Heat loss rate of a pipe in an indoor location

This routine is defined to work for carbon steel pipe dimensions and with
water / steam as interior fluid. The ambient air and surrounding surfaces are
at the same temperature. The pipe is in a horizontal position.

Input data
1 Pipe nominal diameter dn = 20 in
2 Pipe schedule Sch = 40 -
3 Pipe length L= 22 m
4 Pipe absolute rugosity Rabs = 0.1 mm
5 Insulation material Ins : Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type I
6 Insulation thickness sins_MM = 50 mm
7 Emissivity of exerior sheet Emiss = 0.8
8 Interior fluid Fluid : Superheated steam or subcooled water
9 For saturat. steam or water psatgauge = bar (g) Note 1
10 For superheated steam or pgauge = 8.6 bar (g) Note 2
11 subcooled water t= 225 ºC
12 Interior mass flowrate mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
13 Ambient and walls temp. te = 3 °C
14 Ambient air velocity vMps = 2 m/s
15 Local height above sea level Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.

Result using the single function

Q= HeatFlowRateFromPipeInIndoorLocation(dn, Sch, L, Rabs, In

Q= #VALUE! W

This file is in working. There is a difference in the results of the VBA solution and of the manual solut

Do not delete these rows

Carbon steel pipes

dn Sch Fluid
in - Superheated steam or subcooled water
 1/2 5 Saturated steam
3/4 10 Saturated water
1 20
1 1/2 30
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 STD
14 XS
16 XXS
18 6.35
20 7.14
22 7.92
24 8.74
26 9.53
28 10.31
30 11.13
32 11.91
34 12.7
36 14.27
38 15.88
40 16.66
42 17.48
44 19.05
46 22.23
48 25.4
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
120
144

Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz@vtr.net
 Note 1 Saturated steam or Saturated water
If the fluid is "saturated steam" or "saturated water", there is no need to input any value
in the cells of "pgauge" and "t" corresponding to the case of "superheated steam or subcooled water".
Any value in those cells will not be considered.

Note 2 Superheated steam or Subcooled water

If the fluid is "superheated steam or subcooled water", there is no need to input any value
in the cell of "psatgauge" corresponding to the case of "saturated steam" or "saturated water".
Any value in this cell will not be considered.

23.9 °C to 204.4 °C

Results using the array function:

Q= HeatLossOutdoorPipeArray(dn_in, Sch, L_m, Rabs_mm, InsMaterial, InsThickness_mm, Emiss, Fluid, m_KgMin, pSatGauge_bar, pUnsatGauge_bar, tUnsat, tAmb, fi

hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

he = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
hrc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
kpipe = #VALUE! W/(m*K)

kins = #VALUE! W/(m*K)

t1 = #VALUE! ºC
t2 = #VALUE! ºC
t3 = #VALUE! ºC
Ue = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
Q= #VALUE! W

ocation(dn, Sch, L, Rabs, Ins, sins_MM, Emiss, Fluid, psatgauge, pgauge, t, mKgMin, te, vMps, Hasl)

tion and of the manual solution. A correction is required.

Celular insulations
1 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet. C534, Grade I -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
2 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet-High Temp. C534 Grade II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
 3 Elastomeric Tube and sheet-Halogen free. C552 Grade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
4 Cellular Glass Block. C552 Grade 6, Type I -73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
5 Cellular Glass Pipe. C552 Grade 6, Type II -73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
6 Polystyrene Pipe. C578, Type XIII -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
7 Polyisocyanurate. C591 -17.8 °C to 93.3 °C
8 Phenolic Foam Unfaced- C1126, Type III 23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
9 Melamine Foam. C14710 23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
10 Polyolefin Sheet and Tube. C1427 -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
11 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type I 23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
12 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI -17.8 °C to 204.4 °C
13 Polyamid Rigid. C1594, Type II, Grade III, Class I 23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015

eam or subcooled water".

put any value

aturated water".

m_KgMin, pSatGauge_bar, pUnsatGauge_bar, tUnsat, tAmb, fi_%, v_mps, Hasl_m)

73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
3.3 °C to 93.3 °C
 °C to 93.3 °C
-73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
-17.8 °C to 93.3 °C
23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C
3.9 °C to 204.4 °C
Heat loss rate of a pipe in an indoor location

This routine is defined to work for carbon steel pipe dimensions and with
water / steam as interior fluid. The ambient air and surrounding surfaces are
at the same temperature. The pipe is in a horizontal position.

Input data
Pipe nominal diameter dn = 20 in
Pipe schedule Sch = 40 -
Pipe length L= 22 m
Pipe absolute rugosity Rabs = 0.1 mm

Insulation material Ins : Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI

Insulation thickness sins = 50 mm
Emissivity of exerior sheet e= 0.8

Interior fluid Fluid : Superheated steam

For saturat. steam or water psat = 8 bar (g)
For superheated steam or p= 8.6 bar (g)
subcooled water t= 225 ºC
Interior mass flowrate m= 1200 kg/min

Ambient and walls temp. te = 3 °C

Ambient air velocity v= 2 m/s
Local height H= 0 m.a.s.l.

