College of

Engineering
Civil Engineering
Department
2ND Sem / AY 2022 - 2023

LECTURE NOTES

CE 3215 - HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
MR. SACHI RAIN LICCUD
CE - 3 / 18-1619-398

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JUCAR B. FERNANDEZ, MSCE
INSTRUCTOR
 LECTURES NOTES

RUBRICS
Incomplete Satisfactory Exemplary
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(More than 2 seen errors) than 10 seen
Criteria Weightage discussions -All discussion errors) Score Instructor’s
were not seen is present -All discussion Remarks
on the notes) is present
100% 4-5 6-8 9 -10
MS Word
Format (all 20%
are type-
written)

The lecture
notes 70%
contents

The
reflection 10%

TOTAL SCORE

Checked by:

Engr, Jucar B. Fernandez, MSCE

Instructor

CE3215 - Hydraulics Engineering

 LECTURES NOTES

Table of Contents
PRELIMS.......................................................................................................................................3
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS..........................................................................................................4
SAMPLE PROBLEMS................................................................................................................7
HYDROSTATIC FORCE...........................................................................................................10
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................12
MIDTERMS.................................................................................................................................15
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW....................................................................................16
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................18
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES............................................................................................................22
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................28
FINALS.........................................................................................................................................37
WEIR............................................................................................................................................38
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................43
OPEN CHANNEL.......................................................................................................................46
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................48
^CRITICAL STAGES OF OPEN CHANNEL.........................................................................52
SAMPLE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................58

CE3215 - Hydraulics Engineering

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PRELIMS

CE3215 - Hydraulics Engineering

 LECTURES NOTES

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Hydraulics -deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids,
usually water or oil. Hydraulics deal with such problems as the flow of liquids through pipes or in an
open channel, the design of storage dams, pumps, and water turbines, and with other devices for the
control or use of liquids, such as nozzles, valves, jets, and flowmeters.

Mass Density, ρ (RHO) -the density of the fluid is its mass per unit volume
mass of fluid , M
ρ=
volume , V
Units:
slugs
English:
f t3
gram
Metric: 3
cm
kg
SI: 3
m
p
Pslugs = lbm
9.81
- For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law
p
ρ=
RT
Where:
p=absolute pressure of gas ∈Pa
Joule
R=gas constant
kg∗° K
For air:
J
R=287
kg∗° K
ft
R=1,716lb−
slug∗° R
T =absolute temperature∈° Kelvin
° K=℃+273
° R=℉ + 460
Specific Volume ( V S ) -is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid
1
V s=
ρ
Unit weight (γ ) -is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid
weight of fluid , W
γ=
volume ,V
γ= ρg
Units:

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 LECTURES NOTES

lb
English: 3
ft
dyne
Metric :
c m3
N kN
SI : 3 ∨ 3
m m
ρ=¿
kg
Glycerin=1260
m3
kg
H g=13,600 3
m
kg
H 2 o=1000 3
m
kg
Gasoline=720 3
m
kg
Ammonia=602 3
m
Specific Gravity (s.g) -is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some standard reference density.
ρliquid
s . g=
ρwater
For water at 4 ℃
lb kN
γ=62.4 3
=9.81 3
ft m
slugs kg
ρ=1.94 3
=1000 3
ft m
s=1.0
Viscosity μ (MU) -the property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces.
A perfect fluid would have no viscosity
τ
μ=
dV
dy
Where:
lb
τ =shear stress∈ 2
∨Pa
ft
sec
μ=absolute viscosity∈lb∙ 2 ∨Pa−sec
ft
y=distance between the plates∈ft∨m
ft m
U =velocity∈ ∨
s s
Kinematic Viscosity, v (NU)- is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, μ, to its mass density, ρ .
μ
v=
ρ

