficient
Matrix (N N)

Solution

Solution Vector
(T1,T2, TN)

Right-hand Side Vector of Constants

(C1,C2CN)

T A1 C
Inverse of Coefficient Matrix

Gauss-Seidel Iteration (Appendix D): Each finite-difference equation is written in explicit form, such that its
unknown nodal temperature appears alone on the left-hand side:

Ti

N aij
Ci i 1 aij k
Tj
Tj( k 1)
aii j 1 aii
j i 1 aii

where i =1, 2,, N and k is the level of iteration.

Ti
0
Ti( )

N aij
Ci i 1 aij k
Tj
Tj( k 1)
aii j 1 aii
j i 1 aii

1st iteration

2nd

iteration

...

C1 0 a1 j 1 N a1 j 0
1
T1 =
-
Tj -
Tj
a11 j=1 a11
j=2 a11

T12

C1 0 a1 j 2 N a1 j 1
=
-
Tj -
Tj
a11 j=1 a11
j=2 a11

C2 1 a2 j 1 N a2 j 0
1
T2 =
-
Tj -
Tj
a22 j=1 a22
j=3 a22

T22

C2 1 a2 j 2 N a2 j 1
=
-
Tj -
Tj
a22 j=1 a22
j=3 a22

aNj 0
N
CN N -1 aNj 1
1
TN =
-
Tj -
Tj
aNN j=1 aNN
j= N +1 aNN

TN2

aNj 1
N
CN N -1 aNj 2
=
-
Tj -
Tj
aNN j=1 aNN
j=N +1 aNN

Solution Methods
Expression of system of N finite-difference equations for N unknown nodal temperatures as:

AT C
Coefficient
Matrix (N N)

Solution

Solution Vector
(T1,T2, TN)

Right-hand Side Vector of Constants

(C1,C2CN)

T A1 C
Inverse of Coefficient Matrix

Gauss-Seidel Iteration (Appendix D): Each finite-difference equation is written in explicit form, such that its
unknown nodal temperature appears alone on the left-hand side:

Ti

N aij
Ci i 1 aij k
Tj
Tj( k 1)
aii j 1 aii
j i 1 aii

where i =1, 2,, N and k is the level of iteration.

Iteration proceeds until satisfactory convergence is achieved for all nodes: Ti k Ti k 1

Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution Change grid size, Comparison with exact solutions

 Procedure:
Represent the physical system by a nodal network.
Use the energy balance method to obtain a finite-difference equation for each node of
unknown temperature.
Solve the resulting set of algebraic equations for the unknown nodal temperatures.
: Computer code, Gauss-Seidel Algorithm