Rev. cjc. 22.07.

2014

Incropera [1]

4.4.- Finite Difference Equations

4.4.1.- The nodal network

4.4.2 Finite difference form of the heat equation (bidimensional case)

Equations (4.27) to (4.32)

4.4.3 The energy balance method

Equations (4.33) to (4.38)

4.4.3.a Application of the Energy Balance Method

Finite difference equatiin for an internal corner of a solid
with surface convection
Equations (4.39) to (4.44)

Table 4.2. Summary of nodal finite difference equation

Equations (4.32) to (4.47)

Example 4.2
Using the energy balance method, derive the finite-difference equation
for the m,n nodal point located on a plane, insulated surface of a
medium with uniform heat generation,

4.5.- Finite Difference Solutions

4.5.1.- The matrix inversion method

Equations (4.48) to (4.51)

Example 4.3
Two dimensional temperature distribution of a column supporting a
furnace. Solution using the matrix inversion methos.

4.5.2.- Gauss-Seidel iteration

Equations (4.52) to(4.53)

Example 4.4
Two dimensional temperature distribution of a column supporting a
furnace (same as expl. 4.3). Solution using Gauss-Seidel Iteration
 certain
conduc-
of simple
literature
involve
In these
difference
speed
4.4.- Finite-Difference equations [1], page 142

4.4.1.- The nodal network

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

∂T T m ,n −T m−1 ,n
| 1 =
∂ x m− 2 , n Δx
∂T T −T m , n
| 1 = m+1 ,n
∂ x m +2 , n Δx

Figure 4 .5
4.4.2 Finite difference form of the heat equation

Finite differences equations [1], page 144

Equations 4.27 to 4.32

T m,n +1+T m−1 ,n+T m+1 ,n +T m−1 ,n−4⋅T m,n =0 ( 4.32)

This approximate finite-difference form of the heat

equation may be applied to any interior node that
is equidistant from its four neighboring nodes.

m,n+1
y,n m,n

x,m
m-1,n m+1,n+1

m,n-1
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

Two dimensional steady state heat equation

∂2 T ∂2 T
2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂ y
∂T ∂T
2 |m+1 , n− |m−1 ,n
∂T ∂x 2 ∂x 2
|m,n ≈ (4 .27 )
∂ x2 Δx
∂T T −T
|m+1 , n ¿ m+1,n m, n
∂ x 2 Δx
∂T T −T
|m−1 ,n ¿ m ,n m−1 ,n
∂ x 2 Δx
2
∂T T m+1,n −T m, n− ( T m,n −T m−1 , n )
|
2 m, n
¿ 2
∂x ( Δx )
2
∂T T m+1,n +T m−1 ,n −2⋅T m, n
m+1,n+1
|
2 m, n
¿ 2
( 4. 30)
∂x ( Δx )
2
∂T T +T −2⋅T m, n
| ¿ m, n+2 1 m, n−1
2 m, n
( 4. 31)
∂y ( Δy )

∂2 T ∂2 T T +T −2⋅T m,n T m, n+1 +T m,n−1 −2⋅T m, n

| + 2 |m, n = m+1,2 n m−1, n
2 m, n
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y ( Δx ) ( Δy )
con
Δx= Δy
T m+1 , n +T m−1, n−2⋅T m, n T m, n+1 +T m, n−1 −2⋅T m, n
2
+ 2 =0
( Δx ) ( Δx )
T m+1 , n +T m−1, n−2⋅T m, n +T m, n+1 +T m,n−1 −2⋅T m, n =0
T m,n+1 +T m−1, n +T m+1 , n +T m−1 , n−4⋅T m ,n =0 (4 .32)
4.4.3 The energy balance method
Equations (4.33) to (4.38)

4.4.3 The energy balance method [1]

Dx
The finite-difference equation for a node may also
be obtained by applying conservation energy to a
m,n+1
control volume about the nodal region, according
equation 1.10aDy

Ėin + Ėg − Ėout = Ė st m-1,n

(1. 10 a ) m,n m+1,n

It is assumed that all the heat flows into the node.