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 LECTURES NOTES

Where:
μ=absolute viscoty ∈Pa−sec
kg
ρ=density ∈ 3
m
Surface Tension, σ (SIGMA)- the membrane of "skin" that seem to form on the free surface of a fluid is
due to the intermolecular cohesive forces, and is known as surface tension.
Pressure inside a droplet of liquid:
4σ
p=
d
Where:
N
σ =surface tension∈
m
d=diameter of the droplet∈m
p=gage pressure∈Pa
Capillarity-is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in
a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of
the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
4 σcosθ
h=
γd
for complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle θ is 0° . Hence the formula becomes
4σ
h=
γd
Compressibility- is the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant
temperature process.
dV
−
V
β=
dp
Where:
∆ V =change∈ volume
V =original volume
∆ p=change∈ pressure
dV
=change ∈volume
V
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity- expresses the compressibility of the fluid.
−dp
E B=
dV
V
Pressure Disturbances- imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or celerity of pressure wave is
expressed as:

Property Changes in Ideal Gas

c=
√ √
EB
p
=
1
βp

For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of state is given by:
p1V 1 p2V 2
=
T1 T2
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When temperature is held constant, it reduces to Boyle's Law

p1 V 1=p 2 V 2
When temperature is held constant (isothermal condition), it reduces to Charle's Law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
For Adiabatic or Isentropic Conditions (no heat exchanged)
k k
p1 V 1= p2 V 2
Where:
p1=initial absoulte pressure of gas
p2=final absolute pressure of gas
V 1=initial volume of gas
V 2=final volume of gas
T 1=initial absolute temperature of gas∈° K
T 2=final absolute temperature of gas∈° K
k =ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure ¿ the specific heat at constant volume

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 LECTURES NOTES

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu. m. Find its (a) weight, W, (b)
unit weight, y, (c) mass density, p, and (d) specific gravity (s).
Solution:
(a)
Weight ,W =Mg=(1,200)(9.81)
Weight ,W =11,772 N ∨11.772 kN

(b)
W 11.772
Unit Weight , γ = =
V 0.952
kN
Unit Weight , γ =12.366 3
m

(c)
M 1200
Density , ρ= =
V 0.952
kg
Density , ρ=1260.504 3
m

(d)
ρgly 1260.504
Specific gravity , s= =
ρwater 1000
Specific gravity , s=1.261

PROBLEM #2
A liquid compressed in a container has volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1 Mpa and a volume of 0.995
liter at a pressure of 2 Mpa. Calculate the bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid.
Solution:
dp
−
dV
E B=
dV
V
−1 MPa
E B=
−0.005 Li
1 Li

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E B=200 MPa

PROBLEM #3
If 9 cu.m of ideal gas at 24 degrees Celsius and 150 kPa is compressed to 2 cu.m. Solve for A. resulting
pressure at isothermal condition. B. resulting pressure and temperature at isentropic process. Used k=1.3
(a)
p1 V 1=p 2 V 2
p1=150 kPa
3
v1 =9 m
p2=?
3
v 2=2 m
T =24 ° C+273=297 ° K
150 kPa ( 9 m 3 )=P2 ( 2 m3 )
P2=675.000 kPa ¿

(b)
k k
P1 V 1=P2 V 2
P2=1059.906 kPa
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
9 m3 2 m3
=
297 ° K T 2
T 2=56.200 ° K

PROBLEM #4
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube at 3mm. Used Sigma=0.0728 N/m. unit
weight of water=9810 N/Cu.m
Solution:

h=
4σ
=
(
4 0.0728
N
m )
yd N
9810
∗0.003 m
m3
h=0.099 m∨99.000 mm

PROBLEM #5
A sonar transmitter operates at 2 impulses pre second. If the device is held to the surface of the freshwater
(modulus of elasticity=2.04*10^9 Pa). How deep is the water? Note: the echo is received midway
between impulses
Solution:

c=
√ EB
ρ

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√
9
2.04∗10 Pa
c=
kg
1000 3
m
m
c=1428.286
s
2 h=ct
1
∗1
2 1
t= ,t=
2 4

