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Microcomputer-based simulation of heat conduction

between solid of tapered shape and the fluid
1. Purnima Shrivastava*,1
Univ. Deptt. of Physics, Patna University , Patna,INDIA
Simulating the heat conduction in between a solid conducting body immersed in fluid at a given temperature is a difficult
task, particularly when the body is tapered in shape and the costs have to be kept low.
The body in question is cylindrical, symmetrical about z-axis, tapered in shape and has been heated to a high
temperature before being immersed into fluid .The heat conduction equation in cylindrical polar coordinates with all
derivative boundary conditions is attempted to be solved in two ways-- first analytically making use of Bessel's function and
then by numerical modelling with the help of Finite Difference method. and equations thus formed have been solved
through ADI explicit and Implicit ( Peaceman Rachford ) scheme on microcomputer. The paper is an account of work
already done on this and includes further possibilities for general solution with analytical methods and a suitable low-cost
numerical solution . Also possible analogy with flow of fluids have been explored.
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1 Introduction
A solid of tapered shape heated up to 900 oC and then immersed into a bath containing fluid constantly at
50oC . The governing equations to be solved are

(1/c2 ).∂T/∂t = ∂2T/∂r2 +(1/r)( ∂T/∂r) + ∂2T/∂z2 . e1

under the boundary conditions :--

∂ T/∂r = 0 at r = 0 b1
∂ T/∂z = 0 at z = 0 b2
∂ T/∂z = 0 at z = L b3
k.∂ T/∂r = - h.( T–50) at r=rm . b4 rm = r on the surface

2. Analysis and Workouts ---

2.1 The analytical solution has been obtained in three parts[4]

i) solving (1/c2).∂T/∂t = ∂2T/∂r2 +(1/r)( ∂T/∂r) for heat flow in a circular plate .
ii) solving (1/c2).∂T/∂t = ∂2T/∂z2 for heat flow in one dimension .
iii) combining the above two
β = m’/c2
βr = x ,
x. ∂2R/∂x2 +( ∂R/∂x) + x.R = 0 …… which is Bessel’s equation of second order .

Solving under the given boundary conditions, finally,

T = B‘ .e – [(nπc)2/L2 +m’]t .Cos(nπ /L)z . J0(βnr ) , where B’ and m’ still have to be found out.
B’ is found applying the surface boundary condition .
For particular solution β = 0.001 => m’ = (0.001*c2) = 0.001*(1/15.43)

Further the general solution may be obtained by


T=  an. e – [(nπc)2/L2 +m’]t) .Cos(nπ /L)z . J0(βnr ) an may be derived using Orthogonal property of Bessel’s Functions [2].

2.2 Numerical Method -- ADI explicit scheme applied to the governing equation gives
T(i,j,k+1) = (1+a1)*T(i,j,k) + a2*T(i+1,j,k) + a3*T(i-1,j,k) + a4*T(i,j+1,k) + a4*T(i,j-1,k);
a1 = -( 2*Δt*c2/(Δr)2+2*Δt*c2/(Δz)2); a2 = Δt*c2( 1/(Δr)2+1/(2*(i*Δr)*Δr)); a3 = Δt*c2*( 1/(Δr)2-1/(2*(i*Δr)*Δr));

*
Corresponding author:purnima_shri@hotmail.com, Phone: +91 0612 2687210

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Section 00 2

a4 = Δt*c2*( 1/(Δz)2)
Under the boundary conditions
T(i+1,j,k)-T(i-1,j,k)= 0 at r = 0 b1
T(i,j+1,k)-T(i,j-1,k)= 0 at z = 0 b2
T(i,j+1,k)-T(i,j-1,k)= 0 at z = L b3
T(i+1,j,k)-T(i-1,j,k)= (h/kc)*delr*(T(i,j,k)-50) at r on surface b4

The above model was solved by writing program thro’ MATLAB and the result obtained for r=0 has been plotted thro’
MS-EXCELL .

The equations were modelled by Implicit ADI (Peaceman Rachford) method as :

T(i+1,j,k+1) . a1 + T(I-1,j,k+1) .a1 - T(i,j,k+1) . (1+ 2a1) = -[ T(i,j+1,k).a2 + T(i,j-1,k).a2 + T(i,j,k).(1-2a2)
T(i+1,j,k+21) . a2 + T(I-1,j,k+2) .a2 - T(i,j,k+2) . (1+ 2a2) = -[ T(i,j+1,k+1).a1 + T(i,j-1,k+1).a1 + T(i,j,k).(1-2a2)
a1 = Δt*c2* 1/(Δx)2 ; a1 = Δt*c2* 1/(Δy)2 ;
which gave rise to matrix equations to be solved at time steps denoted by k ,but memory requirements were high .
2.1.2 Figures
The data though was obtained for all r at each z at every time step , the graph has been plotted here only for r = 0 .

Explicit/Im plicit ADI schem es

905
900
temp

895
890
885
0 100 200 300 400
tim e

Fig. 1 for r=0

h=50*0.000001 ; kc = 50*0.001; Length of the cylinder lz=55; Radius at top rl = 25; Radius at base r0=10;
c= 1/sqrt(15.43);

3 Conclusion
The objective of this paper had been to explore low cost simulation processes for the discussed heat transfer problem .
Analytical method though an ideal one gives best solutions r=0. For r>0 it is still cumbersome due to number of constants
and needs further consideration . Explicit ADI method on the other hand, provides a reliable tool as program in MATLAB .
The programs have also be prepared and run in ‘C’ on a microcomputer for moderate dimensions . For great dimensions
change in algorithm shall be required to reduce array size .

Implicit ADI method for the present problem gave almost same result but was performed for less time steps due to greater
memory requirements .

The setup gave a working low cost infrastructure which be refined further using sparse matrices techniques and
other analytical/computational techniques .

References
[1]B.S. Rajput, Mathematical Physics (Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 1999), p. 590-591, 593-594, 596
[2] A.V. Luikov, Heat and Mass Transfer (Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1980), p. 127-128, p. 134 .
[3] Irwin Remson ,Hornberger George M. ,Molz Fred J. , Numerical methods in Subsurface Hydrology , (Wiley Interscience,
New York, 1971), p. 207- 216

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