Thus, all heat flow is considered in-flow.
m,n-1
For steady-state condition with generation "q", the Dx
appropriate form of Equation 1.10 a is

Ėin + Ėg =0 ( 4 . 33) Figure 4.6

Consider appliying Equation 4.33 to a control volume

about the interior node "m,n" of Figure 4.6

Ec. 4.32
Equations (4.27) to (4.32)

Two dimensional steady state heat equation T m ,n +1 +T m−1

∂2 T ∂2 T
2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂ y Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
∂T ∂T
2 |m+1 , n − |m−1 ,n
∂T ∂x 2 ∂x 2
Two dimensional steady state heat equation T m ,n +1 +T m−1
∂2 T ∂2 T
2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂ y Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
∂T ∂T
2 |m+1 , n − |m−1 ,n
∂T ∂x 2 ∂x 2
| ≈
2 m ,n Δx
(4 .27 )
∂x
∂T T −T
| 1 ¿ m+1 ,n m, n
∂ x m+2 , n Δx
∂T T −T
|m−1 ,n ¿ m ,n m−1 ,n
∂ x 2 Δx
∂2 T T m+1 ,n −T m, n− ( T m,n −T m−1 , n )
| ¿ 2
2 m, n
∂x ( Δx )
2
∂T T +T −2⋅T m, n
| ¿ m+12,n m−1 ,n
2 m, n
( 4. 30)
∂x ( Δx )
2
∂T T m, n+ 1 +T m, n−1−2⋅T m, n
2
|m, n ¿ 2
( 4. 31)
∂y ( Δy )
2 2
∂T ∂T T m+1 , n +T m−1 , n−2⋅T m,n T m, n+1 +T m,n−1 −2⋅T m, n
|
2 m, n
+ | = 2
2 m, n
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y ( Δx ) ( Δy )
con
Δx= Δy
T m+1, n +T m−1, n−2⋅T m, n T m, n+1 +T m, n−1 −2⋅T m, n
2
+ 2 =0
( Δx ) ( Δx )
T m+1, n +T m−1, n−2⋅T m, n +T m, n+1 +T m,n−1 −2⋅T m, n =0
T m,n+1 +T m−1, n +T m+1, n +T m−1 , n−4⋅T m ,n =0 (4 . 32 )
 Ėin + Ė g − Ė out= Ėst (1 .10 a )
Ėin + Ė g =0 (4 . 33 )

4
∑ q(i)→(m , n )+q̇ ( Δx⋅Δy⋅1 )=0
i=1
T m−1 , n −T m ,n
q( m−1, n)→( m , n)=k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ ( 4 . 34 )
Δx
Dy
T m+1, n −T m , n
q( m−1, n)→( m , n)=k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ (4 . 35 )
Δx
T m , n+1 −T m , n
q( m , n+1 )→( m , n)=k⋅( Δx⋅1 )⋅ (4 .36 )
Δy
T m ,n−1−T m ,n
q( m , n−1)→( m , n)=k⋅( Δx⋅1 )⋅ ( 4 . 37)
Δy
gure 4.6
T m−1, n −T m , n T m +1 , n −T m , n T m , n+1−T m ,n
k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ +k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ +k⋅( Δx⋅1 )⋅ +k⋅( Δx⋅1 )⋅
Δx Δx Δy
Δx=Δy
k⋅( T m−1 , n −T m , n +T m+1 ,n −T m , n +T m , n+1 −T m , n +T m , n−1 −T m , n ) + q̇ ( Δx⋅Δx )=0
2
q̇ ( Δx )
T m−1, n +T m +1 , n +T m , n+1 +T m , n−1 −4⋅T m , n + =0 (4 . 38 )
k

2
q̇ ( Δx )
T m−1 , n +T m+1 , n +T m , n+1 +T m , n−1 −4⋅T m , n + =0 ( 4 . 38)
k

T m ,n +1 +T m−1 , n +T m+1 ,n +T m−1 , n −4⋅T m , n =0 ( 4 . 32)

T m ,n +1 +T m−1 , n +T m+1 ,n +T m−1 , n −4⋅T m , n =0 ( 4 . 32)
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

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ecuaciones 3.0

T m , n+1−T m ,n T m , n−1 −T m , n
+k⋅( Δx⋅1 )⋅ + q̇ ( Δx⋅Δy⋅1 )=0
Δy Δy

m,n ) + q̇ ( Δx⋅Δx )=0

38 )

