Covection coefficients for pipes and conductivities for celular insulations

Exterior convection on a horizontal pipe exposed to ambient conditions

Natural convection Module: a_Outside_Natural_Conv

Single functions for Nusselt number "Nu" and convection coefficient "he".
Nunatural = Natural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb
henatural = Natural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Array function for Nusselt number "Nu", convection coefficient "he" and Rayleigh number "Ra".
Array: Natural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Forced convection Module: b_Outside_Forced_Conv

Single functions for Nusselt number "Nu" and convection coefficient "he".
Nuforced = Forced_convection_Nusselt_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)
heforced = Forced_convection_coefficient_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Array function for Nusselt number "Nu", convection coefficient "he" and Reynols number "Re".
Array: Forced_convection_array_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Combined natural and forced convection Module: c_Outside_Combined_Conv

Single functions for Nusselt number "Nu" and convection coefficient "he".
Nucombined = Combined_Convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_Material_dn_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb
he_Combined = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Array function for Nusselt number "Nu", and convection coefficient "he".
Array: Combined_Convection_array_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Modules in VB environment
Module Content
a,b,c Exterior convection functions for pipes e
d Ambient air properties
 H0 Friction factor function "f" of the Darcy-W
H03 Dimensions for stainless steel pipes wit
H04 Dimensions for carbon steel pipes with
H05 Dimension for HDPE PE100 pipes with d
H06 Dimension for HDPE PE800 pipes with d
H08 Dimension for HDPE PE100 pipes with d
hi_Sat_Unsat_Water_Steam
Insulation_conductivity
Psychro
The modules "SteamDat_1" and "SteamDat_2" contain
water and steam properties. They belong to the file Ste
 r insulations

Interior convection in a pipe with water / steam

ide_Natural_Conv Single functions for forced convection of water / steam in the interior

For saturated water

m_tsurf_tamb Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, S
tmm_tsurf_tamb
For saturated steam
Rayleigh number "Ra". Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, S
_tsurf_tamb
For unsaturated steam or water
ide_Forced_Conv Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Has

tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

rf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Reynols number "Re". Thermal conductivities of celular insulations

mb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb) Insulation_Conductivity_Ins_tave

ide_Combined_Conv
Oil pipe
Laminar convection of Oil inside a pipe
_dn_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb Valid for Fully developed laminar flow
kmh_tsurf_tamb (Mills example)

erior convection functions for pipes exposed to ambient conditions

mbient air properties
ction factor function "f" of the Darcy-Weisvach equation
mensions for stainless steel pipes with diameter input in inches
mensions for carbon steel pipes with diameter input in inches
mension for HDPE PE100 pipes with diameter input in milimeters
mension for HDPE PE800 pipes with diameter input in inches
mension for HDPE PE100 pipes with diameter input in inches
Functions for forced convection of saturated and unsaturated water in the inside of pipes.
Functions for celular type insulations
Functions for the calculation of psychrometric properties
amDat_1" and "SteamDat_2" contain the functions for the calculation of
properties. They belong to the file Steamdat [19]
 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

steam in the interior of a pipe

Module: hi_Sat_Unsat_Water_Steam
Steamdat97 used
rGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

rGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

MM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin

Module: Insulation_conductivity
Exterior convection on a horizontal
pipe exposed to ambient conditions
[5], Eq. (9.41), Chapter 9, page 487

Input
Pipe material: Stainless steel

Nominal diameter dn = 12 in
Exterior diameter dext = #VALUE! mm
Wind velocity v= 30 km/h
Pipe surface temperature ts = 226.85 °C
Ambient temperature tamb = 26.85 °C

Natural convection Module: a_Outside_Natural_Conv

Single functions:
Nunatural = Natural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = Natural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Natural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Ranatural = #VALUE! -

Nu: Nusselt number

Ra: Rayleigh number
Re: Reynolds number

Combined natural an forced convection [5]

 1
Auxiliary variables
Nu combined =( Nunforced + Nunnatural ) n
Exterior diameter
d
de = #VALUE! mm Nu=h⋅
k
de = #VALUE! mm
( () ( ))
n 1
d d n n d
Film temperature hcombined⋅ = hnforced⋅ + hnatural⋅ n
k k k

( () k )
tfilm = (tamb + ts) / 2
⋅( )
n n 1
k d d
hcombined = ⋅ hnforced⋅ + hnnatural n
tamb = 26.85 °C d k

(( ) [ )
1
t s= 226.85 °C k d n n
hcombined = ⋅ ⋅ h forced + hnnatural ] n

tfilm = 126.85 °C d k
1

() [
1
Thermal conductivity k d n⋅

k= #VALUE! W/(m*K)
hcombined = ⋅
d k
n⋅ hn
forced +h n
natural
n
]
1
= ⋅( )⋅[ h
k d
1
hcombined
d k
n
forced +h
n
natural
n
]
hcombined = [ hforced +h natural ]
4 4 4 1
hcombined =[ hnforced +h nnatural ]n
with
n=4
1
hcombined =[ ]
hforced +h natural 4
4 4

Rows with pipe data. Do not delete

Carbon steel
Size SCH/PN Size SCH
1/8 5S 1/2 5
1/4 10S 3/4 10
3/8 40S 1 20
1/2 80S 1 1/2 30
 3/4 0 2 40
1 0 3 60
1 1/4 0 4 80
1 1/2 0 5 100
2 0 6 120
2 1/2 0 8 140
3 0 10 160
3 1/2 0 12 STD
4 0 14 XS
5 0 16 XXS
6 0 18
8 0 20
10 0 22
12 0 24
14 0 26
16 0 28
18 0 30
20 0 32
22 0 34
24 0 36
30 0 38
0 0 40
0 0 42
0 0 44
0 0 46
0 0 48
0 0
0 0
Forced convection Module: b_Outside_Forced_Conv
Single functions:
Nuforced = Forced_convection_Nusselt_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = Forced_convection_coefficient_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Forced_convection_array_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Reforced = #VALUE! -

Combined natural and forced convection Module: c_Outside_Combined_Conv

Single functions:
Nucombined = Combined_Convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_Material_dn_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Array function
Array: Combined_Convection_array_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Eq. (9-41), [5], page 487

1 Combined Nusselt
Nu combined =( Nu forced + Nu natural n
n n
) Nucomb = ( hforc^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)
With the exponent "n" with a value in the Nuforc = #VALUE!
range of 3 and 4. Used value, n = 4 Nunat= #VALUE!
Nucomb = #VALUE!
Combined natural and forced convection
3.- Combined natural and forced convection
NuCombined = Abs( (NuNat)^n ±(NuForc)^n )^(1/n) Combined convection coefficient
÷
with n ≈ 3 4 heCombined = [heforced4 + henatural4 ]^(1/4)
(The Nusselt-value is not very sensible to the n-vale heforced = #VALUE!
henatural = #VALUE!
Combined natural and forced convection heCombined = #VALUE!

