Underwater pipe for effluent discharge

Description

An underwater pipe shall deliver an effluent into the sea, at a distance "L"
from the coast. For a given volumetric flow rate "V" and a given entering
effluent temperature "tefl_in" into the pipe, the temperature of the effluent
at the discharge end of the pipe must be determined.

The pipe material is HDPE PE100, with nominal diameter "dn", nominal
pressure "PN", absolute rugosity "Rabs", and thermal conductivity "k"

The sea water has an average temperature "twater"

The thermal and transport properties of the effluent and of the sea water
can be assumed to be the same as those of clean water.

Data

Material: HDPE PE100 Pipe dimensions (Note 3)

dn = 6 in do = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE100_Dext_Dn
 PN = 10 bar do = #VALUE!
Rabs (Note 1) = 0.0015 mm di = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE100_Dint_Dn_PN

k (Note 2) = 0.40 W/(m*K) di = #VALUE!

L= 450 m s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE100_Thickness_Dn_PN
s= #VALUE!
Efluent dint = #VALUE!
Fluid temperure at pipe inlet
tefl_in = 17 °C Interior pipe section
Effluent volumetric flow rate A= (p/4) * d^2
V= 100 m³/h d= #VALUE!
A= #VALUE!
Sea water
Average temperature Fluid velocity
twater = 12 ºC v= V/A
V= 100
V= 0.0278
A= #VALUE!
Note 1. v= #VALUE!
Absolute rugosity from sheet "2. Rabs"

Note 2
HDPE thermal conductivity from sheet "3. k"

Note 3
Using VBA functions

General note
Calculation is for steady state condition.

Reynolds number a) Case of laminar flow

Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s Thermal entry length for laminar flow
d= #VALUE! m
n= #VALUE! m²/s
Re = #VALUE! -
 Re < 2,300 Laminar
Re > 10,000 Fully turbulent

Re = #VALUE!
#VALUE!

b) Case of turbulent flow

Thermal entry length for turbulent flow

[5], page 426

The Nusselt number reaches a constant value at a
distance of less than 10 diameters, and thus the
flow can be assumed to be fully developed for
x > 10*d

Thermal entry length

Lt,turbulent = 10*d
d= #VALUE! m
Lt,turbulent = #VALUE! m

Since the pipe length is

 L= 450 m
the turbulent flow is hydrodynamically developed
in a percentage
percent = #VALUE! %
of the pipe length.

Nusselt number for fulloy developed turbulent flow (Re > 3000)

Forced inside convection_HDPE (Note 1) Global heat transfer coefficient

dn = 6.0 dn referred to the interior surface.
PN = 10.0 bar
RabsMM = 0.1 mm Ui =1 / ( (1/hi) + (ri/k) * Ln(ro/ri) + (ri/ro) * (1/he) )

PbarGauge = 8.6 bar (g) hi = #VALUE!

Hasl = 0.0 m.a.s.l. ri = #VALUE!
mKgMin = 1200.0 kg/min k= 0.400
hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K) ro = #VALUE!
he = #VALUE!
Inside pipe Ui = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! mm
di = #VALUE! m Inside pipe surface shell area
ri = #VALUE! m As,i = p * di * L
di = #VALUE!
Outside pipe L= 450
de = #VALUE! mm As,i = #VALUE!
de = #VALUE! m
re = #VALUE! m Mass flow rate
m= V*r
 V= 0.028
r= #VALUE!
m= #VALUE!

Note
hi = Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_HDPE_PE100_pipe_dn_PN_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_
 Effluent entering at a
temperature tefl_in

Sea water

Scheme of underwater pipe discharging effluent

The efluent is similar to water.

mp_HDPE_PE100_Dext_Dn Initially assumed outlet effluent
 mm temperature:
mp_HDPE_PE100_Dint_Dn_PN tefl_out = 16.72 ªC
mm
_PE100_Thickness_Dn_PN Efluent properties (Note 3)
mm r= SaturatedWaterDensity_t

m r= #VALUE! kg/m132
k= SaturatedWaterConductivity_t
k= #VALUE! W/(m*K)
n= SaturatedWaterKinematicViscosity_t

m n= #VALUE! m²/s
m² cp = (1000)*SaturatedWaterSpecificHeat_t

cp = #VALUE! J/(kg*K)
Pr = SaturatedWaterPrandtl_t(L7)
Pr = #VALUE! -
m³/h
m³/s
m²
m/s

Thermal entry length

Lt,Laminar = 0.05 * Re * Pr * d
gth for laminar flow Re = #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m
Lt,Laminar = #VALUE! m

The pipe length is

L= 450 m
Thus, the thermal entry region is
much longer than the pipe length.
So, the Nusselt for the thermal
entrance region should be used
if the flow where laminar.