2
x)
=0 ( 4 . 38)
Application of the Energy Balance Method [1], page 146

Finite difference equatiin for an internal corner of a solid

with surface convection
Equations (4.39) to (4.44)

m,n+1

qcond Dy

qcond
m-1,n qcond m,n m+1,n
qconv
qconv
tinf h
qcond
m,n-1

Dx
The conduction heat rate q cond may
be expressed as
T −T
q (m-1,n )→( m , n )=k⋅Δy⋅1⋅ m-1,n m ,n
Δx
(4 . 39 )
1
T −T T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n )−3⋅T m , n +. . .
q (m,n+1 ) → (m , n )=k⋅Δx⋅1⋅ m,n+1 m , n
Δy
(4 . 40)
2
Δy T m+1,n −T m , n
q (m+1,n )→( m , n )=k⋅ ⋅1⋅ (4 . 41) h⋅Δx h⋅Δx
2 Δx
. ..+ ⋅T ∞ − T m ,n =0
Δy T m+1,n −T m , n
q (m,n−1 )→ (m , n )=k⋅ ⋅1⋅
2 Δx
( 4 . 42) k k
The total convection heat rate q conv may
be expressed as ( 4 . 43 )
1 h⋅Δx
Δx
2
Δy
q ∞ →(m , n ) = h⋅ ⋅1 ⋅( T ∞ −T m , n ) + h⋅ ⋅1 ⋅( T ∞−T m , n )
2 T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n ) + ⋅T ∞ .. .
2 k
( )

The sum of all heat rates must be equal zero, so

h⋅Δx
T −T T −T
k⋅Δy⋅1⋅ m-1,n m , n +k⋅Δx⋅1⋅ m,n+1 m , n +. . . . ..−3⋅T m , n − T m ,n =0
Δx
Δy T m+1,n −T m , n
Δy
Δy T m+1,n −T m , n
k
. ..+k⋅ ⋅1⋅
2 Δx
+k⋅ ⋅1⋅
2 Δx
+.. .
( 4 . 44 )
Δx Δy

(
. ..+ h⋅ ⋅1 ⋅( T ∞ −T m ,n ) + h⋅ ⋅1 ⋅( T ∞ −T m , n ) =0
2 2 1 h⋅Δx h⋅Δx
T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n ) + ⋅T ∞− 3−
With Δx= Δ y and rearranging
T m-1,n −T m , n +T m,n+1 −T m , n +. . .
2 k k
1
. ..+ ⋅( T m+1,n −T m , n +T m +1,n −T m ,n ) +. . .
2
1 h⋅Δx h⋅Δ
(
h⋅Δx
. ..+ ⋅( T ∞−T m , n )=0
k
T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n ) + ⋅T ∞− 3−
T m-1,n −2 T m ,n +T m,n+1 +. . . 2 k k
1
. ..+ ⋅( T m+1,n −2⋅T m , n +T m+1,n ) +.. .
2
h⋅Δx h⋅Δx
. ..+ ⋅T ∞ − T m ,n =0
k k

T m-1,n −2 T m ,n +T m,n+1 +. . .
1
. ..−T m , n + ⋅( T m+1,n +T m +1,n ) +. . .
2
h⋅Δx h⋅Δx
. ..+ ⋅T ∞ − T m ,n =0
k k

T m-1,n +T m,n +1 −3⋅T m ,n +. ..

1
. ..+ ⋅( T m+1,n +T m+1,n ) + .. .
2
Microsoft Editor de
h⋅Δx h⋅Δx
. ..+ ⋅T ∞ − T m ,n =0 ecuaciones 3.0
k k

1
T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n )
2
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

T m , n +. . .
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ecuaciones 3.0

Δx
⋅T ∞ .. .

Δx
⋅T ∞− 3− ( h⋅Δx
k )
T m , n =0

Δx
⋅T ∞− 3− ( h⋅Δx
k )
T m , n =0 ( 4 . 44 )
Tablr 4.2. Summary of nodal finite difference equation

1. - Interior node
T m,n+1 +T m,n−1 T m +1,n +T m-1,n -4⋅T m,n =0

2. - Node at an internal corner with convection

1
T m-1,n +T m,n +1 + ⋅( T m +1,n +T m+1,n ) +
2
h⋅Δx
k (
⋅T ∞− 3−
h⋅Δx
k )
T m , n =0

2⋅( T m-1,n +T m,n+1 ) + ( T m+1,n +T m +1,n ) + 2⋅

h⋅Δx
k (
⋅T ∞ −2⋅ 3−
h⋅Δx
k ) T m , n=0

3 . - Node at a plane surface with convection

2⋅T m-1,n +T m,n+1 +T m,n-1 +
2⋅h⋅Δx
k
⋅T ∞−2⋅
h⋅Δx
k (
+2 ⋅T m , n=0 )
2 * Tm-1,n + Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 + 2*h*Dx/k*Tinf - 2* (h*Dx/k +2)*Tm,n = 0