Initially assumed temperatures:

Pipe average temperature tave_pipe = 224.3 °C (Note 1)

Insulation a tave_ins = 124.9 °C (Note 2)

Exterior insulation temp. t3 = 26.1 °C (Note 3)

Pipe dimensi

Pipe exterio diameter Insulation exterior diameter

de_p = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn de_ins = di_ins + 2 * sins
de_p = #VALUE! mm di_ins = #VALUE!
 de_p = #VALUE! m sins = 50
Naming de_ins = #VALUE!
d2 = de_p de_ins = #VALUE!
d2= #VALUE! m Naming
Pipe interior diameter d3 = de_ins
di_p = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch d3 = #VALUE!
di_p = #VALUE! mm
di_p = #VALUE! m Help variables
Naming Exterior insulation surface
d1 = di_p A3 = p * d3 *L
d1= #VALUE! m d3 = #VALUE!
Pipe wall thickness L= 22
sp = Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch A3 = #VALUE!
sp = #VALUE! mm Interior pipe surface
sp = #VALUE! m A1 = p * d1 *L
d1 = #VALUE!
Insulation dimensions L= 22
Insulation interior diameter A1 = #VALUE!
di_ins = de_p
de_p = #VALUE! mm
di_ins = #VALUE! mm
di_ins = #VALUE! m

Inside convection Saturated water

Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_R
Calculation is performed by means of three dn = 20
VBA finctions. Sch = 40
RabsMM = 0.1
The selected fluid state is: PbarGauge = 8
Superheated steam Hasl = 0
hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K) mKgMin = 1200
hi = #VALUE!

Saturated steam
Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_R
dn = 20
Sch = 40
 RabsMM = 0.1
PbarGauge = 8
Hasl = 0
mKgMin = 1200
hi = #VALUE!

Superheated steam or Subcooled water

Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside
dn = 20
Sch = 40
RabsMM = 0.1
PbarGauge = 8.6
t= 225
Hasl = 0
mKgMin = 1200
hi = #VALUE!

hi = =SI(F19="Superheated steam",N100,SI(Y(F19="Saturated steam"),N89,SI(Y(F19="Saturated water

Radiation coefficient U factor

Heat flow from inside fluid to a room
hrad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 23 +T 2e ) with ambient and surrounding surfaces at
hrad = e*s*(T3+Te)*(T3^2+Te^2) temperatures "te".
e= 0.8 - From file: "U factor for resistances in
s= 0.0000000567 W/(m²*K4) series and in parallel" ( sheet U_factor)
T3 = 299.2 K 1
U 3=
1 r3
( ) ( )
r3 r2 r3 r 1
Te = 276.2 K +¿ ⋅ln + ⋅ln 3 +

( )
hi r1 kp r 1 k ins r2 h rad
he⋅ 1+
hrad = 4.33 W/(m²*K) he

U3 = 1 / ( (1/hi)*(r3…
hi = #VALUE!
r3 = #VALUE!
r1 = #VALUE!
kpipe = 46.5
r2 = #VALUE!
kins = #VALUE!
he = #VALUE!
hrad = 4.33
U3 = #VALUE!
Check of temperatures and heat flows

Pipe interior temperature t1 Insulation exterior temperature t3

Q= hi * A1 * (ti-t1) Heat flow trough exterior cylinder
t1 = ti - Q / (hi * A1) 2⋅π⋅k 2⋅ L
q= ⋅( t 2 −t 3 )

()
ti = 225.00 ºC r3
ln
Q= #VALUE! W r2
q
hi = #VALUE! W/(m²*K) t 2−t 3 = (c )
2⋅π⋅k 2⋅ L
A1 = #VALUE! m²

()
r3
t1 = #VALUE! ºC ln
r2

t3 = t2 - Q * ln(r3/r2) / ( 2 * p * kins * L )
Pipe exterior temperature t2 t2 = #VALUE!

Heat flow trough interior cylinder Q= #VALUE!

2⋅π⋅k 1⋅ L
q= ⋅( t 1−t2 ) r3 = #VALUE!
()
r2
ln
r1 r2 = #VALUE!
q
t 1−t2 =
2⋅π⋅k 1⋅ L
(b ) kins = #VALUE!

()
r2 L= 22
ln
r1
t3 = #VALUE!
t2 = t1 - Q * ln(r2/r1) / ( 2 * p * kp * L )
t1 = #VALUE! ºC
Q= #VALUE! W
r2 = #VALUE! m
r1 = #VALUE! m
kp = 46.53 W/(m*K)
L= 22 m
t2 = #VALUE! ºC
Do not delete these rows

Carbon steel pipes

dn Sch Steam/Water 4

in - Superheated steam

1/2 5 Saturated steam

3/4 10 Saturated water

1 20 Subcooled water

1 1/2 30

2 40
 3 60

4 80

5 100

6 120

8 140

10 160
12 STD
14 XS
16 XXS
18 6.35
20 7.14
22 7.92
24 8.74
26 9.53
28 10.31
30 11.13
32 11.91
34 12.7
36 14.27
38 15.88
40 16.66
42 17.48
44 19.05
46 22.23
48 25.4
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
120
144
 General comment.
This routine is not fully automated. It is required to use the
macro DQ that iterates the outer surface temperature of
the insulation t3, which has been initially assumed.
Furthermore, the average temperatures of the insulation and
of the pipe must be initially assumed as well.
This routine is also presented in a fully automated version,
written in VBA (see sheet "Indoor pipe_VBA).

-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C

Note 1. Average temperature of the pipe tave_pipe

This temperature has to be initially assumed and then replaced by
the calculated value.

Note 2. Average temperature of the insulation tave_ins

This temperature has to be initially assumed and then replaced by
the calculated value.

Note 3. Exterior insulation temperature t3

This temperature has to be initially assumed. Once the calculated
temperature t3 is available, the assumed value shall be replaced
by the new value (when using a manual calculation).
This process must be repeated until the assumed and the new
calculated values have a difference that is considered acceptable.
The iteration can be done by activating the macro DQ. This macro
uses Solver and replaces the assumed temperature t3 by a
calculated value.