Relative rugosity
Rrel = Rabs / d
Rabs = 0.0015
d= #VALUE!
Rrel = #VALUE!

Friction factor (Note 3)

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel = #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE!

Nusselt number
Nu = ( (f/8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr
f= #VALUE!
 Re = #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE!
Nu = #VALUE!

[5], page 441

r coefficient Since the wall temperrature is constant, Logarithmic mean temperature

equation (4.11) applies DtLn =
From [12], page 42 ti = tefl_in =
n(ro/ri) + (ri/ro) * (1/he) ) Tb_out = Ts - (Ts - Tb_in) * Exp(-NTU) tout =
W/(m²*K) and ts = twater =
m NTU = Ui * p * d * L / (m * cp) DtLN =
W/(m*K) Ui = #VALUE! W / m²*K)
m d= #VALUE! m Thermal power though the pipe
W/(m²*K) L= 450 m Q=
W/(m²*K) m= #VALUE! kg/s Ui =
cp = #VALUE! J/(kg*K) As,i =
e shell area NTU = #VALUE! - DtLN =
Q=
m Tb_out = Ts - (Ts - Tb_in) *Exp(-NTU) Q=
m Ts = 12 °C
m² Tb_in = 17
NTU = #VALUE! -
Tb_out = #VALUE! ªC
 m³/s
kg/m³
kg/s

absMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
 Rev cjc. 17.02.2015
Page 1 of 5

Sea level

Pipe of lenght L
Effluent discharge a
temperature tefl_disch
ging effluent

Page 2 of 5
Page 3 of 5
 Page 4 of 5

mm
mm
-

Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re

* (Re - 1000) * Pr ) / ( 1 + 12.7 * ( f/8 )^0.5 * ( Pr^(2/3) - 1 ) )

 -

Page 5 of 5

thmic mean temperature

(tin - tout ) / ( Ln( (ts - tout) / (ts-ti)) ) Friction pump power
17 °C
#VALUE! °C Friction factor
12 °C f= #VALUE!
#VALUE! K
Kinematic pressure
mal power though the pipe hv = (r/2) * v^2
Ui * As,i *DtLN r= #VALUE! kg/m³
#VALUE! W / (m²*K) v= #VALUE! m/s
#VALUE! m² hv = #VALUE! Pa
#VALUE! K
#VALUE! W Pressure drop
#VALUE! kW Dp = f * /L/d) * hv
f= #VALUE! -
L= 450 m
d= #VALUE! m
hv = #VALUE! Pa
Dp = #VALUE! Pa
Pump power (for friction only)
P= V * Dp
V= 0.028 m³/s
Dp = #VALUE! Pa
P= #VALUE! W
P= #VALUE! kW
Exterior convection on a horizontal
pipe exposed to ambient conditions
[5], Eq. (9.41), Chapter 9, page 487

Input
Use the appropriate function for dn = 12 in
the pipe material dextmm = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn
dextmm = #VALUE! mm
Wind velocity v= 30 km/h
Pipe surface temperature ts = 226.85 °C
Ambient temperature tamb = 26.85 °C

Natural convection Module: a_Outside_Natural_Conv

Single functions:
Nunatural = Natural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = Natural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Natural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Ranatural = #VALUE! -

Nu: Nusselt number

Ra: Rayleigh number
Re: Reynolds number

Combined natural an forced convection

 1
Auxiliary variables
Nu combined =( Nunforced +Nu nnatural )n
Exterior diameter
d
Nu=h⋅
de = #VALUE! mm k

( () ( ))
n 1
d d n n d
de = #VALUE! mm hcombined⋅ = hnforced⋅ + hnatural⋅ n
k k k
Film temperature
( () k )
⋅( )
n 1
k d n n d
hcombined = ⋅ hnforced⋅ + hnatural n
tfilm = (tamb + ts) / 2 d k