Nusselt number
From [5]
NuCombined = Abs(( NuNat)^n ± (NuForc)^n )^(1/n)
NuNat = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
NuForc = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
Let
n= 4
and consider the case where both effects shall
be added: (+) signus
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)

Convection coefficient
he_Comb = NuCombined * k / d
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
k= #VALUE! W / (m*K)
d= #VALUE! m
he_Comb = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)

Stainless steel HDPE 100 Material

dn Sch Dn [mm] PN [bar] 2 Rabs [mm]
1/8 5S 16 4 Carbon steel 0.1
1/4 10S 20 6 Stainless steel 0.01
3/8 40S 25 8 HDPE PE100 0.007
1/2 80S 32 10
 3/4 40 12.5 Heating or cooling of flow
1 50 16 1 HorC
1 1/4 63 20 H 0.4
1 1/2 75 C 0.3
2 90
2 1/2 110 'Nusselt number
3 125 'Inside convection for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipe
3 1/2 140 'Following relation is recommended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6
4 160 'This relation may gives errors as large a 25%
5 180 NuD = 0.023 * Re ^ 0.8 * Pr ^ n
6 200
8 225 Petukov equation for smooth tubes
10 250 [1], Eq. (4.42), page 270, or [5] Eq. (8-65), page 441
12 280 'Petukov equation. This relation may gives errors less than a 10%
14 315 NuP = ((f / 8) * (Re) * Pr) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-
16 355
18 400 'Gnielinski (1976)- A modification of Petukov equation.
20 450 'The accuracy of this equation at lower Reynolds numbers
22 500 is improved, in relation to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-7
24 560
30 630 NuG = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2
710 Thefriction factor will be calculated using Colebrook equation
800 instead of Petukov formula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

orc ^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)

W/(m2*K)
 W/(m2*K)
W/(m2*K)

tion coefficient
eforced4 + henatural4 ]^(1/4)
W / (m²*K)
W / (m²*K)
W / (m²*K)

Ref

[7], #7.5
ully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes.
commended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6-4, on page 274
s errors as large a 25%

0, or [5] Eq. (8-65), page 441

relation may gives errors less than a 10%
r) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))

odification of Petukov equation.

quation at lower Reynolds numbers
to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-70)

000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))

e calculated using Colebrook equation
mula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
 VBA functions for interior turbulent convection with saturated w
Saturated water
Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Ha
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Saturated steam °C
Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn,
Saturated water Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Ha
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE!

Supercooled water or super heated steam

Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
t= 175 °C
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Subcooled water
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Manual calculation for interior turbulent convection with saturate

Saturated water Saturated steam

h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!

Saturated water Saturated vapor

psat = 8 bar (g) psat = 8

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm = 101,325 Pa patm = 101,325

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p= pguage + patm
pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage = 8
patm = 1.01 bar patm = 1.01
p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01

Saturation temperature Saturation temperature

p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p) tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)
tsat = #VALUE! °C tsat = #VALUE!

Saturation water properties Saturation steam properties

t= #VALUE! °C t= #VALUE!
p= 9.0 bar p= 9.01

r= 1/SaturWater_SpecVolume_t r= 1/SaturSteam_SpecVolume_t
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Pr = SaturWater_Prandtl_t Pr = SaturSteam_Prandtl_t
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
m= SaturWater_DynViscosity_t m= SaturSteam_DynViscosity_t
m= #VALUE! Pa s m= #VALUE!
n= m/r n= m/r
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
k= SaturWater_HeatConduct_t k= SaturSteam_HeatConduct_t
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

dn = 20 in dn = 20
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
Sch = 40 - Sch = 40
Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
 di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai = (p/4) * di^2
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel = Rabs / di
Rabs = 0.1 mm Rabs = 0.1
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q= m/r
m= 1200 kg/min m= 1200
m= 20 kg/s m= 20
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v= Q / Ai
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!

Reynolds Reynolds
Re = v*d/n Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!

Friction factor Friction factor

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!

Nusselt Nusselt
Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
 Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h= Nu * k / d
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m d= #VALUE!
h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!
nvection with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam (Ca

KgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

Saturation temperature
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g)
patm = 1.01 Pa
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)

tsat = #VALUE! °C

KgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin) Saturated steam

Saturation temperature
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g)
patm = 1.01 Pa
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)

tsat = #VALUE! °C

mp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
°C
Saturation temperature
°C
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) #VALUE!
patm = 1.01°C Pa
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)
tsat = #VALUE! °C

convection with saturated water, saturated steam, subcooled water and superheated steam

Subcooled water Super heated steam

W / (m²*K) hsub_cooled = #VALUE! W / (m²*K) hsuper_heated =

 Subcooled water Super heated steam
p= 8 bar (g) p=
bar (g) t= 120.0 °C t=

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
7E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,2
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l. H=
Pa patm = 101,325 Pa patm =

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p=
bar (g) pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage =
bar patm = 1.01 bar patm =
bar p= 9.01 bar p=

Subcooled water Super heated steam

Pressure Pressure
bar p= 9.01 bar p=
SaturationTemp_p(p) Temperature Temperature
°C t= 120 °C t=

Subcooled water properties Super heated steam

°C t= 120.0 °C t=
bar p= 9.0 bar p=

urSteam_SpecVolume_t r= 1/H2O_SpecVolume_t_p r=
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r=
rSteam_Prandtl_t Pr = H2O_Prandtl_t_p Pr =
- Pr = #VALUE! - Pr =
Steam_DynViscosity_t m= H2O_DynViscosity_t_p m=
Pa s m= #VALUE! Pa s m=
n= m/r n=
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s n=
team_HeatConduct_t k= H2O_HeatConductivity_t_p k=
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k=