Pressures Exterio convection

Local ambient pressure at local height H Combined natural and forced

patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 exterior convection coefficient for a
mm H= 0 m.a.s.l. horizontal tube (a VBA function used).
 mm patm = 101,325 Pa (see equation in Note 4)
mm patm = 1.01325 bar de =
m v=
Fluid pressure ts =
Case of saturated fluids tamb =
m p= pgauge_sat + patm he =
pgauge_sat = 8 bar (g)
patm = 1.01 bar
psat = 9.01 bar
ssat_vap = #VALUE!
m tsat = #VALUE! °C
m Exterior insulation temp.
m² Case of non saturated fluids (this value is initiallt assumed)
p= pgauge + patm t3 =
pgauge = 8.6 bar (g) t3K =
m patm = 1.01 bar
m p= 9.61 bar
m² t= 225 °C

Interior temperature
ti = =SI(F19="Superheated steam",N100,SI(Y(F19="Saturated steam"),N89,SI(Y(F19="
ti = 225 °C

Note 4 he = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_

SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

dn
-
mm
bar (g)
m.a.s.l.
kg/min
W/(m²*K)

SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

dn
-
 mm
bar (g)
m.a.s.l.
kg/min

m or Subcooled water
n_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn
-
mm
bar (g)
°C
m.a.s.l.
kg/min
W/(m²*K)

89,SI(Y(F19="Saturated water"),N79,N100)))

Heat flow rate from interior to exterior

de fluid to a room temperature
Q=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )
urrounding surfaces at
Q=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )
U 3=
1 r3
( )
r for resistances in Qi-e = U3 * A3 * (ti - te ) r3 r2
lel" ( sheet U_factor) U3 = #VALUE! W/(m²*K) +¿ ⋅ln +
h i r1 kp r1
1 A3 = #VALUE! m²

) ( )
r3 r 1
2
+ ⋅ln 3 + ti = 225 °C
( )
1 k ins r2 h rad
he⋅ 1+
he te = 3 °C
Qi-e = #VALUE! W (Eq. 1)
(Eq. 1) U3 =
W/(m²*K) Heat flow from exterior surface to
m exterior ambient and surfaces.
m Qext = (he + hr) * A3 * (t3-te)
W/(m*K) he = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
m hr = 4.33 W/(m²*K)
W/(m*K) A3 = #VALUE! m²
W/(m²*K) t3 = 26.09 ºC
W/(m²*K) te = 3 °C
W/(m²*K) Qext = #VALUE! W
temperature t3 Exterior convection heat flow The calculated heat flow acc. (Eq.1) is

gh exterior cylinder Qc = he * A3 * (t3-te) Qext =

he = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)
( t 2 −t 3)
A3 = #VALUE! m² The calculated heat flow based on
t3 = #VALUE! ºC the calculated insulation outside
(c ) te = 3 °C temperature is
⋅L
Q= #VALUE! W Qi-e =

. Exterior radiationn heat flow DQ =

/ ( 2 * p * kins * L ) Qrad = hrad * A3 * (t3-te) DQ =
ºC hrad = 4.3 W/(m²*K) #VALUE!

W A3 = #VALUE! m²
m t3 = #VALUE! ºC
m te = 3 °C
W/(m*K) Q= #VALUE! W Average insulation temperature
m tave_insul =
ºC Exterior heat flow t2 =
Q= Qc + Qrad t3 =
Qc = #VALUE! W tave_insul =
Qrad = #VALUE! W
Q= #VALUE! W Average steel temperature
tave_pipe =
t1 =
t2 =
tave_pipe =
 te= 3

ti = 225 °C

t1 =
#VALUE! °C

t2 =#VALUE! °C t3 = #VALUE! °C

Celular insulations
1 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet. C534, Grade I -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
2 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet-High Temp. C534 Grade II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
3 Elastomeric Tube and sheet-Halogen free. C552 Grade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
4 Cellular Glass Block. C552 Grade 6, Type I -73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
5 Cellular Glass Pipe. C552 Grade 6, Type II -73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
6 Polystyrene Pipe. C578, Type XIII -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
7 Polyisocyanurate. C591 -17.8 °C to 93.3 °C
 8 Phenolic Foam Unfaced- C1126, Type III 23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
9 Melamine Foam. C14710 23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
10 Polyolefin Sheet and Tube. C1427 -73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
11 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type I 23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
12 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI -17.8 °C to 204.4 °C
13 Polyamid Rigid. C1594, Type II, Grade III, Class I 23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015
Page 1

Calculation procedure
1.- Iteration process for the exterior 4.- Repeat steps 1 to 3 until all three
insulation temperature assumed and calculated values are OK.
This process can be performed by the
Macro DQ.
This macro finds the temperature t3 that Result
is required to match the condition Q= #VALUE! W
(DQ/Qext) * 100 having a value near zero, Q= #VALUE! kW
by changing the assumed value of t3.
If the value of the term (DQ/Qext) * 100
is less than "1%" the iteration is
considered to be successful.

Heat flow difference

DQ = Qi-e Qext
DQ = #VALUE!

#VALUE!

Once the iteration is finished, the values

of the calculated average pipe and
insulation temperatures must be entered
in the input cells.

2.- Pipe average temperature Constant

tave_pipe = #VALUE! °C s= 0.0000000567 W/(m²*K4)

g= 9.80665 m/s²

3.- Insulation average temperature Kelv = 273.15 K

tave_insul = #VALUE! ºC

Page 2
erio convection

mbined natural and forced Thermal conductivities

erior convection coefficient for a
zontal tube (a VBA function used). Pipe conductivity at average temp.
e equation in Note 4) (sheet Conductivities)
#VALUE! mm kpipe = 54 - 0.0333 * t
7.200 km/h tave_pipe = 224.3 °C
26.09 °C kpipe = 46.53081 W/ ( m * K)
3 °C
#VALUE! W/(m²*K) Insulation conductivity at average
temperature (a VBA function is used).
kins = Insulation_Conductivity_Ins_tave
Ins = Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI
tave_ins = 124.90 ºC
kins = #VALUE! W(m*K)
erior insulation temp.
s value is initiallt assumed) Inside fluid temperature
26.09 °C For the case of saturated fluids
299.24 K Psat = 8