(( ) [ )
1
k d n n
tamb = 26.85 °C hcombined = ⋅ ⋅ h forced + hnnatural ] n
d k
t s= 226.85 °C 1

() [
1
k d n⋅
hcombined = ⋅
d k
n⋅ hn
forced +h n
natural
n
]
tfilm = 126.85 °C
1
= ⋅( )⋅[ h
k d
Thermal conductivity hcombined
d k
n n
forced +h natural ] n

k= #VALUE! W/(m*K) 1
hcombined =[ hnforced +h nnatural ]n
with
n=4
1
hcombined =[ h4forced +h 4natural ]4
1
hcombined =[ ]
4 4 4
hforced +h natural
Rows with pipe data. Do not delete
Carbon steel
Size SCH/PN Size SCH
1/2 5 1/2 5
3/4 10 3/4 10
1 20 1 20
1 1/2 30 1 1/2 30
2 40 2 40
3 60 3 60
4 80 4 80
5 100 5 100
6 120 6 120
8 140 8 140
10 160 10 160
12 STD 12 STD
14 XS 14 XS
16 XXS 16 XXS
18 0 18
20 0 20
22 0 22
24 0 24
26 0 26
28 0 28
30 0 30
32 0 32
34 0 34
36 0 36
38 0 38
40 0 40
42 0 42
44 0 44
46 0 46
48 0 48
0 0
0 0
Forced convection Module: b_Outside_Forced_Conv
Single functions:
Nuforced = Forced_convection_Nusselt_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = Forced_convection_coefficient_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Forced_convection_array_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Reforced = #VALUE! -

Combined natural and forced convection Module: c_Outside_Combined_Conv

Single functions:
Nucombined = Combined_Convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Array function
Array: Combined_Convection_array_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Eq. (9-41), [5], page 487

1
hcomb = ( hforc^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)
Nu combined =( Nunforced + Nunnatural ) n
hforc = #VALUE!
hnat= #VALUE!
With the exponent "n" with a value in the hcomb = #VALUE!
range of 3 and 4. Used value, n = 4

Combined natural and forced convection

3.- Combined natural and forced convection
NuCombined = Abs( (NuNat)^n ± (NuForc)^n )^(1/n)
with n≈ 3÷ 4
(The Nusselt-value is not very sensible to the n-vale

Combined natural and forced convection

Nusselt number
From [5]
NuCombined = Abs(( NuNat)^n ± (NuForc)^n )^(1/n)
NuNat = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
NuForc = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
Let
n= 4
and consider the case where both effects shall
be added: (+) signus
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)

Convection coefficient
he_Conv = NuCombined * k / d
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
k= #VALUE! W / (m*K)
d= #VALUE! m
he_Conv = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
Stainless steel HDPE 100 Material
dn Sch Dn [mm] PN [bar] 1 Rabs [mm]
1/8 5S 16 4 Carbon steel 0.1
1/4 10S 20 6 Stainless steel 0.01
3/8 40S 25 8 HDPE PE100 0.007
1/2 80S 32 10
3/4 40 12.5
1 50 16 Heating or cooling of flow
1 1/4 63 20 1 HorC
1 1/2 75 H 0.4
2 90 C 0.3
2 1/2 110
3 125
3 1/2 140 Annex B
4 160 'Nusselt number
5 180
6 200 'Inside convection for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes
8 225 'Following relation is recommended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6-
10 250 'This relation may gives errors as large a 25%
12 280
14 315 NuD = 0.023 * Re ^ 0.8 * Pr ^ n
16 355
18 400 'Petukov equation. This relation may gives errors less than a 10%
20 450 NuP = ((f / 8) * (Re) * Pr) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1
22 500
24 560 'Gnielinski (1976)- A modification of Petukov equation.
30 630 'The accuracy of this equation at lower Reynolds numbers
710 is improved, in relation to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-70
800
900 NuG = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 /
1000 Thefriction factor will be calculated using Colebrook equation
1200 instead of Petukov formula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
1400
1600
 Rev. cjc. 208.02.2015

Exterior convection on a horizontal

pipe exposed to ambient conditions
[5], Eq. (9.41), Chapter 9, page 487

Input
Use the appropriate function
the pipe material

Wind velocity
Pipe surface temperature
Ambient temperature

Natural convection
Single functions:
Nunatural = Natural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_sti

Nunatural = #VALUE!
henatural = Natural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in

henatural = #VALUE!