(
2 h= 1428.286
m 1
s 4
s )( )
h=178.536 m

PROBLEM #6
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 2 mm. Use surface tension=
0.0625 N/m
Solution:
N
4(0.0625 )
4σ m
h= =
(9810 mN ) ( 0.002 m )
yd
3

h=0.013 m∨13.000 mm

PROBLEM #7
If the viscosity of water at 70 degrees Celsius is 0.00402 poise and its SG is 0.978. Determine the ff: a.)
absolute viscosity, b) kinematic viscosity in stokes, unit.
(a)
poise∗0.1 Pa−sec
0.00402
1 poise
−4
μ=4.02∗10 Pa∗sec
μ=0.0004 Pa∗sec

(b)
μ 0.0004 Pa∗sec
v= =
( )
p kg
1000 3 ( 0.978 )
m
m2
v=0.0000004
s
2
m
∗1 stoke
s
0.0000004
m2
0.0001
s
v=0.004 stoke
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PROBLEM #8
Calculate the density of water vapor at 350 kPa abs and 20 degrees Celsius if its gas constant is 0.462 kPa
m3/kg degree kelvin.
Solution:
p
ρ=
RT
350 kPa
ρ=
( )
3
kPa∗m
0.462 ( 293° K )
kg∗° K
kg
ρ=2.586 3
m

HYDROSTATIC FORCE
Manometer- is a tube, usually bent in a form of a U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the
surface of which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to measure pressure

Types of Manometers:

 Open Type - has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gage pressures
 Differential Type - without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only differences of
pressure.
 Piezometer - The simplest form of open manometer. It is a tube tapped into a wall of a container
or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. The. fluid in the container or conduit rises in
this tube to form a free surface

Limitations of Piezometer:
- -Large pressures in the lighter liquids require long tubes
- Gas pressures cannot be measured because gas cannot form a free surface

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 LECTURES NOTES

Variations in Pressure

p2− p1=γh
Therefore, the difference in pressure between any two points in a homogenous fluid at rest is equal to the
product of the unit weight of the fluid to the vertical distance h between the points

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 LECTURES NOTES

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
kN
An open tank contains 5.8 m of water covered with 3.2m of kerosene ( γ=8 3 ). Find the pressure at the
m
interface and at the bottom of the tank

Solution:
(a)
Pressure at the interface

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 LECTURES NOTES

p A =γ k hk =8 ( 3.2 )
p A =25.600 kPa

(b)
Pressure at the bottom
pB =∑ yh= y w hW + y k +h k
pB =9.81 ( 5.8 ) +8 ( 3.2 )
pB =82.498 kPa

PROBLEM #2
For the manometer shown. Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.

Solution:
P1 p3
+1 ( 13.55 )+ 1.5 ( 0.8 )=
γ γ
p3
0+14.75=
γ
p3
=14.75m of water
γ
p3=14.75 ( 9.81 )
p3=144.698 kPa

PROBLEM #3
Determine the value of y in manometer shown in the figure

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 LECTURES NOTES

Solution:
pA pB
+ 3 ( 0.8 )+ 1.5− y ( 13.6 )=
γ γ
5 pB
+3.9−13.6 y=
9.81 γ
where pB =0
y=0.324 m

PROBLEM #4
In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in kPa in the air chamber

Solution:
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in meters of water
p1 p3
+2−4 ( 0.80 ) =
γ γ
p3
0+2−3.2=
9.81
p1=−11.772 kPa

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 LECTURES NOTES

MIDTERMS

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FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

Discharge or Flow Rate, Q- is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time.
Volume flow rate ,Q=Av
Mass Flow Raate , M =ρQ
Weight of Flow Rate ,W =γQ
Where:
m3 f t 3
Q=discharge∈ ∨
s s
2 2
A=cross−sectional area of flow∈m ∨f t
m ft
v=mean velocity of flow ∈ ∨
s s
kg slugs
ρ=mass density ∈ 3 ∨ 3
m ft
N lb
γ=weight density ∈ 3 ∨ 3
m ft
Steady Flow- this occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant with time. If the
flow Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady

Uniform Flow- this occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream, the average
velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section. This usually occurs when an incompressible fluid
flows through a stream with uniform cross-section. In stream where the cross-sections and velocity
changes, the flow is said to be non-uniform