4 .− Node at an external corner with convection

T m,n-1 +T m-1,n +2⋅
h⋅Δx
k
⋅T ∞−2⋅
h⋅Δx
k (
+1 ⋅T m , n =0 )
 (4.32)

⋅Δx
)T m , n =0

(
⋅ 3−
h⋅Δx
k )
T m , n=0 (4.44)

m,n+1

x
)
+2 ⋅T m , n=0
(4.45) m-1,n
m,n

m,n-1
vection
⋅T m , n =0 (4.46)
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

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Example 4.2 [1] page 149
Using the energy balance method, derive the finite-difference equation
for the m,n nodal point located on a plane, insulated surface of a Applying the ener
medium with uniform heat generation, Eq . 4 .33, to the c
Ėin + Ėg =0 ( 4 . 33) (Δx
2 )
⋅Δy⋅1 asocia

follows that, with

¿
at the rate q

(
¿
q1 + q2 + q3 +q 4 +q⋅

m,n+1 where
T
q1 =k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ m-1,
Insulation Δx
q4
( )
Δx T
q2 =k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅ m,n
2 Δy
k,q .
q3 =0
q3
( )
q1 Δx T
m,n
q4 =k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅ m,n
m-1,n 2 Δy
Dy and substituting in
T −T
k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ m-1,n
Δx
q2 T
Dx/2
( )
2
Δx
. . .+0+k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅
Δ
and with
m,n-1 Δx= Δy
Dx
1
T m-1,n −T m , n + ⋅( T
2

2⋅T m-1,n −2⋅T m , n +

2⋅T m-1,n +T m,n-1 +T

Applying the energy conservation requirement
Eq . 4 .33, to the control surface about the region

(Δx
2 )
⋅Δy⋅1 asociated with the m , n node, it

follows that, with volumetric heat generation

¿
at the rate q

(2Δx ⋅Δy⋅1)=0
¿
q1 + q2 + q3 +q 4 +q⋅

where
T −T
q1 =k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ m-1,n m , n
Δx

( )
Δx T −T
q2 =k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅ m,n-1 m , n
2 Δy
q3 =0

( )
Δx T −T
q4 =k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅ m,n+1 m , n
2 Δy
and substituting in the energy balance equation

( )
T −T Δx T −T
k⋅( Δy⋅1 )⋅ m-1,n m ,n +k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅ m,n-1 m , n +.. .
Δx 2 Δy
T m,n+1 −T m ,n ¿ Δx
( )
Δx
. . .+0+ k⋅ ⋅1 ⋅
2 Δy (
+q⋅ ⋅Δy⋅1 =0
2 )
and with
Δx= Δy
1 1
( ) Δx 2
¿
T m-1,n −T m , n + ⋅( T m,n-1 −T m , n ) + ⋅( T m,n +1 −T m , n ) + q⋅ =0
2 2 2⋅k

+q⋅(
2⋅k )
2
¿
Δx
2⋅T m-1,n −2⋅T m , n +T m,n-1 -T m , n + T m,n+1 −T m , n =0

( ) Δx 2
¿
2⋅T m-1,n +T m,n-1 +T m,n+1 -4⋅T m ,n +q⋅ =0
k
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
4.5.- Finite-Difference Solutions

4.5.1.- The matrix inversion method [1], page 151

Equations (4.48) to (4.51)

Consider a system of N finite-differece equations corresponding to N unknown temperatures

a11 * T1 + a12 * T2 + a13 * T3+ ... + a1N* TN = C1

a21 * T1 + a22 * T2 + a23 * T3+ ... + a2N* TN = C2

aN1 * T1 + aN2 * T2 + aN3 * T3+ ... + aNN* TN = CN

Using matrix notation

[A] * [T] = [C]

where Ciefficient matrix, (N x N) Solution vector

a11 a12 a13 ... + a1N T1

[A] = a21 a22 a23 ... + a2N T= T2

aN1 aN2 aN3 ... + aNN TN

b11 b12 a13 ... + b1N T1 =

[A]-1 = b21 b22 b23 ... + b2N T2 =

bN1 bN2 bN3 ... + bNN TN =

unknown temperatures Multiplying both sides by the inverse matrix A-1

[A]-1 * [A] * [T] = [A]-1 * [C]