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

in dn = 20 in dn =
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
- Sch = 40 - Sch =
Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di =
mm di = #VALUE! mm di =
m di = #VALUE! m di =
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai =
m di = #VALUE! m di =
m² Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai =

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel =
mm Rabs = 0.10 mm Rabs =
mm di = #VALUE! mm di =
- Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel =

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q=
kg/min m= 1200 kg/min m=
kg/s m= 20 kg/s m=
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r=
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q=

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v=
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q=
m² Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai =
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s v=

Reynolds Reynolds
Re = v*d/n Re =
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s v=
m di = #VALUE! m di =
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s n=
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =

Friction factor Friction factor

Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f=
- Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel =
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =
- f= #VALUE! - f=

Nusselt Nusselt
1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8)
- f= #VALUE! - f=
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =
- Pr = #VALUE! - Pr =
- Nu = #VALUE! - Nu =

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h=
- Nu = #VALUE! - Nu =
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k=
m d= #VALUE! m d=
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h=
 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

eated steam (Carbon steel pipes)

p = 8,00 bar (g)

p = 9,01 bar

°C
#VALUE!

Saturate water and saturated steam

p = 8,0 bar (g)

p = 9,01 bar
225.0
Super heated steam
#VALUE!
120.0

Subcooled water and super heated steam

Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

erheated steam

heated steam

#VALUE! W / (m²*K)
heated steam
8 bar (g)
225 °C

mbient pressure

1,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

0 m.a.s.l.
101,325 Pa

pguage + patm
8 bar (g)
1.01 bar
9.01 bar

heated steam

9.01 bar

225 °C

heated steam
225.0 °C
9.0 bar

1/H2O_SpecVolume_t_p
#VALUE! 'kg/m3
H2O_Prandtl_t_p
#VALUE! -
H2O_DynViscosity_t_p
#VALUE! Pa s
m/r
#VALUE! m²/s
H2O_HeatConductivity_t_p
#VALUE! W/(m*k)

ominal diameter
20 in

40 -
pipe diameter
 Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! m
ection area
(p/4) * di^2
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m²

Rabs / di
0.10 mm
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! -

m/r
1200 kg/min
20 kg/s
#VALUE! 'kg/m3
#VALUE! m³/s

Q / Ai
#VALUE! m³/s
#VALUE! m²
#VALUE! m/s

v*d/n
#VALUE! m/s
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m²/s
#VALUE! -

Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -

) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))

#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -
 #VALUE! -
#VALUE! -

tion coefficient
Nu * k / d
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! W/(m*k)
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! W / (m²*K)
 VBA functions for interior turbulent convection with saturated water, satu

Saturated water
Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Ha
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Saturated steam
Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Ha
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE!

Supercooled water or super heated steam

Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 °C
mm
t= 175 °C
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g)
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Manual calculation for interior turbulent convection

Saturated water Subcooled water

 h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) hsub_cooled = #VALUE!

Saturated water Subcooled water

p= 8
psat = 8 bar (g) t= 175.0

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm = 101,325 Pa patm = 101,325

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p= pguage + patm
pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage = 8
patm = 1.01 bar patm = 1.01
p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01

Subcooled water
Saturation temperature Pressure
p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p) Temperature
tsat = #VALUE! °C t= 175

Saturation water properties Subcooled water properties

t= #VALUE! °C t= 175.0
p= 9.0 bar p= 9.0

r= 1/SaturWater_SpecVolume_t r= 1/H2O_SpecVolume_t_p
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Pr = SaturWater_Prandtl_t Pr = H2O_Prandtl_t_p
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
m= SaturWater_DynViscosity_t m= H2O_DynViscosity_t_p
m= #VALUE! Pa s m= #VALUE!
n= m/r n= m/r
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
k= SaturWater_HeatConduct_t k= H2O_HeatConductivity_t_p
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

dn = 20 in dn = 20
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
Sch = 40 - Sch = 40
Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai = (p/4) * di^2
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel = Rabs / di
Rabs = 0.1 mm Rabs = 0.10
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q= m/r
m= 1200 kg/min m= 1200
m= 20 kg/s m= 20
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v= Q / Ai
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!

Reynolds Reynolds
Re = v*d/n Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!

Friction factor Friction factor

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!

Nusselt Nusselt
Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!
 Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h= Nu * k / d
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m d= #VALUE!
h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!
n with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam. Application to examin

KgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin) Application to examine the beh
Saturation temperature   1. The case saturated water vs
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) 2. The case of saturated steam
patm = 1.01 Pa
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)

tsat = #VALUE! °C

Saturated water
KgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

Saturation temperature Subcooled water

PbarGauge = 8 bar (g)
patm = 1.01 Pa Saurated water v
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p)

tsat = #VALUE! °C

mp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin

Saturation temperature
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) #VALUE!
patm = 1.01 Pa Saturated steam
p= 9.01 bar
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p) Saturated syeam v
tsat = #VALUE! °C

for interior turbulent convection with saturated water, saturated steam, subcooled water and superheated steam

Saturated steam Super heated steam

 W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) hsuper_heated =

Saturated vapor Super heated steam

bar (g) p=
°C psat = 8 bar (g) t=

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
7E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,2
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l. H=
Pa patm = 101,325 Pa patm =

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p=
bar (g) pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage =
bar patm = 1.01 bar patm =
bar p= 9.01 bar p=

Super heated steam

Saturation temperature Pressure
bar p= 9.01 bar p=
tsat = H2O_SaturationTemp_p(p) Temperature
°C tsat = #VALUE! °C t=

Saturation steam properties Super heated steam

°C t= #VALUE! °C t=
bar p= 9.01 bar p=

2O_SpecVolume_t_p r= 1/SaturSteam_SpecVolume_t r=
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r=
_Prandtl_t_p Pr = SaturSteam_Prandtl_t Pr =
- Pr = #VALUE! - Pr =
_DynViscosity_t_p m= SaturSteam_DynViscosity_t m=
Pa s m= #VALUE! Pa s m=
n= m/r n=
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s n=
_HeatConductivity_t_p k= SaturSteam_HeatConduct_t k=
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k=

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

in dn = 20 in dn =
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
- Sch = 40 - Sch =
 Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di =
mm di = #VALUE! mm di =
m di = #VALUE! m di =
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai =
m di = #VALUE! m di =
m² Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai =

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel =
mm Rabs = 0.1 mm Rabs =
mm di = #VALUE! mm di =
- Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel =

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q=
kg/min m= 1200 kg/min m=
kg/s m= 20 kg/s m=
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r=
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q=

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v=
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q=
m² Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai =
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s v=

Reynolds Reynolds
Re = v*d/n Re =
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s v=
m di = #VALUE! m di =
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s n=
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =

Friction factor Friction factor

Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f=
- Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel =
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =
- f= #VALUE! - f=

Nusselt Nusselt
1 + 12.7 *(f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8)
- f= #VALUE! - f=
- Re = #VALUE! - Re =
- Pr = #VALUE! - Pr =
- Nu = #VALUE! - Nu =

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h=
- Nu = #VALUE! - Nu =
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k=
m d= #VALUE! m d=
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h=
 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

lication to examine the behavior of the functions in its limits.

tion to examine the behavior of the functions in the limits of applicability. It examines:
case saturated water vs. compressed water very close to the saturation conditions.
case of saturated steam vs. superheated steam very near the saturation conditions.

p = 8,0 bar (g)

p = 9,01 bar

Saturated water °C
#VALUE!
175.0 °C
ubcooled water

Saurated water vs. Compressed water near saturation

p = 8,00 bar (g)

p = 9,01 bar

175.6 °C Super heated steam

Saturated syeam vs. Supwerheated steam near saturation

eated steam

heated steam
 #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

heated steam
8 bar (g)
175.6 °C

mbient pressure

1,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

0 m.a.s.l.
101,325 Pa

pguage + patm
8 bar (g)
1.01 bar
9.01 bar

heated steam

9.01 bar

175.6 °C

heated steam
175.6 °C
9.0 bar

1/H2O_SpecVolume_t_p
#VALUE! 'kg/m3
H2O_Prandtl_t_p
#VALUE! -
H2O_DynViscosity_t_p
#VALUE! Pa s
m/r
#VALUE! m²/s
H2O_HeatConductivity_t_p
#VALUE! W/(m*k)

ominal diameter
20 in

40 -
 pipe diameter
Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! m
ection area
(p/4) * di^2
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m²

Rabs / di
0.10 mm
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! -

m/r
1200 kg/min
20 kg/s
#VALUE! 'kg/m3
#VALUE! m³/s

Q / Ai
#VALUE! m³/s
#VALUE! m²
#VALUE! m/s

v*d/n
#VALUE! m/s
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m²/s
#VALUE! -

Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -

) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 *(f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))

#VALUE! -
 #VALUE! -
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! -

tion coefficient
Nu * k / d
#VALUE! -
#VALUE! W/(m*k)
#VALUE! m
#VALUE! W / (m²*K)
°C
 Thermal conductivities of celular insulations

Conductivity VB function (Note 2)

t= 25 °C
Insulation = Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI
k= #VALUE! W/(m*K)

Insulations with material, temperature range and equatons

Celular insulations
1 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet. C534, Grade I -73.3 °C to 23.9
2 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet-High Temp. C534 Grade II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °
3 Elastomeric Tube and sheet-Halogen free. C552 Grade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
4 Cellular Glass Block. C552 Grade 6, Type I -73.3 °C to 204.4
5 Cellular Glass Pipe. C552 Grade 6, Type II -73.3 °C to 204.4
6 Polystyrene Pipe. C578, Type XIII -73.3 °C to 23.9
7 Polyisocyanurate. C591 -17.8 °C to 93
8 Phenolic Foam Unfaced- C1126, Type III 23.9 °C to 93.3
9 Melamine Foam. C14710 23.9 °C to 9
10 Polyolefin Sheet and Tube. C1427 -73.3 °C to 23.9
11 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type I 23.9 °C to 204
12 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI -17.8 °C to 204.
13 Polyamid Rigid. C1594, Type II, Grade III, Class I 23.9 °C to 204.4

Note 1 The function contains only celular insulations. Pending, fibrous and granular insulations.
Note 2 The VB function receive as input:
- the insulation average temperature t [°C]
- the insulation material, selected from the drop down list
If the given temperature is within the stated temperature range, the function will show the
value of the conductivity of the selected material at the given temperature [W(/m*K)].
If the given temperature is not within the stated temperature range, a message will be
shown and finally the function will show a "N/A" message in lieu of a conductivity value.

Do not delete this rows.

They contain the information used by the drop down lis

Celular insulations. Original table in imperial units, will be transfor

http://www.insulation.org/pdf/Insulation_Materials_Spec_Chart_Updated_March_20

Table of Celular
Elastomeric Elastomeric
Elastomeric Tube and Tube and
Physical Tube and sheet-High sheet-
Properties sheet Temp Halogen free
Type of Material Cellular Cellular Cellular

ASTM Standard C534 C534 C534

Grade I Grade II Grade III

Max. Temp (°F) 220 350 250

Min. Temp (°F) -297 -297 -297
Mean. Temp. (°F) Apparent thermal conduc
-100 0.21 0.21 0.21
0 0.26 0.26 0.26
75 0.28 0.3 0.28
200 N/A 3 0.38 0.31
400 N/A 2
N/A 2
N/A 2
 600 N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 2

Table of C
1 2 3
Elastomeric Elastomeric
Elastomeric Tube and Tube and
Physical Tube and sheet-High sheet-
Properties sheet Temp Halogen free
Type of Material Cellular Cellular Cellular

ASTM Standard C534 C534 C534

Grade I Grade II Grade III

Max. Temp (°C) 104 177 121

Min. Temp (°C) -183 -183 -183
Apparent thermalMean.
conductivity,
Temp. (°C)
Max. (Btu * in / (h * ft² * F) at Mean temperature
-73.3 0.0303 0.0303 0.0303
-17.8 0.0375 0.0375 0.0375
23.9 0.0404 0.0433 0.0404
93.3 N/A 0.0548 0.0447
204.4 N/A N/A N/A
 (Note 1)