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Continuous Flow- this occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same

Continuity Equation:
For incompressible fluids:

Q= A 1 v 1=A 2 v 2= A3 v 3 =constant
For compressible fluids:

p1 A ! V 1= p2 A 2 v 2=p 3 A 3 v 3=constant
γ 1 A 1 v 1=γ 2 A2 v 2 =γ 3 A3 v 3 =constant
Laminar Flow- the flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles don't cross or
intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number Re is less than 2,100.
Kinetic Energy- the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity

KE v 2
Kinetic∨velocity head= =
W 2G

For circular pipe of diameter D flowing full:

v2 8 Q2
= 2
2 g π g D4
Elevation Energy- the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to a
datum plane.

Elevation Energy
Elevation head= =z
W
Bernoulli's Energy Theorem- results from the application of the principles of conservation of energy.
Energy Equation without Head lost:

E1=E 2
2
v p1
1 v 22 p 2
+ + z 1= + + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
2
v1 p1
+ +z 2
2g γ v p 2 2
1+¿+HA = + +z +H L ¿ 2 1−2
2g γ
Output Power of Pump=QγHA

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor- turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work
which in turn converted into electrical energy for turbines

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E1−HE −H L1−2=E 2
2
v 1 p1
+ +z v
2
p
2g γ 2 2
1+¿= + + z + H L +HE ¿
2g γ
2 1−2

Input Power of Turbine=QγHE

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec. find (a) the volume flow rate in
m3/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec
Solution:
(a)
π
Q= Av= ( 0.075 ) ( 3 )
2
4
m3
∗1000 lit
s
Q=0.013 3
1m
lit
Q=13.000
s

(b)
M = pQ=1000 ( 0.013 )
kg
M =13.000
s

(c)
W =γQ=9810( 0.013)
N
W =127.530
s

PROBLEM #2
A 100-mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank filled with oil having sp. gr. of
0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how many N/s of oil is being forced out at a 30-mm diameter hole

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Solution:
Since the fluid is incompressible:
Q1=Q2
π 2
Q1= A 1 V 1= ( 0.1 ) ( 0.06 )
4
3 3
m m
Q1=0.00047 , Q2=0.00047
s s
W =γQ=( 9810∗0.82 ) ( 0.00047 )
N
W =3.781
s

PROBLEM #3
What is the volumetric rate of flow (li/sec), mass flow rate (kg/min) and weight flow rate (N/s) of water
from the Manila Bay passing through a pipe with a diameter of 6" and speed of 98.4251 ft/min
a.) Volumetric Rate of Flow (li/sec)
2.54 cm 1m
A=6 in* * =0.1524m
1 in 100cm
ft 12in 2.54cm 1m 1min m
V=98.4251 * * * * =0.500
min 1ft 1in 100cm 60s s
1 2 m
Q=( π ( 0.1524m ) *(0.500 )
4 s
3
m 1000L
Q=0.009121 * 3
s m
Lit
Q=9.121
s

b.) Mass Flow Rate (kg/min)

( )( )
3
kg m 60s
M= 1000 *1.03 * 0.00912 *
m
3
s 1min
kg
M =563.678
min

c.) Weight Flow Rate (N/s)

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 LECTURES NOTES

(
W= 9810
N
m
3
*1.03 )(
* 0.009121
m3
s )
N
W =92.161
s

PROBLEM #4
Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through a 50-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 6.31 lit/s. if the
head lost in the system is 11.58 Joule/N, determine the elevation of the water surface in the reservoir if
the discharge end is at elevation 4 m.

Solution:
L m3
Q=6.31 =0.00631
s s
N∗m
HL=11.58 =11.58 m
N
E1=E 2
2
v1 p1 v 22 p2
+ + z 1−HL= + + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
2
8 ( 0.00631 )
0+ 0+ z 1−11.58= 2 4
+0+ 4
π ( 9.81 ) ( 0.05 )
z=16.101 m

PROBLEM #5
Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a
velocity of 2m/s
Solution:
1 2
m v =mgh
2

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2
v
=h
2g
202
h=
2 ( 9.81 )
h=20.387 m

PROBLEM #6
Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter pipe and then discharges into air as shown in
the Figure. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the pressure needed at point 1 to
cause 17 li/sec of oil to flow.

