Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.

) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
INSTITUTION 
Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
:
NAME OF TOPIC: APPLIED
OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand
TEACHER: MECHANICS
SUBJECT: HYDRAULICS LESSON: FLOW IN A PIPE
CLASS: F4-7 ENROLMENT: 45 DURATION: 50 Minutes
SPECIALTY: CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:

OPERATIONAL PEDAGOGIC OBJECTIVE

At the conclusion of this course, the student will

• Be able to calculate the Reynolds number for pipe flow with specified flow
conditions
• Be able to determine whether a specified pipe flow is laminar or turbulent
flow for specified flow conditions
• Be able to calculate the entrance length for pipe flow with specified flow
conditions
• Be able to calculate the Hydraulic radius, Wetted perimeter
• Be able to use the Darcy Weisbach equation to calculate the required diameter
for a given flow rate of a specified fluid through a pipe with known length
and roughness, with specified allowable head loss.
• Be able to use the Darcy Weisbach equation to calculate the fluid flow rate
through a pipe with known diameter, length and roughness, with specified
frictional head loss.

PRE-REQUISITES: Students have knowledge on the displacement of the fluids and

the head losses; and calculate rate.

KEY POINTS: Out-Flow, linear loss of head for the fluid, laminar flow, turbulent flow.

NEW VOCABULARY: Hydraulic radius, Wetted perimeter, laminar flow, turbulent

flow

DIDACTICMATERIAL AND DOCUMENT

TEACHERS STUDENTS
Chalk board, ruler, and pointer Exercise books, pen, pencil, ruler
Duster, notes, books, pen, pencil and hand Eraser, compass
out

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

CONTENTS:
I- DEFINITION
II- LAMINAR FLOW
III- TURBULENT FLOW
IV- NUMBER OF REYNOLDS
V- FORMULA OF DARCY-WEISBACH

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

TEACHER DOCUMENT

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

CHAPTER V: FLOW IN A PIPE

I- DEFINITION
The term pipe flow in this course is being taken to mean flow under pressure in a pipe,
piping system, or closed conduit with a non-circular cross-section. Calculations for gravity
flow in a circular pipe, like a storm sewer, are done with open channel flow equations. Flow is
the volume of liquid which cross one given straight section due one unity of time.

II- TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

II-1 LAMINAR FLOW
In a laminar flow, the particles of the fluid move in a straight parallel arranged in layer or
in gill.

II-2 TURBULENT FLOW

In a turbulent flow, the particles of the fluid move at random in all directions. It is
impossible to describe the movement of the particle.

III- REYNOLDS NUMBER

The Reynolds number that is sense dimension, represent the report of the strengths of
inertia à the strengths of viscous rubbing.

 For the full circular hoses, the noted Reynolds number (Re)
V .d. ρ μ
Re= ν=
μ if ρ
V .d
Re= C .h F
ν μ= V with C= S

V : Medium speed in m/s

d : Diameter of the hoses in m

ν : Kinematic viscosity in m²/s

ρ : Density of fluid in Kg/m3

F: the force maintaining the particle in Kg

C : constrained in Kg/m²

h: in m²/s²

S: Surface area maintaining in m²

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand
School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
2
μ: absolute viscosity in Pa.s or Kg/m/s ;N-s/m (1Pe=10Po=103CPo)
 For the sections non circular
V . ( 4 Rh )
Re=
Rh: Hydraulic radius ν
χ : Wetted perimeter in m (The wet perimeter is the line of contact between the partitions and the fluid)

S: Wetted section in m (The wet section is the part of the section occupied by water)

r Pipe full, Rh=r/2 r Full half, Rh=r/2

χ =2 πr S=πr ² 1
and or r is radius S= π.r ²
χ =π . r 2
Remarque: and

From Reynolds experience if is known that:

. If Re < 2000 the flow is laminar

. If Re > 2000 the flow is turbulent

Application exercise
To determine the type of flow having in one pipe of 305mm and if 15° and 20° one has a
viscosity of 1.142 m²/s and 1.007 m²/s respectively

- When water has 15.6oc circulates à the speed of 1.067m/s

Solution:

ν 1) viscosity

20°-15°=1,007-1,142
1,14
2 x 20°-15,6=1,007- x

1,007 4,4x0,135+5x1,007
X=
5 =1 ,125.10-
6
15° 15,6° T° m²/s
20°
2) Reynolds number −6
ν=1 ,125 .10 m ²/ s
V .d 1 , 067 x 0 , 305
Re= = =289275 ,56
ν 1 ,125 .10−6
⇒ Re=289275 ,56>2000
The Reynolds Number is greater than 2000, so the flow is turbulent

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
FORMULA OF DARCY-WEISBACH
The formula of Darcy-Weisbach constitutes the foundation to leave of which one values the
linear loss of head for the fluid flow in the hoses of duct.

V 2. L
Jl = λ
2g.d
32μVL 64
2
- In laminar flow in circular pipes, the head loss is given by Jl = ρ .gD and λ = Re

λ LV 2 0,316
¿
1/4
- In turbulent flow the head loss Jl = 2gD and ƛ = (Re {)

 V is the velocity in the pipe in m

 D is the diameter of the pipe in m
 L is the length of the pipe in m
V2

 2g Is the height due to the speed in m

 λ Factor of rabbins
 Jl is the linear head loss of the fluid in m

Application exercise
Of viscosity oil μ=0,101Pa.s absolute and de=0,850 circulates in L=3000m of hoses of melting of
diameter 300mm the rhythm of 44,4 l/s

What is the head loss in the hoses?

The data: μ=0,101Pa.s; de=0,850; L=3000m Ø=300mm and Q=44,4 l/s

2 V .d
λ LV Re= 64
Jl = 2gD with ν and λ = Re
The head loss is:

 Calculated the velocity Q=S.V them V=Q/S

So V=4*(44,4*10-3)/ (π * 0,30²) = 0,628m/s V=0,63m/s
 Calculated the head loss

LV 2 64 V ² xL 64 μ V ² L 64( μ VL) 64(0 , 101 x 0 , 63 x 3000 )

Jl=λ = x = x = = =7 ,98 m
2 gD Re 2 gD VD ρ 2 gD 2 g ρφ ² 2 x 10 x0 ,85 . 103 x 0 ,30 ²

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
Jl =7,98m

ASSIGNMENT

Exercise: Water at 50oF is flowing at 0.6m3/s through a 1/3m diameter pipe. What is
the Reynolds number of this flow? Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
Solution: The density and viscosity of water at 50oF are: ρ = 1.94 kg/m3 and
μ = 2.73 x 10-5 kg-sec/m2.
The water velocity, V, can be calculated from V = Q/A = Q/(πD2/4) = 0.6/[π(1/3)2/4] =
6.9 m/sec.
Substituting values into Re = DVρ/μ gives:
Re = (1/3)(6.9)(1.94)/(2.73 x 10-5), or Re = 1.6 x 105.
The Reynolds Number is greater than 2000, so the flow is turbulent.

Example 1: To estimate the loss of head in 200 ft of 6-in. asphalted cast-iron pipe carrying water with a
mean velocity of 6 fps: in Fig 2, for 6 in. diam (bottom scale),

The diagonal for asphalted cast iron” gives — = 0.0008 (left-hand margin).

In Fig. 3, for 6 in. diam (left-hand margin), the diagonal for V = 6 fps gives R=2.5 (105) (bottom scale) (or,
instead of using Fig.3, computer VD” = 6x6= 36). In Fig. 1, locate from the right-

Hand margin the curve for — = 0.0008 and follow this curve to a point above

R=2.5 (105) on the bottom scale (or below VD” = 36 on the top scale). This point gives F = 0.02 (left hand
margin), then

L V2 (200) (6)2

h/ = ƒ — — = 0.02 — — = 4.5 ft friction loss

D 2g (0.5) 64.3

Example2: To estimate the loss of head per 100 ft in a 15-in new cast-iron pipe, carrying water with a mean
velocity of 20 fps:

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
In Fig. 2, for 15 in. diam ( bottom scale), the diagonal for “cast

iron” gives E = 0.0007 (left-hand margin). In fig. 3, for 15 in

Diam (left-hand margin) the diagonal for V = 20 fps gives R =

2 (106).(or, instead of using Fig.3, compute VD” = 20 X 15 = 300)