="Saturated steam"),N89,SI(Y(F19="Saturated water"),N79,N100)))

nt_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Page 3
 Page 4

=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )

1
3=
1 r3
( ) ( )
r3 r2 r3 r3 1 Microsoft Editor de
+¿ ⋅ln + ⋅ln + ecuaciones 3.0

( )
h i r1 kp r 1 k ins r2 h rad
he⋅ 1+
he

1 / ( (1/hi)*(r3/r1) + (r3/ksteel)*ln(r2/r1) + (r3/kins)*ln(r3/r2) + 1/( he*( 1+(hrad/he)) ) )

 Page 5

calculated heat flow acc. (Eq.1) is

#VALUE! W

calculated heat flow based on

calculated insulation outside

#VALUE! W

abs( Qext - Q)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

rage insulation temperature

( t2 + t3 ) / 2
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC

rage steel temperature

( t1 + t2 ) / 2
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
#VALUE! ºC
 Page 6

°C

Page 7

73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
3.3 °C to 93.3 °C
°C to 93.3 °C
-73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
73.3 °C to 204.4 °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
-17.8 °C to 93.3 °C
 23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
23.9 °C to 93.3 °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 °C
23.9 °C to 204.4 °C
-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C
3.9 °C to 204.4 °C
-17.8 °C to 204.4 °C
 Thermal conductivities of celular insulations

Conductivity VB function (Note 2)

t= 25 °C
Insulation = Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI
k= #VALUE! W/(m*K)

Insulations with material, temperature range and equatons

Celular insulations
1 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet. C534, Grade I -73.3 °C to 23.9
2 Elastomeric Tube and Sheet-High Temp. C534 Grade II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °
3 Elastomeric Tube and sheet-Halogen free. C552 Grade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C
4 Cellular Glass Block. C552 Grade 6, Type I -73.3 °C to 204
5 Cellular Glass Pipe. C552 Grade 6, Type II -73.3 °C to 204
6 Polystyrene Pipe. C578, Type XIII -73.3 °C to 2
7 Polyisocyanurate. C591 -17.8 °C to
8 Phenolic Foam Unfaced- C1126, Type III 23.9 °C to 93
9 Melamine Foam. C14710 23.9 °C t
10 Polyolefin Sheet and Tube. C1427 -73.3 °C to 23
11 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type I 23.9 °C to 2
12 Polyamid Foam. C1482, Type VI -17.8 °C to 20
13 Polyamid Rigid. C1594, Type II, Grade III, Class I 23.9 °C to 204.

Note 1 The function contains only celular insulations. Pending, fibrous and granular insulations.
Note 2 The VB function receive as input:
- the insulation average temperature t [°C]
- the insulation material, selected from the drop down list
If the given temperature is within the stated temperature range, the function will show the
value of the conductivity of the selected material at the given temperature [W(/m*K)].
If the given temperature is not within the stated temperature range, a message will be
shown and finally the function will show a "N/A" message in lieu of a conductivity value.

Do not delete this rows.

They contain the information used by the drop down lis

Celular insulations. Original table in imperial units, will be transforme

http://www.insulation.org/pdf/Insulation_Materials_Spec_Chart_Updated_March_2015.pdf

Table of Celular Ins

Elastomeric Elastomeric
Elastomeric Tube and Tube and
Physical Tube and sheet-High sheet-
Properties sheet Temp Halogen free
Type of Material Cellular Cellular Cellular

ASTM Standard C534 C534 C534

Grade I Grade II Grade III

Max. Temp (°F) 220 350 250

Min. Temp (°F) -297 -297 -297
Mean. Temp. (°F) Apparent thermal conductiv
-100 0.21 0.21 0.21
0 0.26 0.26 0.26
75 0.28 0.3 0.28
200 N/A 3 0.38 0.31
400 N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A 2
600 N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 2

Table of Celu
 1 2 3
Elastomeric Elastomeric
Elastomeric Tube and Tube and
Physical Tube and sheet-High sheet-
Properties sheet Temp Halogen free
Type of Material Cellular Cellular Cellular

ASTM Standard C534 C534 C534

Grade I Grade II Grade III

Max. Temp (°C) 104 177 121

Min. Temp (°C) -183 -183 -183
Apparent thermalMean.
conductivity, Max. (Btu * in / (h * ft² * F) at Mean temperature
Temp. (°C)
-73.3 0.0303 0.0303 0.0303
-17.8 0.0375 0.0375 0.0375
23.9 0.0404 0.0433 0.0404
93.3 N/A 0.0548 0.0447
204.4 N/A N/A N/A
 (Note 1)

-17.8 °C to 204.4 °

ange and equatons (Note 3 Tmin Tmax Conductivity equation k = f(t) [W / (m*K) ]
°C °C
-73.3 °C to 23.9 -73.3 23.9 -0.0000006*t^2 + 0.00007*t + 0.039
de II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C -73.3 93.3 7e-9*t^3+2e-7*t^2+1/10/1000*t+0.0399
rade6, Type II -73.3 °C to 93.3 °C -73.3 93.3 3E-9*t^3 - 4e-7*t^2 + 7e-5*t + 0.0389
-73.3 °C to 204. -17.8 204.4 -1.2/100/1000/1000/1000*t^4 + 4/1000/1000/1000*t^3 + 2/10/1
-73.3 °C to 204. -73.3 204.4 3/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 2/10/1000*t + 0.0444
-73.3 °C to 23 -73.3 23.9 3/10/1000/1000 *t^2 + 1/10/1000 * t + 0.0341
-17.8 °C to -17.8 93.3 1/1000/1000 * t^2 - 8/1000/1000*t + 0.0282
23.9 °C to 93. 23.9 93.3 0.000145381824 * t + 0.02248802976
23.9 °C t 23.9 93.3 0.000228457152 * t + 0.03781081248
-73.3 °C to 23. -73.3 23.9 -4/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 7/100/1000 *t+ 0.049
23.9 °C to 2 23.9 204.4 4/10/1000 * t + 0.0365
-17.8 °C to 20 -17.8 204.4 -3/1000/1000/1000 * t^3 + 1.5/1000/1000 * t^2 + 2/10/1000 *t
23.9 °C to 204.4 23.9 204.4 3/10/1000 * t + 0.0295