Array funtions
Array: Natural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still

Nunatural = #VALUE!
henatural = #VALUE!
Ranatural = #VALUE!

Nu: Nusselt number

Ra: Rayleigh number
Re: Reynolds number

orc^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)
W/(m2*K)
W/(m2*K)
W/(m2*K)
 Ref

[7], #7.5

ully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes.

commended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6-4, on page 274
s errors as large a 25%

relation may gives errors less than a 10%

r) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1)) Petukov equation for smooth tubes
[1], Eq. (4.42), page 270, or [5] Eq. (8-65), page 441
odification of Petukov equation. f=
quation at lower Reynolds numbers Re =
to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-70) f=

000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))

e calculated using Colebrook equation
mula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
ection on a horizontal
to ambient conditions Forced convection Module: b_Outside_Forced_Conv
Chapter 9, page 487 Single functions:
Nuforced = Forced_convection_Nusselt_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
dn = 6 heforced = Forced_convection_coefficient_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextm

dextmm = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE100_Dext_Dn heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

dextmm = #VALUE! mm
v= 30 km/h Array funtions
ts = 226.85 °C Array: Forced_convection_array_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, V

tamb = 26.85 °C Nuforced = #VALUE! -

heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Reforced = #VALUE! -

Module: a_Outside_Natural_Conv Combined natural and forced convection Module: c_Outside_Com

Single functions:
atural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb Nucombined = Combined_Convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_t

- Nucombined = #VALUE! -
atural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb he_Combined = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tam

W / (m²*K) he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Array function
atural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb Array: Combined_Convection_array_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

- Nucombined = #VALUE! -
W / (m²*K) he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
-

CS de = #VALUE! mm
HDPE PE 100 de = #VALUE! mm
 Rev. cjc. 208.02.2015

side_Forced_Conv

_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Module: c_Outside_Combined_Conv

zontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

zontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb
 VBA functions for interior turbulent convection with saturated water

Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mK

dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mK

dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
t= 225 °C
PbarGauge = 8.6 bar (g)
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Manual calculation for interior turbulent convection with saturated wat

h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!

Saturated water Saturated vapor

psat = 8 bar (g) psat = 8

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm = 101,325 Pa patm = 101,325

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p= pguage + patm
 pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage = 8
patm = 1.01 Pa patm = 1.01
p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01

Saturation temperature Saturation temperature

p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01
ssat_steam = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) ssat_steam = #VALUE!
tsat = #VALUE! °C tsat = #VALUE!

Saturation water properties Saturation steam properties

t= #VALUE! °C t= #VALUE!
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

dn = 20 in dn = 20
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
Sch = 40 - Sch = 40
Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai = (p/4) * di^2
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel = Rabs / di
Rabs = 0.1 mm Rabs = 0.1
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q= m/r
m= 1200 kg/min m= 1200
m= 20 kg/s m= 20
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v= Q / Ai
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!
Reynolds Reynolds
Re = v*d/n Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!

Friction factor Friction factor

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!

Nusselt Nusselt
Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h= Nu * k / d
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m d= #VALUE!
h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!
 Rev. cjc 09.02.2015

ith saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam
HDPE
RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin) hi = Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_HDPE_PE100_pipe_dn_PN_Rabs
dn = 6.0
PN = 10.0
RabsMM = 0.1
PbarGauge = 8.6
Hasl = 0.0
mKgMin = 1200.0
hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

e_Hasl_mKgMin

n with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Saturated vapor Not saturated water or steam

bar (g) p= 8.6 bar (g)

t= 225 °C
Local ambient
Local height
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l.
2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Pa patm = 101,325 Pa

Fluid pressure
p= pguage + patm
 bar (g) pguage = 8.6 bar (g)
Pa patm = 1.01 Pa
bar p= 9.61 bar

Subcooled or super heated steam

bar properties
kJ/(kg*K) t= 225 °C
°C p= 9.61 bar
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3
m properties Pr = #VALUE! -
°C n= #VALUE! m²/s
'kg/m3 k= #VALUE! W/(m*k)
-
m²/s
W/(m*k)

Pipe nominal diameter

in dn = 20 in
Pipe schedule
- Sch = 40 -
Interior pipe diameter
mm di = #VALUE! mm
m di = #VALUE! m
Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2
m di = #VALUE! m
m² Ai = #VALUE! m²