Solution:
3
m
Q=0.017
s
E1=E 2
2 2
v p11 v p
+ + z 1−H L1−2= 2 + 2 + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
p1 8 ( 0.017 )2
0+ +20−0.6= 2 +0+30
γ π ( 9.81 ) ( 0.15 )
4

p1=10.65 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.84 )

p1=87.737 kPa

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 LECTURES NOTES

FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

Reynolds Number
- For pipes flowing full
' '
v Dp v D
Re = =
μ v
μ
v=
p
Where:
' m
v =mean velocity∈
s
D= pipe diameter∈m
m2
v=kinematic viscosity ∈
s
μ=absolute /dynamic viscosity ∈Pa−s

*For non-circular pipes, use D=4R

4 v ' Rp 4 v ' R
Re = =
μ v
Cross−sectional area of pipe , A
R=
Pipe perimeter , P

ℜ< 2000=Laminar
ℜ> 2000=Turbulent

HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

Major Head Loss, h f
a.) Darcy-Weisbach Formula
'2
fL v
hf=
D 2g
Where:
f =friction fractor
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L=length of pipe∈m∨ft
D= pipe diameter∈m∨ft
' m ft
v =mean∨average velocity∈ ∨
s s
*For Circular pipes
fL 8 Q2
hf= −For english ?
D π 2 g D4
2
0.0826 fL Q
hf = 5
−For SI
D
Value of f:
For Laminar Flow
64 64 μ
f= =
Re v ' Dp
32 μL v '
hf =
pg D2
128 μLQ
For Circular pipes ,h f = 4
πpg D
For Turbulent Flow:
8 v ' 2s
f=
v'2
Where:
v s=shear∨friction velocity
For smooth pipes, Re between 3,000 and 100,000
0.316
f= 0.25
Re
For smooth pipes with Re up to 3,000,000
1
=2 log ( Re √ f ) −0.80
√f
b.) Manning Formula-best known open-channel formula
2 1
'1
v = R 3 S 2 ( SI )
n
2 1
' 1.486 3 2
v= R S ( ENGLISH )
n
Where:
n=roughness coefficient
R=hydraulic radius
s=slope of the energy grade line
hf
S=
L
For Circular pipe:

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 LECTURES NOTES

2 2
10.29 n L Q ( )
hf = 16
SI
D3
For non-circular piper:
2 '2
6.35 n L v ( )
hf = 4
SI
D3
c.) Hazen Williams Formula
' 0.63 0.54
v =1.318C 1 R S ( ENGLISH )
For circular pipes flowing full
2.63 0.54
Q=0.4322C 1 D S
' 0.63 0.54
v =0.849C 1 R S ( SI )
For circular pipes flowing full
2.63 0.54
Q=0.2785C 1 D S
10.67 LQ 1.85
h f = 1.85 4.87
C1 D
Where:
C 1=hazen williams coefficient
D= pipe diameter
R=hydraulic radius
h
S=slope of the EGL= f
L

MINOR HEAD LOSS

a.) Sudden Enlargement
2
( v 1−v 2)
h L= ,∈m
2g
Where:
m
v1 =velocity before enlargement ∈
s
m
v 2=velocity after enlargement ∈
s

b.) Gradual Enlargement

K ( v 1−v 2 )2
hL= ,∈m
2g
c.) Sudden Contraction
2
v
h L =K c
2g
Where:

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 LECTURES NOTES

K c =coefficient of Sudden contraction

v=velocity ∈smaller pipe

d.) Bends and Standard Fittings

2
v
h L =K
2g

PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES

For pipes of different diameters connected in series as shown in the figure below, the discharge in all
pipes are all equal and the total head lost is equal to the sum of the individual head losses