nular insulations. Note 3

The validity range of temperatures, corresponds to the range required to obtain with a single function
(conductivity as a function of temperature), a value of the conductivity with a maximum deviation of 10%.
unction will show the It is worth mentioning that for most materials, the error is significantly less than the aforementioned 10%.
ature [W(/m*K)]. Temperature ranges considered in the Reference Table [20] are, in several cases, higher than those indicated
a message will be in the conductivity functions group. This, because it was not possible to find a simple function that could
conductivity value. cover the full range of the reference, without obtaining errors larger than 10%

perial units, will be transformed into SI units

Spec_Chart_Updated_March_2015.pdf

Table of Celular Insulations, in Imperial Units [20]

Phenolic Polyolefin
Cellular Cellular Polystyrene Poly iso- Foam Melamine Sheet and Polymid Polymid
Glass Glass Pipe pipe cyanurate Unfaced Foam Tube Foam Foam
Block
Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular
C552 C552
Grade 6, Grade 6, C578 C591 C1126 C1410 C1427 C1482 C1482
Type I Type II Type XIII Type III Trype I Trype VI

800 800 165 300 257 350 200 400 572

-450 -450 -297 -297 -290 -40 -150 -328 -328
Apparent thermal conductivity, Max. (Btu * in / (h * ft² * F) at Mean temperature
0.21 0.23 0.181 0.18 0.18 N/A 2 0.29 0.21 0.21
2
0.27 0.29 0.221 0.19 0.18 N/A 0.33 0.27 0.28
0.31 0.34 0.259 0.19 0.18 0.3 0.35 0.32 0.34
0.4 0.43 N/A 3 0.26 0.25 0.41 N/A 3 0.51 0.5
0.58 0.63 N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A 3 N/A 2 0.82 0.82
3 3 3 3 2 3
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

Table of Celular Insulations, in SI [20]

 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Phenolic Polyolefin
Cellular Cellular Polystyrene Poly iso- Foam Melamine Sheet and Polymid Polymid
Glass Glass Pipe pipe cyanurate Unfaced Foam Tube Foam Foam
Block
Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular
C552 C552
Grade 6, Grade 6, C578 C591 C1126 C1410 C1427 C1482 C1482
Type I Type II Type XIII Type III Trype I Trype VI

427 427 74 149 125 177 93 204 300

-268 -268 -183 -183 -179 -40 -101 -200 -200
n temperature
0.0303 0.0332 0.0261 0.0260 0.0260 N/A 0.0418 0.0303 0.0303
0.0389 0.0418 0.0319 0.0274 0.0260 N/A 0.0476 0.0389 0.0404
0.0447 0.0490 0.0374 0.0274 0.0260 0.0433 0.0505 0.0462 0.0490
0.0577 0.0620 N/A 0.0375 0.0361 0.0591 N/A 0.0736 0.0721
0.0837 0.0909 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1183 0.1183
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015

[20]

00/1000/1000*t^3 + 2/10/1000/1000*t^2 + 1/10/1000*t + 0.0413

/1000 * t^2 + 2/10/1000 *t + 0.0425

Polymid
Rigid
Celular

Cellular
C1594
Type II
Grade III
Class I
600
-423

0.066 -100
0.138 0
0.246 75
0.396 200
0.648 400
NotStated 600
 13
Polymid 1 Btu *in /(h * ft² * F) = 0.144228 W/(m*K)
Rigid BtuToWatt = 0.144228
Celular

Cellular
C1594
Type II
Grade III
Class I
316
-253

0.0095 -73.3
0.0199 -17.7778
0.0355 23.9
0.0571 93.3333
0.0935 204.4
Exterior convection on a horizontal
pipe exposed to ambient conditions
[5], Eq. (9.41), Chapter 9, page 487

Input
Use the appropriate function for dn = 12 in
the pipe material dextmm = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn
dextmm = #VALUE! mm
Wind velocity v= 30 km/h
Pipe surface temperature ts = 226.85 °C
Ambient temperature tamb = 26.85 °C

Natural convection Module: a_Outside_Natural_Conv

Single functions:
Nunatural = Natural_convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = Natural_convection_coefficient_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Natural_convection_array_horizontal_tube_in_still_air_dextmm_tsurf_tamb

Nunatural = #VALUE! -
henatural = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Ranatural = #VALUE! -

Nu: Nusselt number

Ra: Rayleigh number
Re: Reynolds number

Combined natural an forced convection

 1
Auxiliary variables
Nu combined =( Nu nforced + Nu nnatural )n
Exterior diameter
d
Nu=h⋅
de = #VALUE! mm k

( () ( ))
n 1
d d n n d
de = #VALUE! mm hcombined⋅ = hnforced⋅ +hnatural⋅ n
k k k
Film temperature
( () k )
⋅( )
n 1
k d n n d
hcombined = ⋅ hnforced⋅ +hnatural n
tfilm = (tamb + ts) / 2 d k

(( ) [ )
1
k d n n
tamb = 26.85 °C hcombined = ⋅ ⋅ h forced + hnnatural ] n
d k
t s= 226.85 °C 1