(4.48)
The solution vector may now be expressed as

[T] = [A]-1 * [C] (4.50)

(4.49)

Constants vector

C1

C= C2

CN

b11 * C1 + b12 * C2 +,…+ b1N * CN

b21 * C1 + b22 * C2 +,…+ b2N * CN (4.51)

bN1 * C1 + bN2 * C2 +,…+ bNN * CN

Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014
Finite differences, example 4.3 [1], page 152
Matrix inversiuon method

Dx = 0.25
Ts = 500 K

Air with Tinf = 300 K

h * Dx / K = 10*0.25 / 1 = 2.5 h = 10 W/(m²*K)

m-1,n = 5
m,n+1

m-1,n
m,n
m,n+1 = 8
m,n = 7
m,n-1 = 500

m,n-1

The prescribed grid consists of 12 nodal points at which the temperature is unknown. However,
the number of unknowns is reduced to 8, through symmetry, in which case the temperature
of nodal points to the left of the symmetry line must be equal to the temperature of those
to the right.
Nodes 1, 3 and 5 are interior points for which the finite-difference equations may be
inferred from Equation 4.32.

Ec. 4.32
Tm,n+1 +Tm,n-1 + Tm+1,n +Tm-1,n - 4*Tm,n = 0

m,n+1 Nodes 1, 3 y 5
Node 1 T2 + T3 + 500 + 500 - 4*T1 0
m-1,n m,n m+1,n Node 3 T1 + T4 + T5 + 500 - 4*T3 = 0
Node 5 T3 + T6 + T7 + 500 -4*T5 = 0

m,n-1

Equations for points 2, 4 and 6 may be obtained in a like manner, or since

they lie on a symmerty adiabat, by using Equation 4.45 (Table 4.2) with h = 0
2 * Tm-1,n + Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 + 2*h*Dx/k*Tinf - 2* (h*Dx/k +2)*Tm,n = 0 (4.45)
2 * Tm-1,n + Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 - 4 * Tm,n= 0 (with h = 0)

m,n+1

m-1,n
m,n

m,n-1

Nodo T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
1 -4 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 2 -4 0 1 0 0 0
3 1 0 -4 1 1 0 0
MatA = 4 0 1 2 -4 0 1 0
5 0 0 1 0 -4 1 1
6 0 0 0 1 2 -4 0
7 0 0 0 0 2 0 -9
8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
 MatA * MatT = MatC

InvMatA * MatA * MatT = InvMatA*MatC

MatT = InvMatA*MatC
MatT = MMULT(InvMatA,MatC)

-0.33139 -0.0989 -0.1276738 -0.06436 -0.0506 -0.03081 -0.00654 -0.00415

-0.19787 -0.3314 -0.1287115 -0.12767 -0.06163 -0.0506 -0.0083 -0.00654
-0.12767 -0.0644 -0.3819837 -0.12975 -0.14076 -0.07266 -0.01788 -0.01006
InvMatA = -0.12871 -0.1277 -0.2594985 -0.38198 -0.14532 -0.14076 -0.02012 -0.01788
-0.0506 -0.0308 -0.1407626 -0.07266 -0.36714 -0.11905 -0.04484 -0.01821
-0.06163 -0.0506 -0.1453152 -0.14076 -0.23811 -0.36714 -0.03642 -0.04484
-0.01309 -0.0083 -0.0357513 -0.02012 -0.08968 -0.03642 -0.12506 -0.01794
-0.0166 -0.0131 -0.040237 -0.03575 -0.07284 -0.08968 -0.03589 -0.12506

Heat flow rate from the column

Dx = 0.25
q1 q3

q2
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

Example 4.3 1
Two dimensional temperature distribution of a column supporting a
furnace. Solution using the matrix inversion method.