Q1=Q2=Q3=Q
HL=h f 1+ hf 2+h f 3 +h minor
Neglecting minor losses , HL=hf 1 +h f 2 +h f 3
PIPES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL

Q=Q1 +Q2 +Q3

HL=h L1=h L 2=h L3
PIPE NETWORKS
The following conditions must be satisfied in any pipe network:
1. The algebraic sum of the pressure drops (head loss) around any closed loop must be zero and,
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving it
The first condition states that there can be no discontinuity in pressure (the pressure drop through any
route between two junctions must be the same). The second condition is a statement of the law of
continuity
Pipe network problems are usually solved by numerical methods using computer since any analytical
solution requires the use of many simultaneous equations, some of which are nonlinear.

Hardy Cross Method

The procedure suggested by Hardy Cross requires that the flow in each pipe be assumed so that the
principle of continuity is satisfied at each junction. A correction to the assumed flow is computed

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 LECTURES NOTES

successively for each pipe loop in the network until the correction is reduced to an acceptable value
Let
Q a=assumed flow
Q=true flow
α =correction
Q=Q A +α
Using Darcy-Weisbach formula:
0.0826 fL Q2
hf=
D5
2
h f =K Q
∑ K Q2=0
∑ K ( Q a+ α )2 =0
∑ K Q2a +2 ∑ Kα Q A +∑ K α 2 Q A =0
Hence:
−∑ K Q A
2
α=
2∑ K Q A
The correction a is added or subtracted from the assumed flow in order to get the true or corrected flow. It
is added if the direction of flow is clockwise and subtracted if counterclockwise
The general formula in computing the correction α
−∑ K QnA
α=
n ∑ K Qn−1
A
Where:
N=2 for Darcy Weishbach and Manning formulas and n=1.85 for Hazen-Williams formula
Value of K:
0.0826 fL
Darcy , K=
D5
2
10.69n L
Manning , K = 16
D3
10.67 L
Hazen−Williams , K= 1.85 4.87
C1 D

RESERVOIR PROBLEMS

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Types of Reservoir Problems:

1. Given the discharge in one of the pipes, or given the pressure at the junction P, and the required is
the elevation one of the reservoirs or the diameter or length of the one of the pipes
2. Given all the pipe properties and elevation of all reservoirs, find the flow in each pipe, which can
be solved by trial and error
In any of these types, the main objective is to locate the position (elevation) of the energy at the junction
P. This position represents the water surface of an imaginary reservoir at P. The difference in elevation
between this surface and the surface of another reservoir is the head lost in the pipe leading to that
reservoir.
Procedure in Solving Reservoir Problems:
Type 1:
1. With known flow in one pipe leading to or flowing out form a reservoir of known elevation, solve
for its head lost hf
2. Determine the elevation of the EGL at the junction of the pipes by adding or subtracting
(depending on the direction of flow) the head lost in the pipe from the elevation of the water
surface in the reservoir
Pp
3. If the known value is the pressure at P, the elevation of P' is the elevation of P+
y
4. Draw a line from P' to the surface of the other reservoir. These lines represent the EGL's of each
pipe. The difference in elevation between P' and the surface of the reservoir is the head lost in the
pipe
5. Solve for the discharge
Type 2:
1. Given all elevation and pipe properties, determine the direction of flow in each pipe. Of course,
the highest reservoir always have an outflow and the lowest always have an inflow, but the
middle reservoir may have an inflow or outflow
2. To find out the direction in pipe 2, assume that Q2=0 such that P' is at elevation B, then the
values of hf1 and hf3 can be solved. (In the figure shown, hf1=20m and h3=30m). With hf1 and
hf3 known, solve for Q1 and Q3. If Q 1 >Q 3, then Q2 is towards B and P' is above reservoir B. If
Q1 <Q3 then Q2 is away from B and P' is below reservoir B

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3. After determining the direction of Q2, express all the head lost in terms the other, say in terms of
hf1. Let hf1=x

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
A pipe network consists of pipeline 1 from A to B, then at B it is connected pipelines 2 and 3, where it to
merges again at Joint C for a single pipeline 4 up to point D. Pipelines 1, 2 and 4 are series in connection
whereas pipelines 2 and 3 are parallel to each other. If the rate of flow from A to B is 10 liters /sec and-
assuming f = 0.02 for all pipes, Determine the flow in each pipe and the total head lost from A to D.