-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C (Note 3)

ange and equatons (Note 3 Tmin Tmax Conductivity equation k = f(t) [W / (m*K) ]
°C °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C -73.3 23.9 -0.0000006*t^2 + 0.00007*t + 0.039
e II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C -73.3 93.3 7e-9*t^3+2e-7*t^2+1/10/1000*t+0.0399
ade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C -73.3 93.3 3E-9*t^3 - 4e-7*t^2 + 7e-5*t + 0.0389
-73.3 °C to 204.4 °C -17.8 204.4 -1.2/100/1000/1000/1000*t^4 + 4/1000/1000/1000*t^3 + 2/
-73.3 °C to 204.4 °C -73.3 204.4 3/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 2/10/1000*t + 0.0444
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C -73.3 23.9 3/10/1000/1000 *t^2 + 1/10/1000 * t + 0.0341
-17.8 °C to 93.3 °C -17.8 93.3 1/1000/1000 * t^2 - 8/1000/1000*t + 0.0282
23.9 °C to 93.3 °C 23.9 93.3 0.000145381824 * t + 0.02248802976
23.9 °C to 93.3 °C 23.9 93.3 0.000228457152 * t + 0.03781081248
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C -73.3 23.9 -4/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 7/100/1000 *t+ 0.049
23.9 °C to 204.4 °C 23.9 204.4 4/10/1000 * t + 0.0365
-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C -17.8 204.4 -3/1000/1000/1000 * t^3 + 1.5/1000/1000 * t^2 + 2/10/100
23.9 °C to 204.4 °C 23.9 204.4 3/10/1000 * t + 0.0295

nular insulations. Note 3

The validity range of temperatures, corresponds to the range required to obtain, with a single function
(conductivity as a function of temperature), a value of the conductivity with a maximum deviation of 10%.
unction will show the It is worth mentioning that for most materials, the error is significantly less than the aforementioned 10%.
ature [W(/m*K)]. Temperature ranges considered in the Reference Table [20] are, in several cases, larger than those indicated
a message will be in the conductivity functions group. This, because it was not possible to find a simple function that could
conductivity value. cover the full range of the reference, without obtaining errors larger than 10%.

perial units, will be transformed into SI units

s_Spec_Chart_Updated_March_2015.pdf

Table of Celular Insulations, in Imperial Units [20]

Phenolic Polyolefin
Cellular Cellular Polystyrene Poly iso- Foam Melamine Sheet and Polymid
Glass Glass Pipe pipe cyanurate Unfaced Foam Tube Foam
Block
Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular
C552 C552
Grade 6, Grade 6, C578 C591 C1126 C1410 C1427 C1482
Type I Type II Type XIII Type III Trype I

800 800 165 300 257 350 200 400

-450 -450 -297 -297 -290 -40 -150 -328
Apparent thermal conductivity, Max. (Btu * in / (h * ft² * F) at Mean temperature
0.21 0.23 0.181 0.18 0.18 N/A 2 0.29 0.21
0.27 0.29 0.221 0.19 0.18 N/A2 0.33 0.27
0.31 0.34 0.259 0.19 0.18 0.3 0.35 0.32
0.4 0.43 N/A 3 0.26 0.25 0.41 N/A 3 0.51
0.58 0.63 N/A 3
N/A 3
N/A 2
N/A 3
N/A 2
0.82
 N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A 3

Table of Celular Insulations, in SI [20]

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Phenolic Polyolefin
Cellular Cellular Polystyrene Poly iso- Foam Melamine Sheet and Polymid
Glass Glass Pipe pipe cyanurate Unfaced Foam Tube Foam
Block
Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular
C552 C552
Grade 6, Grade 6, C578 C591 C1126 C1410 C1427 C1482
Type I Type II Type XIII Type III Trype I

427 427 74 149 125 177 93 204

-268 -268 -183 -183 -179 -40 -101 -200
n temperature
0.0303 0.0332 0.0261 0.0260 0.0260 N/A 0.0418 0.0303
0.0389 0.0418 0.0319 0.0274 0.0260 N/A 0.0476 0.0389
0.0447 0.0490 0.0374 0.0274 0.0260 0.0433 0.0505 0.0462
0.0577 0.0620 N/A 0.0375 0.0361 0.0591 N/A 0.0736
0.0837 0.0909 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1183
 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

= f(t) [W / (m*K) ] [20]

07*t + 0.039
000*t+0.0399
5*t + 0.0389
0*t^4 + 4/1000/1000/1000*t^3 + 2/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 1/10/1000*t + 0.0413
10/1000*t + 0.0444
10/1000 * t + 0.0341
0/1000*t + 0.0282
2248802976
3781081248
100/1000 *t+ 0.049

+ 1.5/1000/1000 * t^2 + 2/10/1000 *t + 0.0425

with a single function

aximum deviation of 10%.
the aforementioned 10%.
larger than those indicated
mple function that could
 Polymid
Polymid Rigid
Foam Celular

Cellular Cellular
C1594
C1482 Type II
Trype VI Grade III
Class I
572 600
-328 -423

0.21 0.066 -100

0.28 0.138 0
0.34 0.246 75
0.5 0.396 200
0.82 0.648 400
 N/A 2 NotStated 600

12 13
Polymid 1 Btu *in /(h * ft² * F) = 0.144228 W/(m*K)
Polymid Rigid BtuToWatt = 0.144228
Foam Celular

Cellular Cellular
C1594
C1482 Type II
Trype VI Grade III
Class I
300 316
-200 -253

0.0303 0.0095 -73.3

0.0404 0.0199 -17.7778
0.0490 0.0355 23.9
0.0721 0.0571 93.3333
0.1183 0.0935 204.4
Steel conductivity

Thermal conductivity of carbon steels [18]

In the temperature range 20 °C < t < 800 °C

ksteel = 54 - 0.0333 * t

Example of conductivity calculation

For t= 141 °C
ksteel = 49.3 W/ ( m * K)
W/ ( m * K)
Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015
 f.- Laminar convection of Oil inside a pipe Stepwise solution [2]
[1], Expl. 4.1, page 277 (Note 1)
Pipe properties, according material,
Valid for Fully developed laminar flow (Note 2) diameter "dn [in]"and schedule "sch"
- Laminar flow Re < 2300 or nominal pressure "PN".
di = #VALUE! mm
di = #VALUE! m
SAE 50 oil flow is cooled as it flows through A= #VALUE! m²
a tube. Flow is hydrodynamicaly fully
developed at the commencement of cooling. Assumed outlet temperature
The wall is at constant temperature. tout_Ass = 363 K