A large industrial furnace is supported on a long column of fireclay brick

which is 1 m by 1 m on a side. During steady state operation, installation
is such that three surfaces of the column are mantained at surface
temperature Ts, while the remaining surface is exposed to an air ambient
stream with a temperature Tinf and and a convection coefficient h.
Using the matrix inversion method, with a grid of Dx = Dy = 0.25 m,
determine the two dimensional temperature distribution in the column
and the heat rate to the air stream per unit length of column.
The thermal conductivity of the fireclay brick is k (fromTable A.3, at a
temperature of about 478 K, [1] )

Ts = 500 K
Tinf = 300 K
h= 10 W/(m²*K)
k= 1 W(/m*K)

Dx = 0.25 m

h * Dx / K = 2.5
m-1,n = 5

m,n+1 = 8
m,n = 7
m,n-1 = 500

Nodos 7 y 8 2
For the nodes 7 and 8, using equation (4.45) with
h * Dx / K = 2.5

2 * Tm-1,n + Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 + 2*h*Dx/k*Tinf - 2* (h*Dx/k +2)*Tm,n = 0

 Nodo 7
m-1,n = 5

m,n-1 = 500 m,n+1 = 8

m,n = 7
2*T5 + T8 + 500 + 2*2.5*300 - 2*(2.5+2)*T7 = 0
2*T5 + T8 + 500 + 1500 - 9*T7 = 0
2*T5 + T8 + 2000 - 9*T7 = 0

Nodo 8
m-1,n = 6

m,n-1 = 7 m,n+1 = 7
m,n = 8

2*T6 + T7 + +T7+ 2*2.5*300 - (2.5+2)*T8 = 0

2*T6 + 2*T7 + 5*300 - 9*T8 = 0
2*T6 + 2*T7 + 1500 - 9*T8 = 0

Nodos 2, 4 y 6
m,n-1 Nodo 2 2*T1 +500 + T4 - 4*T2 = 0
Nodo 4 2*T3 +T2+ T6 - 4*T4 = 0
Nodo 6 2*T5 +T4 + T8 - 4*T6 = 0

T8
0
0 -1000 489.3
0 -500 485.2
0 -500 472.1
0 MatC = 0 MatT = 462.0
1 -500 MMULT(InvMatA,MatC) 436.9
1 0 418.7
-9 -2000 357.0
 -1500 339.1

q1 = Dx/2 *L * h * (Ts - Tinf)

q2 = Dx *L * h * (T7 - Tinf)
q3 = Dx/2 *L * h * (T8 - Tinf)

q = 2 * h * [ Dx/2 * (Ts - Tinf) + Dx * (T7 - Tinf) + Dx/2 *L * (T8 - Tinf) ]

q / L = 2 * h * Dx * [ 1/2 * (Ts - Tinf) + (T7 - Tinf) + 1/2 * (T8 - Tinf) ]
h= 10 W/(m²*K)
Dx = 0.25 m
Ts = 500 K
Tinf = 300 K
T7 = 357.0 K
T8 = 339.1 K
q/L= 883 W/m
4.5.2.- Gauss-Seidel Iteration [1] page 155
Equations (4.52) to (4.53)

Application of the Gauss-Seidel iteration to solve the system represented

by Equation 4.48.

a11 * T1 + a12 * T2 + a13 * T3+ ... + a1N* TN = C1

a21 * T1 + a22 * T2 + a23 * T3+ ... + a2N* TN = C2

aN1 * T1 + aN2 * T2 + aN3 * T3+ ... + aNN* TN = CN

1.- Equations should be reordered to provide diagonal elements whose

magnitud are larger than those of other elements in the same row.
That it is desirable to sequence the equations such that

|a11|>|a12|>|a13|, ... ,|a13|

|a 21|>|a 22|>|a23|, ...,|a23|

|a N 1|>|a N 2|>|aN 3|,. ..,|a N 3|

3.- An initial (k = 0) value is assumed for each temperature T i.

 k T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
0 480 470 440 430 400

4.- New values of Ti are then calculated

k T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
0 480 470 440 430 400
1 477.5 471.3 451.9 441.3 428.0

0.25 * F51+ 0.25 * I50+ 0.2

0.25 * E51 + 0.5 * F51+ 0.25 * I50
0.25 *D51 + 0.25 * G50 + 0.25 * H50 + 125
0.5 * D51 + 0.25 * G50 + 125
0.25 * E50 + 0.25 * F50+ 250

5.- Using eq. (4.52) the iteration is continued

T1(k) = 0.25 * T2(k-1) + 0.25 * T3(k-1) + 250
T2(k) = 0.5 * T1(k) + 0.25 * T3(k-1) + 125
T3(k) = 0.25 * T1(k) + 0.25 * T4(k-1) + 0.25 * T5(k-1) + 125
T4(k) = 0.25 * T2(k) + 0.5 * T3(k) + 0.25 * T6(k-1)
T5(k) = 0.25 * T3(k) + 0.25 * T6(k-1) + 0.25 * T7(k-1) + 125
T6(k) = 0.25 * T4(k) + 0.5 *T5(k) + 0.25 * T8(k-1)
T7(k) = 0.222 * T5(k) + 0.111 * T8(k-1) + 222.2
T8(k) = 0.222 *T6(k) +0.222 *T7(k) + 166.67