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Solution:
L
Q1=Q 4=10
s
m3
Q1=Q 4=0.01
s
0.0826 fL Q2
hf=
D5
2
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (3000 )( 0.01 )
h f 1= =1.54875 m
0.25
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (2200 ) ( Q2 )2
h f 2= 5
=1495.63786 Q22
0.3
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) ( 3200 ) ( Q3 ) 2 2
h f 3= 5
=16,520 Q3
0.2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 2800 ) ( 0.01 )2
hf 4= =0.045171875
0.45
h f 2=h f 3
√ 1495.63786Q =√ 16520Q
2
2
2
3
Q 2=3.323470257 Q3
Q1=Q 4=1 Q3+ Q2
m
0.01 =4.323470257Q3
s
m3 L
Q3=0.00231 =2.313
s s
L
Q3=2.313
s

Q2=3.323470257 ( 2.313 )
L
Q2=7.687
s

L
Q1=Q 4=10
s

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HL=h f 1+ hf 2+h f 3
2
HL=1.54875+0.045171875+1495.63786 ( 7.687 )
HL=1.682 m

PROBLEM #2
The total head lost from A to E in the figure shown is 15 m. Find the discharge in each pipe. Assume f =
0.02 for all pipes.

Solution:
Equations:
Q1=Q5
Q5=Q 4
Q1=Q 2 +Q3
h f 2=h f 3 +h f 4
15=hf 1+h f 2 +h f 5
2
0.0826 fL Q
hf=
D5
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) ( 450 ) ( Q1 )
2

h f 1= 5
=9.560185185 Q21
( 0.6 )
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 600 ) ( Q2 )
2
2
h f 2= 2
=31.7184 Q2
( 0.5 )
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) ( 360 ) ( Q23 )
h f 3= 5
=32.22923335Q 23
( 0.450 )
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 480 ) ( Q4 )
2

hf 4= 5
=42.97231113Q24
( 0.450 )

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0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (540 ) ( Q25 )

h f 5= 5
=11.47222222Q25
( 0.6 )
Since Q1=Q 3
15=9.560185185Q21 +31.7184 Q 22 =11.47222222Q21
2 2
15=21.03240741Q 1 +31.7184 Q 2
Since Q3=Q 4
2 2 2
31.7184 Q2=32.22923335 Q3 +42.9723111 Q2
√ 31.7184 Q22=√ 75.20154448Q32
Q3=0.6494448178Q2
Q1=Q2 +Q3=1 Q2 +0.6494448178 Q2
Q1 1.6494448178 Q2
2 2
15=21.03240741Q1 +31.7184 Q 2
2 2
15=21.03240741 ( 1.6494448178 Q2 ) + 31.7184 ( Q2 )
3
m
Q2=0.411
s

Q3=0.6494448178Q2
3
m
Q3=0.267
s

Q1=1.6494448178 Q2
3
m
Q1=0.677
s
3
m
Q4 =Q5=0.267
s

PROBLEM #3
The installation shown in the figure is designed for filling tank trucks with water. The 10-inch line has an
over-all length of 100 feet. The 6-inch line A is 10 feet long. The 10-inch line B is 40 feet long. The
Darcy-Weisbach factor equals 0.02. Neglect minor losses. Determine the total discharge which can be
delivered by this system when all the gate valves are fully open.