Select diameter, and shedule or nominal Average bulk temperature

pressure, according selected material. i.e., if
the selected material is stainless steel, then t= (tin + tout_Ass ) / 2
the selected diameter and schedule tin = 377 K
combination must be a diameter and a
tout = 362.7 K
schedule combination available for stainless
steel pipes. t= 369.9 K

Oil properties (from [1], Table A8, page 1158)

Pipe data Data at a bulk temperature:
Pipe Material Stainless steel t= 370 K

dn (SS) = 4 in k= 0.137 W(m*k)

sch (SS) = 40S - r= 842 kg/m3
Pipe lenght Cp = 2.20 kJ / (kg*K)
L= 1.5 m m= 1.89E-02 Pa s

Pr = 300 -
Pipe wall temperature constant n= m/r
twall = 300 K n= 2.24E-05 m²/s

Fluid data Note 1. The routine can be checked using

Inlet temperature the data shown in Annex 1
tin = 377 K Note 2. Fully developed laminar flow
Mass flow rate implies both, hydrodynamically and
m= 0.007 kg/s thermally fully developed flows.

Annex A
Rows with pipe data. Do not delete
Table 0 Currently selected material: Stainless steel
This table will be filled with
data, according the selected
material (1, 2 or 3) Table 1 Table 2
Carbon steel Stainless steel
Size SCH/PN Size SCH dn Sch
1/8 5S 1/2 5 1/8 5S
1/4 10S 3/4 10 1/4 10S
3/8 40S 1 20 3/8 40S
1/2 80S 1 1/2 30 1/2 80S
3/4 0 2 40 3/4
1 0 3 60 1
1 1/4 0 4 80 1 1/4
1 1/2 0 5 100 1 1/2
2 0 6 120 2
2 1/2 0 8 140 2 1/2
3 0 10 160 3

3 1/2 0 12 STD 3 1/2

4 0 14 XS 4
5 0 16 XXS 5
6 0 18 6
8 0 20 8
10 0 22 10
12 0 24 12
14 0 26 14
16 0 28 16
18 0 30 18
20 0 32 20
22 0 34 22
24 0 36 24
30 0 38 30
0 0 40
0 0 42
0 0 44
0 0 46
0 0 48
0 0
0 0
Volume flow rate Correction for properties variation
Q= m/r with the temperature
m= 0.007 kg/s
r= 842.0 kg/m3 Exponent for viscosity correction
Q= 8.3E-06 m³/s Laminar flow of oil SAE 50
twalls = 300 K
Velocity Tb = 369.9 K
v= Q/A From Table A.8, [1], page 1158,
Q= 8.3E-06 m3/s mwalls = 5.03E-01 Pa s
A= #VALUE! m² mb = 1.89E-02 Pa s
v= #VALUE! m/s From Table 4.6, page 277, laminar flow,
liquids and a wall condition: cooling
Reynolds n= -0.11
Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s Viscosity correction factor
d= #VALUE! m VCF = (mwall / mb)^n
n= 2.2E-05 m²/s mwall = 5.03E-01 Pa s
Re = #VALUE! - mb = 1.89E-02 Pa s
#VALUE! n= -0.11
VCF = 0.697
Nusselt
Graez number Corrected Nusselt
Gz = Re * Pr * (d/L) Nu = VCF * Nu0
Re = #VALUE! - VCF = 0.697
Pr = 300 - Nu0 = #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m Nu= #VALUE!
L= 1.5 m
Gz = #VALUE! Convection coefficient
[1], page 272, Eq. (4.50) h= Nu * k / d
Nusselt witout consideration of Nu = #VALUE! -
properties variation with temperature k= 0.1370 W/(m*K)
NU0 = 3.66+(0.065*Gz ) / (1+0.04*Gz^(2/3) ) d= #VALUE! m
Gz = #VALUE! h= #VALUE! W/(m²*k)
Nu0 = #VALUE!
ainless steel

Table 3
HDPE 100 Material
dn[mm] PN [bar] 2 Rabs [mm] Ref
16 4 1 Carbon steel 0.1
20 6 2 Stainless steel 0.01
25 8 3 HDPE PE100 0.007 [7], #7.5
32 10 1 2 3
40 12.5
50 16 Heating or cooling of flow
63 20 1 HorC
75 H 0.4
90 C 0.3
110
125

140 Annex B
160 'Nusselt number
180
200 'Inside convection for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes.
225 'Following relation is recommended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6-4, on page 274
250 'This relation may gives errors as large a 25%
280
315 NuD = 0.023 * Re ^ 0.8 * Pr ^ n
355
400 'Petukov equation. This relation may gives errors less than a 10%
450 NuP = ((f / 8) * (Re) * Pr) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))
500
560 'Gnielinski (1976)- A modification of Petukov equation.
630 'The accuracy of this equation at lower Reynolds numbers
710 is improved, in relation to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-70)
800
900 NuG = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))
1000 Thefriction factor will be calculated using Colebrook equation
1200 instead of Petukov formula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
1400
1600
 Rev. cjc. 21.02.2014
Laminar flow. Cengel and Ghajar, [5]
Outlet temperature Fully developed laminar flow
For a heat exchanger with constant wall For this type of flow, the Nusselt
temperature, the outlet temperature number is constant.
can be calculated with the equation
[1], Eq.(4.11), page 250. Also, see Annex 2 -Hydrodynamically fully developed
Lh_Lam = 0.05 * d * Re
t out =t wall −( t wall −t in ) ⋅e
( m⋅Cp )
−h⋅π⋅d⋅L

d= #VALUE! m
Eq. (8-11)

Re = #VALUE! -
−h⋅π⋅d⋅L Lh_Lam = #VALUE! m
A=
m⋅Cp
t out =t wall −( t wall −t in )⋅Exp( A )
- Thermally fully developed Eq. (8-12)
Temperature of oil leving the tube Lt_Lam = Lh_Lam * Pr
tout = twall -(twall - tin ) * Exp(A) Lh_Lam = #VALUE! m
A= -(h*p*d*L ) / ( m*Cp ) Pr = 3.0 -
Assumed convection coefficient Lt_Lam = #VALUE! m
h= #VALUE! W/(m²*k)
d= #VALUE! m Tube length
L= 1.5 m L= 1.5 m
m= 0.007 kg/s
Cp = 2200 J/(kg*K) Since #VALUE!
A= #VALUE! The laminar flow is
tout = twall -(twall - tin ) * Exp(A) #VALUE!
twall = 300 K
tin = 377 K Since #VALUE!
A= #VALUE! The laminar flow is
tout = #VALUE! K #VALUE!