() [
1
k d n⋅
hcombined = ⋅
d k
n⋅ hn
forced +h n
natural
n
]
tfilm = 126.85 °C
1
= ⋅( )⋅[ h
k d
Thermal conductivity hcombined
d k
n n
forced +h natural ] n

k= #VALUE! W/(m*K) 1
hcombined =[ hnforced +h nnatural ]n
with
n=4
1
hcombined =[ h4forced +h 4natural ]4
1
hcombined =[ ]
4 4 4
hforced +h natural
Rows with pipe data. Do not delete
Carbon steel
Size SCH/PN Size SCH
1/2 5 1/2 5
3/4 10 3/4 10
1 20 1 20
1 1/2 30 1 1/2 30
2 40 2 40
3 60 3 60
4 80 4 80
5 100 5 100
6 120 6 120
8 140 8 140
10 160 10 160
12 STD 12 STD
14 XS 14 XS
16 XXS 16 XXS
18 0 18
20 0 20
22 0 22
24 0 24
26 0 26
28 0 28
30 0 30
32 0 32
34 0 34
36 0 36
38 0 38
40 0 40
42 0 42
44 0 44
46 0 46
48 0 48
0 0
0 0
Forced convection Module: b_Outside_Forced_Conv
Single functions:
Nuforced = Forced_convection_Nusselt_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = Forced_convection_coefficient_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Array funtions
Array: Forced_convection_array_tube_in_air_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb(dextmm, Vkmh, tsurf, tAmb)

Nuforced = #VALUE! -
heforced = #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
Reforced = #VALUE! -

Combined natural and forced convection Module: c_Outside_Combined_Conv

Single functions:
Nucombined = Combined_Convection_Nusselt_horizontal_tube_Material_dn_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = Combined_Convection_Coefficient_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Array function
Array: Combined_Convection_array_horizontal_tube_dextmm_Vkmh_tsurf_tamb

Nucombined = #VALUE! -
he_Combined = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Eq. (9-41), [5], page 487

1
hcomb = ( hforc^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)
Nu combined =( Nu forced + Nu natural n
n n
) hforc = #VALUE!
hnat= #VALUE!
With the exponent "n" with a value in the hcomb = #VALUE!
range of 3 and 4. Used value, n = 4

Combined natural and forced convection

3.- Combined natural and forced convection
NuCombined = Abs( (NuNat)^n ± (NuForc)^n )^(1/n)
with n≈ 3÷ 4
(The Nusselt-value is not very sensible to the n-vale

Combined natural and forced convection

Nusselt number
From [5]
NuCombined = Abs(( NuNat)^n ± (NuForc)^n )^(1/n)
NuNat = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
NuForc = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
Let
n= 4
and consider the case where both effects shall
be added: (+) signus
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)

Convection coefficient
he_Conv = NuCombined * k / d
NuCombined = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
k= #VALUE! W / (m*K)
d= #VALUE! m
he_Conv = #VALUE! W/(m2*K)
Stainless steel HDPE 100 Material
dn Sch Dn [mm] PN [bar] 1 Rabs [mm]
1/8 5S 16 4 Carbon steel 0.1
1/4 10S 20 6 Stainless steel 0.01
3/8 40S 25 8 HDPE PE100 0.007
1/2 80S 32 10
3/4 40 12.5
1 50 16 Heating or cooling of flow
1 1/4 63 20 1 HorC
1 1/2 75 H 0.4
2 90 C 0.3
2 1/2 110
3 125
3 1/2 140 Annex B
4 160 'Nusselt number
5 180
6 200 'Inside convection for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipe
8 225 'Following relation is recommended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6
10 250 'This relation may gives errors as large a 25%
12 280
14 315 NuD = 0.023 * Re ^ 0.8 * Pr ^ n
16 355
18 400 'Petukov equation. This relation may gives errors less than a 10%
20 450 NuP = ((f / 8) * (Re) * Pr) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-
22 500
24 560 'Gnielinski (1976)- A modification of Petukov equation.
30 630 'The accuracy of this equation at lower Reynolds numbers
710 is improved, in relation to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-7
800
900 NuG = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2
1000 Thefriction factor will be calculated using Colebrook equation
1200 instead of Petukov formula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
1400
1600
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015

orc^4+hnat^4 )^(1/4)
W/(m2*K)
W/(m2*K)
W/(m2*K)
 Ref

[7], #7.5

ully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes.

commended by Dittus and Boelter.[2] Eq. 6-4, on page 274
s errors as large a 25%

relation may gives errors less than a 10%

r) / (1.07 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1)) Petukov equation for smooth tubes
[1], Eq. (4.42), page 270, or [5] Eq. (8-65), page 441
odification of Petukov equation. f=
quation at lower Reynolds numbers Re =
to Petukov equation [5], page 441, Eq. (8-70) f=

000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3)-1))

e calculated using Colebrook equation
mula [5] Eq. (8-65) for smooth tubes.
 VBA functions for interior turbulent convection with saturated wate
Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mK
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mK

dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
PbarGauge = 8 bar (g) Sat.
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE!

Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn = 20 dn
Sch = 40 -
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
t= 225 °C
PbarGauge = 8.6 bar (g)
Hasl = 0 m.a.s.l.
mKgMin = 1200 kg/min
hc = #VALUE! W/(m²*K)

Manual calculation for interior turbulent convection with saturated w

h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!

Saturated water Saturated vapor

psat = 8 bar (g) psat = 8

Local ambient pressure Local ambient pressure

Local height Local height
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
H= 0 m.a.s.l. H= 0
patm = 101,325 Pa patm = 101,325

Fluid pressure Fluid pressure

p= pguage + patm p= pguage + patm
pguage = 8 bar (g) pguage = 8
 patm = 1.01 Pa patm = 1.01
p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01

Saturation temperature Saturation temperature

p= 9.01 bar p= 9.01
ssat_steam = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) ssat_steam = #VALUE!
tsat = #VALUE! °C tsat = #VALUE!