6.- The iteration is terminated when

k ( k −1 )
|T i −T i |<= ε ( 4 . 52)
 2.- Each of the N equations should be written in explicit form for the tem
epresented associated with the diagonal element.

i−1
( k ) Ci a ij ( k ) N aij (k −1)
(4.48)
Ti = −
aii j=1
∑ a ⋅T j − ∑ a ⋅T j (4 .52 )
ii j=i+1 ii

where i = 1, 2,….,N
k: is the level of the iteration
nts whose
From example 4.4
T1 = 0.25 * T2 + 0.25 * T3 + 250
T2 = 0.5 * T1 + 0.25 * T4 + 125
T3 = 0.25 * T1 + 0.25 * T4 + 0.25 * T5 + 125
T4 = 0.25 * T2 + 0.5 * T3 + 0.25 * T6
T5 = 0.25 * T3 + 0.25 * T6 + 0.25 * T7 + 125
T6 = 0.25 * T4 + 0.5 *T5 + 0.25 * T8
T7 = 0.222 * T5 + 0.111 * T8 + 222.2
T8 = 0.222 *T6 +0.222 *T7 + 166.67

Requirement

k ( k −1 )
|T i −T i |<= ε ( 4 . 52)

i−1 N
Ci a aij (k −1)
T i = − ∑ ⋅T j − ∑ ⋅T j
( k) ij ( k )
(4 .5
aii j=1 a ii j=i+1 aii
 i−1
( k) Ci a ij ( k ) N aij (k −1)
T6 T7 T8
Ti = −
aii j=1
∑ a ⋅T j − ∑ a ⋅T j (4 .5
ii j=i+1 ii
390 370 350

T6 T7 T8
390 370 350
411.8 356.2 337.3
0.222222 *I51+0.222222 *J51+ 166.67
0.222222 * H51 + 0.111111 *K50+ 222.2
0.25 * G51 + 0.5 *H51 + 0.25 * K50
25 * F51+ 0.25 * I50+ 0.25 * J50 + 125
0.5 * F51+ 0.25 * I50
0.25 * H50 + 125
k T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
0 480 470 440 430 400
1 477.5 471.3 451.9 441.3 428.0
2 480.8 475.7 462.5 453.1 432.6
3 484.6 480.6 467.6 457.4 434.3
4 487.0 482.9 469.7 459.6 435.5
5 488.1 484.0 470.8 460.7 436.1
6 488.7 484.5 471.4 461.3 436.5
7 489.0 484.8 471.7 461.6 436.7
8 489.1 485.0 471.9 461.8 436.8
9 489.2 485.1 472.0 461.9 436.9
10 489.25 485.10 472.00 461.94 436.90
11 489.3 485.1 472.0 462.0 436.9
12 489.3 485.1 472.0 462.0 436.9
13 489.3 485.1 472.1 462.0 436.9
14.00 489.30 485.15 472.06 462.00 436.94
15.00 489.30 485.15 472.06 462.00 436.94
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

xplicit form for the temperature

(4 .52 )

aij (k −1)
⋅T j (4 .52 )
aii Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
aij (k −1)
⋅T j (4 .52 )
aii Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

T6 T7 T8
390 370 350
411.8 356.2 337.3
413.9 355.8 337.7
415.9 356.2 338.3
417.2 356.6 338.6
417.9 356.7 338.8
418.3 356.8 338.9
418.5 356.9 339.0
418.6 356.9 339.0
418.7 357.0 339.0
418.69 356.96 339.04
418.7 357.0 339.0
418.7 357.0 339.0
418.7 357.0 339.0
418.73 356.97 339.05
418.73 356.97 339.05
Example 4.4

Two dimensional temperature distribution of a column supporting a

furnace (same as expl. 4.3). Solution using Gauss-Seidel Iteration

Nodo T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
1 -4 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 2 -4 0 1 0 0 0
3 1 0 -4 1 1 0 0
4 0 1 2 -4 0 1 0
5 0 0 1 0 -4 1 1
6 0 0 0 1 2 -4 0
7 0 0 0 0 2 0 -9
8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Nodo 1 T2 + T3 + 500 + 500 - 4*T1 = 0 4 * T1 = T2 + T3 + 1000