In Fig. 1 the curve for E = 0.0007 ( interpolating between)

0.0006 and 0.0008, right-hand margin, at a point above R= 2 (106) (bottom scale) (or below VD” = 300, top
scale) gives F = 0.018 (left-hand margin). In this case the point on fig. 1 falls just on the boundary of the region
of “ complete turbulence, rough pipes.” Here R or VD’’ need only be approximated sufficiently to see that the
point falls in the complete turbulence region, and F can then be found directly from the right-hand margin in
Fig. 2 without further reference to Fig. 1, then

L V2 (100) (20)2

h/ = ƒ — — = 0.018 — — = 4.5 ft friction loss

D 2g (1.25) 64.3

= 8.95 or , say 9 ft friction loss

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

STUDENT’S DOCUMENT

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

CHAPTER V: FLOW IN A PIPE

I- DEFINITION
The term pipe flow in this course is being taken to mean flow under pressure in a pipe,
piping system, or closed conduit with a non-circular cross-section. Calculations for gravity
flow in a circular pipe, like a storm sewer, are done with open channel flow equations. Flow is
the volume of liquid which cross one given straight section due one unity of time.

II- TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

II-1 LAMINAR FLOW
In a laminar flow, the particles of the fluid move in a straight parallel arranged in layer or
in gill.

II-2 TURBULENT FLOW

In a turbulent flow, the particles of the fluid move at random in all directions. It is
impossible to describe the movement of the particle.

III- REYNOLDS NUMBER

The Reynolds number that is sense dimension, represent the report of the strengths of
inertia à the strengths of viscous rubbing.

 For the full circular hoses, the noted Reynolds number (Re)

V : Medium speed in m/s

d : Diameter of the hoses in m

ν : Kinematic viscosity in m²/s

ρ : Density of fluid in Kg/m3

F: the force maintaining the particle in Kg

C : constrained in Kg/m²

h: in m²/s²

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION
S: Surface area maintaining in m²

2
μ: absolute viscosity in Pa.s or Kg/m/s ;N-s/m (1Pe=10Po=103CPo)
 For the sections non circular
V . ( 4 Rh )
Re=
Rh: Hydraulic radius ν
χ : Wetted perimeter in m (The wet perimeter is the line of contact between the partitions and the fluid)

S: Wetted section in m (The wet section is the part of the section occupied by water)

Application exercise
To determine the type of flow having in one pipe of 305mm and if 15° and 20° one has a
viscosity of 1.142 m²/s and 1.007 m²/s respectively

- When water has 15.6oc circulates à the speed of 1.067m/s

Solution:

IV- FORMULA OF DARCY-WEISBACH

The formula of Darcy-Weisbach constitutes the foundation to leave of which one values the
linear loss of head for the fluid flow in the hoses of duct.
Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand
School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

32μVL 64
2
- In laminar flow in circular pipes, the head loss is given by Jl = ρ .gD and λ = Re

λ LV 2 0,316
¿
1/4
- In turbulent flow the head loss Jl = 2gD and ƛ = (Re {)

 V is the velocity in the pipe in m

 D is the diameter of the pipe in m
 L is the length of the pipe in m
V2

 2g Is the height due to the speed in m

 λ Factor of rabbins
 Jl is the linear head loss of the fluid in m

Application exercise
Of viscosity oil μ=0,101Pa.s absolute and de=0,850 circulates in L=3000m of hoses of melting of
diameter 300mm the rhythm of 44,4 l/s

What is the head loss in the hoses?

ASSIGNMENT

Example 1: Water at 50oF is flowing at 0.6 cfs through a 4” diameter pipe. What is the
Reynolds number of this flow? Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012
 Higher Technical Teachers Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) BAMBILI
PRACTICAL PEDAGOGIC EXAMINATION

If the density and viscosity of water at 50oF are: ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3 and μ = 2.73 x 10-5
lb-sec/ft2

Solution:

Presented by OWONA BIHINA Hubert Bertrand

School year 2011-2012