Relative rugosity
Rrel = Rabs / di
mm Rabs = 0.1 mm
mm di = #VALUE! mm
- Rrel = #VALUE! -

Volume flow rate

Q= m/r
kg/min m= 1200 kg/min
kg/s m= 20 kg/s
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s

Velocity
v= Q / Ai
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s
m² Ai = #VALUE! m²
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s
 Reynolds
Re = v*d/n
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s
m di = #VALUE! m
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s
- Re = #VALUE! -

Friction factor
pe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
- Rrel = #VALUE! -
- Re = #VALUE! -
- f= #VALUE! -

Nusselt
e - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
- f= #VALUE! -
- Re = #VALUE! -
- Pr = #VALUE! -
- Nu = #VALUE! -

Convection coefficient
h= Nu * k / d
- Nu = #VALUE! -
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k)
m d= #VALUE! m
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
 Rev. cjc 09.02.2015

am

HDPE_PE100_pipe_dn_PN_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, PN, RabsMM, PBarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

team

steam
) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
Absolute rugosity of HDPE

Rabs = 0.00006 in
Rabs = 0.0015 mm,

http://www.pipeflow.com/pipe-pressure-drop-calculations/pipe-roughness
Rev. cjc. 09.09.2014
Themal conductivity of HDPE at
t= 20 ºC
k= 0.4 W/(m*K)

http://www.allplasticpipe.com/default.asp?L=&mid=256&strAction=EkParcaDetay&cat_id=180&urun

1.2. Technical Properties of HDPE 100 Pressure Pipes

TECHNICAL TESTING
UNIT VALUE
PROPERTIES METHOD
Density (23
g/cm3 0,950-0,960 ISO 1183
OC)

Melting Flow
Rate (MFR)190 g/10 min 0,04-0,07 ISO 1133
oC-2,16 Kg

Melting Flow
Rate (MFR)190 g/10 min 0,2-0,5 ISO 1133
oC-5,0 Kg

ISO
Breaking
% >600 527-2/1B/50,TS
Elongation
1398

ISO
Yield Stress
MPa 22-27 527-2/1B/50,TS
Endurance
1398

ISO
Elasticity
MPa 950-1400 527-2/1B/50,TS
Module
1398

Carbon Black
Amount (190 % >2 ISO 6964
oC-5,0Kg)
Hardness Shore D 59-60 ISO 868
Thermal EN 728,
min >20
Endurance ISO/TR 10837
Vicat
ISO
Softening OC 126
306(METOD A)
Temperature
Brittleness
OC <-70 ASTM D-746
Temperature
Thermal
Conductivity W/mK 0.4 DIN 52612
(20 OC)

Thermal
Conductivity W/mK 0,2 DIN 52612
(150 OC)
ESRC (at 50
hour >10000 ASTM D-1693
OC),F 50
Table 3.4: Technical Properties of Pressurized Pipes
http://plastics.ides.com/generics/27/c/t/polyethylene-pe-properties-processing/sp/5
Thermal
Btu·in/hr/ft²/
Conductivity 3.3
°F
(73°F)
22.7777778
 Rev. cjc. 09.09.2014

arcaDetay&cat_id=180&urun_id=31
essing/sp/5
 16 2.2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 6.35
7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47 -
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82 -
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09 -
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7 -
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15 -
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07 -
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02 -
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24 -
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08 -
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12 -
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05 -
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95 -
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23 -
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4 -
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4 -
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 - -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 - -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 - -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 - -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 - -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 - -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
37 44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
38 46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
39 48 1219.2 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
Page 425
 [5], page 426
The Nusselt number reaches a constant value at a distan
10 diameters, and thus the flow can be assumed to be ful
x > 10*d

[5], page 436

[5], page 441
 a constant value at a distance of less than
ow can be assumed to be fully developed for
Steam condenser [12] Steam condenser
Page 42 Heat transfer in a pipe with an exte
temperature (for example a saturat
the pipe interior fluid .
Qt = U * (Per*Dx) * (Tsat - TC)
Heat balance
Condensate Tsat Q x +Qt =Q x+dx
Q x =mc⋅ cp C⋅ T C|x
Tube wall Q t = U ⋅(Per⋅Δx)⋅(T sat - T C )
Q x +dx =mc⋅ cpC⋅ TC |x+dx