Nodo 2 2*T1 + T4 + 500 - 4*T2 = 0 4 * T2 = 2*T1 + T4 + 500
Nodo 3 T1 + T4 + T5 + 500 - 4*T3 = 0 4 * T3 = T1 + T4 + T5 + 500
Nodo 4 T2 + 2*T3 + T6 - 4*T4 = 0 4 * T4 = T2 + 2*T3 + T6
Nodo 5 T3 + T6 + T7 + 500 -4*T5 = 0 4 * T5 = T3 + T6 + T7 + 500
Nodo 6 T4 + 2*T5 + T8 - 4*T6 = 0 4 * T6 = T4 + 2*T5 + T8
Nodo 7 2*T5 + T8 + 500 + 1500 - 9* T7 = 0 9 * T7 = 2*T5 + T8 + 2000
Nodo 8 2*T6 + 2*T7 + 5*300 - 9*T8 = 0 9 * T8 = 2*T6 + 2*T7 + 1500

T1(k) = 0.25 * T2(k-1) + 0.25 * T3(k-1) + 250

T2(k) = 0.5 * T1(k) + 0.25 * T3(k-1) + 125
T3(k) = 0.25 * T1(k) + 0.25 * T4(k-1) + 0.25 * T5(k-1) + 125
T4(k) = 0.25 * T2(k) + 0.5 * T3(k) + 0.25 * T6(k-1)
T5
(k)
= 0.25 * T3(k) + 0.25 * T6(k-1) + 0.25 * T7(k-1) + 125
T6(k) = 0.25 * T4(k) + 0.5 *T5(k) + 0.25 * T8(k-1)
T7(k) = 0.222 * T5(k) + 0.111 * T8(k-1) + 222.2
T8(k) = 0.222 *T6(k) +0.222 *T7(k) + 166.67
T8 k T1 T2
0 1000 0 480 470
0 500 1 477.5 471.3
0 500 2 480.8 475.7
0 0 3 484.6 480.6
0 500 4 487.0 482.9
1 0 5 488.1 484.0
1 2000 6 488.7 484.5
-9 1500 7 489.0 484.8
8 489.1 485.0
T1 = 0.25 * T2 + 0.25 * T3 + 250 9 489.2 485.1
T2 = 0.5 * T1 + 0.25 * T4 + 125 10 489.25 485.10
T3 = 0.25 * T1 + 0.25 * T4 + 0.25 * T5 + 125 11 489.3 485.1
T4 = 0.25 * T2 + 0.5 * T3 + 0.25 * T6 12 489.3 485.1
T5 = 0.25 * T3 + 0.25 * T6 + 0.25 * T7 + 125 13 489.3 485.1
T6 = 0.25 * T4 + 0.5 *T5 + 0.25 * T8 14.00 489.30 485.15
T7 = 0.222 * T5 + 0.111 * T8 + 222.2 15.00 489.30 485.15
T8 = 0.222 *T6 +0.222 *T7 + 166.67
 Rev. cjc. 22.07.2014

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
440 430 400 390 370 350
451.9 441.3 428.0 411.8 356.2 337.3
462.5 453.1 432.6 413.9 355.8 337.7
467.6 457.4 434.3 415.9 356.2 338.3
469.7 459.6 435.5 417.2 356.6 338.6
470.8 460.7 436.1 417.9 356.7 338.8
471.4 461.3 436.5 418.3 356.8 338.9
471.7 461.6 436.7 418.5 356.9 339.0
471.9 461.8 436.8 418.6 356.9 339.0
472.0 461.9 436.9 418.7 357.0 339.0
472.00 461.94 436.90 418.69 356.96 339.04
472.0 462.0 436.9 418.7 357.0 339.0
472.0 462.0 436.9 418.7 357.0 339.0
472.1 462.0 436.9 418.7 357.0 339.0
472.06 462.00 436.94 418.73 356.97 339.05
472.06 462.00 436.94 418.73 356.97 339.05
[1] Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer
Frank P. Incropera and David P. De Witt
School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University
John Wiley & Sons, 1985

Heat transfer. Finite differences for a steady state system. Implicite and explicite methods. Incropera
plicite methods. Incropera