Iteration Since the laminar flow is

Dt= (tout_Ass -tout) #VALUE!
tout_Ass = 362.73 K and #VALUE!
tout = #VALUE! K #VALUE!
Dt= #VALUE! K then, #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
included, since functions for oil properties
are not available.

Petukov equation for smooth tubes

[1], Eq. (4.42), page 270, or [5] Eq. (8-65), page 441
f= ( 0.790 * Ln(Re) - 1.64 )^-2
Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE!
 Example 4.1, [1], page 277
Cengel and Ghajar, [5] Average heat transfer coefficient
Entry lengths for laminar flow Assumption: The flow is hydrodyna -
Lh_Lam = 0.05 * Re * d Eq. (8-11) mically fully developed at the com -
Lt_Lam = 0.05 * Re * d * Pr Eq. (8-12) mencement of cooling.
Lt_Lam = Lh_Lam * Pr To calculate ther average Nusselt
number, an outlet temperature has
Entry lengths for turbulent flow to be assumed and then an iteration
Lh_Turb = 1.359 * Re^(1/4) Eq. (8-13) process is required.
It is generally agreed that entrance effects for
turbulent flow, are confined within a tube length Pipe data
of 10 diameters and the hydrodynamic and thermal Interior diameter
entry lengths are approximately taken to be di = 10
Lh_Turb = Lt_Turb = 10 * d Eq. (8-14) L= 1.5
twalls = 300
Note. Fluid data
Nusselt numbers and thus convection heat transfer SAE 50 oil
coefficients are much higher in the entrance region. tinlet = 377
m= 0.007
The hydrodynamic entry length is taken as the
distance from the tube entrance, where the friction Results
coefficient reaches within about 2% of the fully Re = 47.2
developed value. Nu = 7.01
Corrected Nusselt
Nu = 4.89
Convection coefficient
hi = 66.9
Outlet tyemperature
toutlet = 363

Gz=Re⋅Pr⋅ ( )d
L
0 . 065⋅
Nu=3 . 66 +
1+ 0 . 04⋅
ansfer coefficient
e flow is hydrodyna -
eloped at the com -

r average Nusselt
et temperature has
nd then an iteration

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
mm
m
K

K
kg/s

W/(m²*K)

0 . 065⋅Gz
66 + 2
3
1+ 0 . 04⋅Gz
Example 4.1 [1], page 277

Note.
The application cannot use a material
whith a combination of diameter and
Pipe data schedule (or PN) that would give an
Pipe Material: Stainless steel internal diameter of 1 cm. Selecting
dn = 0.25 in stainless steel with a nominal diameter
Sch = 10S - 1/4 in and a schedule 10S gives an
Pipe lenght internal diameter of 10.4 mm.
L= 1.5 m The resulting convection coefficient
Pipe wall temperature constant is in this case h = 64.3 W/(m²*K)
twall = 300 K d= 10.4 mm
Fluid data mb = 0.0189 Pa s
Inlet temperature mwall = 5.03E-01 Pa s
tin = 377 K n= -0.11
Mass flow rate Pr = 300 -
m= 0.007 kg/s k= 0.137 W/(m*K)
 Ac = (p/4)*d^2
d= 10 mm Non standard diameter
d= 0.0100 m
Ac = 7.85E-05 m²

Re = (m/r)/Ac * d / n
Re = (m)/Ac * d / m
m= 0.007 kg/s
Ac = 7.85E-05 m²
d= 0.0100 m²
m= 0.0189 Pa s
Re = 47.16 -

Nu = 3.66 + ( 0.065 * d/L * Re * Pr ) / ( 1+0.04 * ( d/L*Re*Pr )^(2/3) )

d= 0.0100 m
L= 1.5 m
Re = 47.16
Pr = 300
Nu = 7.01

Correction factor Corrected Nusselt

VCF = (mwall / mb)^n Nuc = Nu * VCF
mwall = 5.03E-01 Pa s Nu = 7.01
mb = 1.89E-02 Pa s VCF = 0.697
n= -0.11 Nuc = 4.89
VCF = 0.697

Convection
hc = (k/d) * Nuc
k= 0.137 W/(m*K)
d= 0.0100 m
Nuc = 4.89
hc = 66.96 W/(m²*K)
Steam condenser [12], page 42

Steam condense
Heat transfer in
Qt = U * (Per*Dx) * (Tsat - TC) temperature ( fo
Condensate Tsat
the pipe interior

Tube wall While the fluid m

length Δ x, its te
a value T c|x to
Qx = mc * cpC * TC |x Qx+dx = mc * cpC * TC |x+dx
The fluid enthal
Tube wall H x=m c⋅ cpc T c|
where the index
Dx m is the mass flo
heat at constant
When the cold f
T C,out =T sat - ( T sat - T C,in )⋅exp (− NTU ) (1 . 56a ) its enthalpy is
H x+dx =m c⋅ cp c
with

U ⋅ Per⋅L
Ntu=
mc⋅ cpC

Heat balance
dϑ U ⋅ Per
The enthlpy increment must be equal to =− ⋅dx
the heat transfered to the control volume ϑ m c⋅ cpC
ΔH t =Q t
ΔΗ= m c⋅ cpc⋅dT c and from
Q t = U ⋅( Per⋅Δx )⋅( T sat - T C ) ϑ =T sat - T C
Heat balance
dϑ U ⋅ Per
The enthlpy increment must be equal to =− ⋅dx
the heat transfered to the control volume ϑ m c⋅ cpC
ΔH t =Q t
ΔΗ= m c⋅ cpc⋅dT c and from
Q t = U ⋅( Per⋅Δx )⋅( T sat - T C ) ϑ =T sat - T C
m c⋅ cp c⋅dT c =U ⋅( Per⋅Δx )⋅( T sat - T C )
for x=0
thus ϑ in =T sat - T C,in
dT C
m c⋅ cpC⋅
dx
= U ⋅ Per ⋅( T sat - T C ) and for x=L
dTC U ⋅ Per
= ⋅( T sat - T C )
ϑ out =T sat - T C,out
dx mc⋅ cpC
which is an ODE with following boundary condition Assuming that the val
for X =0, T c= T c,in U ⋅ Per
Let
ϑ =T sat - T C m c⋅ cpC
T C =T sat−ϑ is constant along the e
and
dT C dϑ
it is possible to integr
=− ϑ
dx dx out
dϑ U ⋅ Per
thus
dϑ U ⋅ Per
∫ ϑ
=−
mc ¿ cp C
¿
− = ⋅ϑ ϑ in
dx m c⋅ cpC