Saturation water properties Saturation steam properties

t= #VALUE! °C t= #VALUE!
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!

Pipe nominal diameter Pipe nominal diameter

dn = 20 in dn = 20
Pipe schedule Pipe schedule
Sch = 40 - Sch = 40
Interior pipe diameter Interior pipe diameter
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Inside section area Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2 Ai = (p/4) * di^2
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!

Relative rugosity Relative rugosity

Rrel = Rabs / di Rrel = Rabs / di
Rabs = 0.1 mm Rabs = 0.1
di = #VALUE! mm di = #VALUE!
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!

Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Q= m/r Q= m/r
m= 1200 kg/min m= 1200
m= 20 kg/s m= 20
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3 r= #VALUE!
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!

Velocity Velocity
v= Q / Ai v= Q / Ai
Q= #VALUE! m³/s Q= #VALUE!
Ai = #VALUE! m² Ai = #VALUE!
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!

Reynolds Reynolds
 Re = v*d/n Re = v*d/n
v= #VALUE! m/s v= #VALUE!
di = #VALUE! m di = #VALUE!
n= #VALUE! m²/s n= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!

Friction factor Friction factor

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_R
Rrel = #VALUE! - Rrel = #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!

Nusselt Nusselt
Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f /
f= #VALUE! - f= #VALUE!
Re = #VALUE! - Re = #VALUE!
Pr = #VALUE! - Pr = #VALUE!
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!

Convection coefficient Convection coefficient

h= Nu * k / d h= Nu * k / d
Nu = #VALUE! - Nu = #VALUE!
k= #VALUE! W/(m*k) k= #VALUE!
d= #VALUE! m d= #VALUE!
h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE!
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.20

with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam
absMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

absMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

_Hasl_mKgMin

n with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K)

Saturated vapor Not saturated water or steam

bar (g) p= 8.6 bar (g)

t= 225 °C
Local ambient
Local height
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l.
.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
m.a.s.l. H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Pa patm = 101,325 Pa

Fluid pressure
p= pguage + patm
bar (g) pguage = 8.6 bar (g)
 Pa patm = 1.01 Pa
bar p= 9.61 bar

Subcooled or super heated steam

bar properties
kJ/(kg*K) t= 225 °C
°C p= 9.61 bar
r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3
m properties Pr = #VALUE! -
°C n= #VALUE! m²/s
'kg/m3 k= #VALUE! W/(m*k)
-
m²/s
W/(m*k)

Pipe nominal diameter

in dn = 20 in
Pipe schedule
- Sch = 40 -
Interior pipe diameter
mm di = #VALUE! mm
m di = #VALUE! m
Inside section area
Ai = (p/4) * di^2
m di = #VALUE! m
m² Ai = #VALUE! m²

Relative rugosity
Rrel = Rabs / di
mm Rabs = 0.1 mm
mm di = #VALUE! mm
- Rrel = #VALUE! -

Volume flow rate

Q= m/r
kg/min m= 1200 kg/min
kg/s m= 20 kg/s
'kg/m3 r= #VALUE! 'kg/m3
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s

Velocity
v= Q / Ai
m³/s Q= #VALUE! m³/s
m² Ai = #VALUE! m²
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s

Reynolds
 Re = v*d/n
m/s v= #VALUE! m/s
m di = #VALUE! m
m²/s n= #VALUE! m²/s
- Re = #VALUE! -

Friction factor
pe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
- Rrel = #VALUE! -
- Re = #VALUE! -
- f= #VALUE! -

Nusselt
- 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
- f= #VALUE! -
- Re = #VALUE! -
- Pr = #VALUE! -
- Nu = #VALUE! -

Convection coefficient
h= Nu * k / d
- Nu = #VALUE! -
W/(m*k) k= #VALUE! W/(m*k)
m d= #VALUE! m
W / (m²*K) h= #VALUE! W / (m²*K)
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015

eam

team
^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))
7.- Heat flow of a system consisting in a pipe surrounded
by ambient and surfaces at the same temperature

Resistances working in parallel R=R conv +R pipe + R ins + Rext

i

( ) ( )
r ep r eins
Inside convection resistance ln ln
1 1 r ip r iinns
1
Rconv = R= + + +
i
hi⋅A i hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L he⋅A 3 + hrad⋅A3
Pipe conduction resistance

Rpipe =
() r
ln ep
r ip
1
ln
()r2
r1
ln
()
r3
r2
1
2⋅π⋅k p⋅L U= + + +
Insulance conduction resistance
hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L he⋅A 3 +hrad⋅A3

()
r eins
ln t i −t e
r iins q=U⋅( t i −t e ) =
Rins = R
2⋅π⋅kins⋅L
Case of a system where there is a heat flow

() ()
from the outer surface by convection to the r2 r3
ambient and by radiation to surounding
ln ln
1 r1 r2
1
surfaces at the same ambient temperature . R= + + +

( )
hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L h
Convection exterior resistance
he⋅A 3⋅ 1+ rad
he
1
Rconv = 1
he⋅A 3 U=

() ()
Radiation exterior resistance r2 r3
ln ln
1 r1 r2
Rrad = 1 1
hrad⋅A 3 + + +

( )
hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L hrad
The equivalent exterior resistance is he⋅A 3⋅ 1+
Microsoft Editor de
1 1 1 he
= + ecuaciones 3.0
Rext R conv R rad
1 1 1 A
= + 1
Rext 1 1 U=