Qx = mc * cpC * TC |x Qx+dx = mc * cpC * TC |x+dx m c⋅ cpC⋅ T C |x + U ⋅(Per⋅Δx )⋅(T s

m c⋅ cpC⋅ T C|x+dx - m c⋅ cp C⋅ T C |x=
Tube wall m c⋅ cpC⋅( T C|x +dx - T C|x )= U ⋅(Per
m c⋅ cpC⋅ dT C = U ⋅(Per⋅dx )⋅(T sat
Dx dT C
m c⋅ cpC⋅ = U ⋅ Per ⋅(T sat - T C
dx
dTC U ⋅ Per
= ⋅(T - T C )
dx mc⋅ cpC sat
T C,out =T sat - ( T sat - T C,in )⋅exp (−NTU ) (1 . 56a ) which is an ODE with following b
with for X =0, T c= T c,in
Let
U ⋅ Per⋅L ϑ =T sat - T C
Ntu= T C =T sat−ϑ
mc⋅ cpC
and
dT C dϑ
=−
dx dx
thus
dϑ U ⋅ Per
− = ⋅ϑ
dx mc⋅ cpC
dϑ U ⋅ Per
=− ⋅dx
ϑ mc⋅ cpC
 team condenser
dϑ U ⋅ Per
eat transfer in a pipe with an exterior constant =− ⋅dx
mperature (for example a saturated steam ) to ϑ mc⋅ cpC
he pipe interior fluid . and from
ϑ =T sat - T C
eat balance for x=0
x +Q t =Q x+dx
ϑ in =T sat - T C,in
x =m c⋅ cp C⋅ T C|x and for x=L
t = U ⋅(Per⋅Δx )⋅(T sat - T C )
ϑ out =T sat - T C,out
x +dx =m c⋅ cpC⋅ T C |x+dx
Assuming that the value
m c⋅ cpC⋅ TC |x + U ⋅(Per⋅Δx )⋅(T sat - T C )=mc⋅ cp C⋅ T C|x +dx U ⋅ Per
mc⋅ cpC
c⋅ cpC⋅ T C|x+dx - m c⋅ cp C⋅ T C |x= U ⋅(Per⋅dx )⋅(T sat - T C )
is constant along the exchanger,
c⋅ cpC⋅( T C|x +dx - T C|x )= U ⋅(Per⋅dx )⋅(T sat - T C )
it is possible to integrate
c⋅ cpC⋅ dT C = U ⋅(Per⋅dx )⋅(T sat - T C ) ϑ out L

c⋅ cpC⋅
dT C
= U ⋅ Per ⋅(T sat - T C ) ∫ dϑ =−
U ⋅ Per
¿ ∫ dx
dx ϑ ϑ
in
mc ¿ cp C x=0
dTC U ⋅ Per ϑ U ⋅ Per L
= ⋅(T - T C ) Ln(ϑ )|ϑ out =− ¿ x|
dx mc⋅ cpC sat in m c ¿ cpC 0
hich is an ODE with following boundary condition U ⋅ Per⋅L
Ln(ϑ out )|−Ln(ϑ out )|=−
or X =0, T c= T c,in mc ¿ cpC
et and naming Number of Transfer Units
=T sat - T C U ⋅ Per⋅L
Ntu=
C =T sat−ϑ
mc ¿ cpC
nd ϑ out
Ln( )|=−NTU
TC dϑ ϑ out Microsoft Editor de
=− ecuaciones 3.0
x dx ϑ out
hus =exp (−NTU )
ϑ out
dϑ U ⋅ Per T sat - T C,out
= ⋅ϑ
dx mc⋅ cpC Microsoft Editor de =exp (− NTU ) (1. 57 )
ecuaciones 3.0 T sat - T C,in
ϑ U ⋅ Per
=− ⋅dx T sat - T C,out =( T sat - T C,in ) ¿exp (−NTU ) (1 .56 )
mc⋅ cpC
T C,out =T sat - ( T sat - T C,in ) ¿exp (−NTU ) (1.56a )
www.piping-tools.net
Carlos J Cruz
cjcruz@vtr,net

[1] Transferencia de calor

J. P. Holman
8 ª edición, 1ª en español
McGraw Hill, 1998

[5] Heat and mass transfer

Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar

cen58933_ch08. Internal forced convection

[12] Heat and mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin 1995
8. Internal forced convection.pdf