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Steam condenser The fluid surrounding the pip
Heat transfer in a pipe with an exterior constant temperature T sat and transfe
temperature ( for example a saturated steam ) to element at a temperature T c ,
the pipe interior fluid . area ( Per⋅Δx ) . Here, the per
Per =π⋅d
While the fluid moves in the pipe, an elementary The enthalpy increment is
length Δ x, its temperature is incremented from ΔΗ= H x +dx -H x
a value T c|x to a value T c|x+dx ΔΗ= m c⋅ cpc T c|x +dx -m c⋅ cp
The fluid enthalpy entering the control volume is ΔΗ= m c⋅ cpc ( T c|x +dx −T c|x )
H x=m c⋅ cpc T c|x
where the index c indicates the cold fluid, The global heat transfer coeff
m is the mass flow rate and cp is the specific The heat flow transfered fro
heat at constant pressure . to the colf fluid at T c is
When the cold fluid leaves the control volume, Q t = U⋅( Per⋅Δx )⋅( T sat −T c )
its enthalpy is
H x+dx =m c⋅ cp c T c|x +dx

Microsoft Equation
3.0

U ⋅ Per ϑ out L

m c⋅ cpC
⋅dx ∫ dϑ
ϑ
=−
U ⋅ Per
m ¿ cp
¿ ∫ dx
ϑ in
c C x=0
om ϑ U ⋅ Per
-TC Ln( ϑ )|ϑ out =− ¿ x|L0
in m ¿ cp
 U ⋅ Per ϑ out L

m c⋅ cpC
⋅dx ∫ dϑ
ϑ
=−
U ⋅ Per
m ¿ cp
¿ ∫ dx
ϑ in
c C x=0
om ϑ U ⋅ Per L
-TC Ln( ϑ )|ϑ out =− ¿ x|0
in mc ¿ cpC
0 U ⋅ Per⋅L
Ln( ϑ out )|−Ln( ϑ out )|=−
at - T C,in mc⋅ cpC
x=L and naming Number of Transfer Units
T sat - T C,out Ntu=
U ⋅ Per⋅L
ing that the value m c⋅ cp C
r ϑ
Ln( out )|=−NTU
C ϑ out
tant along the exchanger, ϑ out
=exp (−NTU )
ssible to integrate ϑ out
U ⋅ Per
L T sat - T C,out
=− ¿ ∫ dx =exp (−NTU ) ( 1 . 57)
mc ¿ cp C x=0 T sat - T C,in

T sat - T C,out =( T sat - T C,in )⋅exp (−NTU ) ( 1 . 56)

Microsoft Equation
3.0

T C,out =T sat - ( T sat - T C,in )⋅exp (−NTU ) (1 . 56

 Rev. cjc. 23.06.2015

rounding the pipe is at a constant

T sat and transfer heat to the fluid
emperature T c , through the elementary
) . Here, the perimer Per is

increment is
-H x
c T c|x +dx -m c⋅ cp c T c|x

c ( T c|x +dx −T c|x )

eat transfer coefficient acting is U .
w transfered from the hot fluid at T sat
id at T c is
⋅Δx)⋅( T sat −T c )

Microsoft Equation
3.0
nits

1 . 57)

NTU ) ( 1 . 56)
Microsoft Equation
NTU ) (1 . 56a ) 3.0
 References

www.piping-tools.net
Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz@vtr.net

[1] Heat and mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995

[2] Heat transfer

J. P. Holman
McGraw-Hill, 1989

[3] Berdahl and Fromberg, page 527

http://www.ceen.unomaha.edu/solar/documents/SOL_29.pdf

[4] http://www.tak2000.com/data/handbookx.pdf

[5] Heat and mass transfer

Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar Cengel and Ghajar
[6] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afv2p1gJKbA

[7] Productos PECC, Tehmco S.A.

# 7.5, page 7.14

[8] Principles of heat transfer

Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik, Mark S. Bohn
Seventh edition
[9] MPE 635: Electronic cooling
HEEPF
http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/ec/text-pdf/part%20b-9.pdf

[10] Fundamentals of heat ans mass transfer

Frank P. Incropera
Davis P. De Witt
John Wiley and Sons. 1981

[11] Heat transfer

Adrian Bejan
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993

[12] http://wwwme.nchu.edu.tw/Enter/html/lab/lab516/Heat%20Transfer/chapter_8.pdf

[13] Steam velocities

Engineering toolbox
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-velocity-steam-pipes-d_386.html

[14] Convection coefficient values

[15] Example problem

Slide 1 - Chemical Engineering
www.chem.mtu.edu/~crowl/CM3110/Lecture19.pptTraducir esta página

[16] Outlet temperature of an heat exchanger with constant surface temperature

Derivation of equation

[17] Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
5.3 Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-resources/download.php?id=??
5.4 Hydrodynamically fully developed and Thermally Fully Developing Lamina
 http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-resources/download.php?id=86

[18] One Stop Shop in Structural Fire Engineering, Professor Colin Bailey, University of Manchester. All rights res
http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/materialInFire/Steel/HotRolledCarbonSteel/thermalProperties.htm

[19] Steamdat90
Thermodynamic and transport properties of water
Lennart Delin/Johan Nygaard, ÅF-IPK AB

To download these functions see

piping-tools.net
file: Link_to_get_the_Steamdat_functions.xls

http://www.insulation.org/pdf/Insulation_Materials_Spec_Chart_Updated_March_2015.pdf

[20] Insulation Material Specification Chart from NIA Insulation Training Program

Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz@vtr.net
minar Flow

y Developing Laminar Flow

of Manchester. All rights reserved.
dCarbonSteel/thermalProperties.htm