() ()
r2 r3 A
he⋅A 3 hrad⋅A3 ln ln
1 1 r1 r2 1
=h ⋅A +h ⋅A + + +
Rext e 3 rad 3

( )
hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L h
Rext =
1 Microsoft Editor de he⋅A 3⋅ 1+ rad
he⋅A 3+h rad⋅A 3 ecuaciones 3.0 he
 U=
1 A3 Radiation coefficient

() () Q= A 3⋅F⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 −T e )
r2 r3 A3 4 4

s
) 1
1
+
ln
+
r1
ln
+
1 r2
with
( )
+ hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L h
s⋅ L he⋅A 3 + hrad⋅A3
he⋅A 3⋅ 1+ rad
he
F=1
Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 34 −T 4e )
A3
U= Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 32−T 2e )⋅( T 23
() ( )
r2 r3
1 ln ln
+ A3 r1 r2 A Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 −T e )( T 3 +
ns⋅ L he⋅A 3 + hrad⋅A3 + A 3⋅ + A 3⋅ + 3

( )
hi⋅A 1 2⋅π⋅k p⋅ L 2⋅π⋅k ins⋅ L hrad
h e⋅A3⋅ 1+ with
he
A3
hrad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 23 +T
U=
Q= A 3⋅hrad⋅( T 3 −T e )
( ) ( )
r2 r3
ln ln
r1 r2
r3
+ A3 + A 3⋅ +
1 ( T 3−T e )
Q=
( )
hi⋅r 1 r3 r3 h
1 2⋅π⋅ ⋅k p⋅ L
r3
2⋅π⋅ ⋅k ins⋅ L he⋅ 1+ rad
r3 he
1
+
s⋅ L
(
he⋅A 3⋅ 1+
hrad
he ) U=
A3 A 3⋅hrad
1 r3 r3
() ( )
r2 r3 r3 1
+ ¿ ⋅ln + ⋅ln +
hrad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 23 +T
( )
hi r 1 k p r 1 k ins r2 h
he⋅ 1+ rad
he
Q=U⋅( t i−t e )
1
+ A 3⋅( t i−t e )
Q=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )
ns⋅ L
( )
hrad Q=
he⋅A 3⋅ 1+
he
1 r3 r3 r r
( )
r
+ ¿ ⋅ln 2 + 3 ⋅ln 3 +
1
( )
( )
hi r 1 k p r 1 k ins r2 h
he⋅ 1+ rad
he hrad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T
A3 with
A3 U 3=
1
U 3=
1
1 r3 r3 r r
( )
+¿ ⋅ln 2 + 3 ⋅ln 3 +
r 1
() 1 r3 r3 r2
()
+
( ) +¿ ⋅ln +
hi r 1 k p r 1 k ins r2 hrad
ns⋅ L
( )
hrad h e⋅ 1+
he
h i r1 k p r1
he⋅A 3⋅ 1+
he Q=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )
 Rev. cjc. 09.06.2015

Radiation coefficient
Q= A 3⋅F⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 −T e )
4 4
Microsoft Editor de
with ecuaciones 3.0
F=1
Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 34 −T 4e )
Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 32−T 2e )⋅( T 23 +T 2e )
Q= A 3⋅ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 −T e )( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 3 +T e ) Microsoft Editor de
2 2
ecuaciones 3.0
with
rad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 3 +T e )
2 2

Q= A 3⋅hrad⋅( T 3 −T e )
Microsoft Editor de
( T 3 −T e ) ecuaciones 3.0
Q=
1
A 3⋅hrad

)( )
2 2
(
rad =ε⋅σ⋅ T 3 +T e ⋅ T 3 +T e

Q=U 3⋅A 3⋅( t i−t e )

hrad =ε⋅σ⋅( T 3 +T e )⋅( T 23 +T 2e )

1
U 3=
1 r3 r3
() ()
r2 r3 r3 1
+¿ ⋅ln + ⋅ln +

( )
hi r1 k p r 1 k ins r2 h rad
he⋅ 1+
he
 References

www.piping-tools.net
Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz@vtr.net

[1] Heat and mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995

[2] Heat transfer

J. P. Holman
McGraw-Hill, 1989

[3] Berdahl and Fromberg, page 527

http://www.ceen.unomaha.edu/solar/documents/SOL_29.pdf

[4] http://www.tak2000.com/data/handbookx.pdf

[5] Heat and mass transfer

Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar
[6] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afv2p1gJKbA

[7] Productos PECC, Tehmco S.A.

# 7.5, page 7.14

[8] Principles of heat transfer

Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik, Mark S. Bohn
Seventh edition

[9] MPE 635: Electronic cooling

HEEPF
http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/ec/text-pdf/part%20b-9.pdf

[10] Fundamentals of heat ans mass transfer

Frank P. Incropera
Davis P. De Witt
John Wiley and Sons. 1981

[11] Heat transfer

Adrian Bejan
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993
[12] http://wwwme.nchu.edu.tw/Enter/html/lab/lab516/Heat%20Transfer/chapter_8.pdf

[13] Steam velocities

Engineering toolbox
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-velocity-steam-pipes-d_386.html

[14] Convection coefficient values

[15] Example problem

Slide 1 - Chemical Engineering
www.chem.mtu.edu/~crowl/CM3110/Lecture19.pptTraducir esta página

[16] Outlet temperature of an heat exchanger with constant surface temperature

Derivation of equation

[17] Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
5.3 Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-resources/download.php?id=??
5.4 Hydrodynamically fully developed and Thermally Fully Developing Lamina
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-resources/download.php?id=86

[18] One Stop Shop in Structural Fire Engineering, Professor Colin Bailey, University of Manchester. All rights res
http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/materialInFire/Steel/HotRolledCarbonSteel/thermalProperties.htm

Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz@vtr.net
minar Flow

y Developing Laminar Flow

of Manchester. All rights reserved.

dCarbonSteel/thermalProperties.htm