Solution:
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Q=Q A =Q B
E1−H L1−2−H L2− A=E A
v 2a
0+ 0+80−H L1−2−H L2−A = +0+ 20
2g
0.02 ( 10 )
∗0.8106 Q2
fL 10
∗v
D 2 12
H L1−2 = =
( )
2g 10
4
32.2
12
2
H L1−2 =0.1252767835Q
0.02 ( 10 ) 2
∗0.8106 Q A
6
12
H L2−A =
32.2 ( )6 4
12
2
H L2−A =0.1611069752 Q A
2 2
80−0.1252767835Q −0.1611069752Q A ( 1 )
1-B
2
vb
z 1−H L1−2 −H L2−B = +20
2g
2
H L1−2 =0.1252767835Q
0.02 ( 40 )
∗0.8106 Q2B
6
12
H L2−B=
32.2 ( )
6 4
12
2
H L2−B=0.6444279009QB (Eq.5)
2 2 2
80−0.125276783 Q −0.6444279009 Q B=0.40270743Q B +20

Subtract Equations:
2 2
60=0.125276783Q +1.047195332 QB
2 2
60=0.125276783Q +0.5368744133 Q A
1.047195322Q2B=0.5368744133 Q2A
Q A =1.396617531Q B
Q=Q A =Q B
Q=2.39617531Qb
QB =0.4172547297 Q
2 2
60=0.1252783962 Q +1.047195332 ( 0.4172547297Q )
2
60=0.3075966798Q

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3
ft
Q=13.966
s

PROBLEM #4
Three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected respectively with pipes 1, 2, and 3 joining at a common
junction P. Reservoir A is at elevation 80 m, reservoir B at elevation 70 m and reservoir C is at elevation
60 m. The properties of each pipe are as follows:
Pipe 1:   L = 5000 m, D = 300 mm
Pipe 2:   L = 4000 m, D = 250 mm
Pipe 3:   L = 3500 m D = ?
The flow from reservoir A to junction P is 0.045 m3/s and f for all pipes is 0.018.
a. Find the elevation of the energy grade line at P in m

0.0826 ( 0.018 ) ( 5000 )( 0.045 )2

h f 1= 5
=6.195 m
0.3
'
P =80−6.195
P' =73.805 m

b. Determine the flow on pipe 2 in m3/s

0.0826 ( 0.018 )( 4000 ) ( Q2 )

2

h f 2=3.805=
( 0.25 )5
3
m
Q2=0.025
s

c. Computer the diameter appropriate for 3 in mm.

h f 3=13.805 m
2
0.0826 ( 0.018 ) ( 3500 ) ( 0.02 )
13.805=
D5
D=172 mm

PROBLEM #5
Determine the flow in each pipe in the figure shown and the elevation of reservoir C if the inflow to
reservoir A is 515 lit/sec.

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Solution:

2
0.0826 ( 0.025 ) ( 600 )( 0.515 )
h f 1= 5
0.6
h f 1=4.226000193m
'
Elevation E =Elevation A+ hf 1=80+4.23
'
Elevation E =84.22600019 m

h f 2=Elevation B−Elevation E' =90−84.22600019

h f 2=5.773999807 m

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2
0.0826 ( 0.03 )( 600 ) Q2
h f 2=5.773999807= 5
0.45
m3
Q2=0.268
s

At junction E:
Q3 +Q2=Q1
Q3=0.515−0.268
m3
Q3=0.247
s

0.0826 ( 0.03 ) ( 900 ) ( 0.247 )2

h f 3= 5
0.45
h f 3=7.373524865 m
' '
Elevation F =Elevaton E +h f 3=84.22600019+7.373524865
Elevation F' =91.59952506 m

h f 5=Elevation F ' −Elevation D=91.59952506−90

h f 5=1.599525055 m
0.0826 ( 0.03 ) ( Q3 )
2

h f 5=1.599525055=
0.455
3
m
Q5=0.199
s

At junction F:
Q4 =Q 3 +Q 5
Q4 =0.247+0.199
m3
Q4 =0.446
s

0.0826 ( 0.03 )( 300 ) ( 0.446 )2

hf 4 = 5
0.45
h f 4 =8.013637726 m
Elevation C=Elevation F' +h f 4 =91.59952506+8.013637726
Elevation C=99.613 m

PROBLEM #6
The pipe network shown in the figure represents a spray rinse system. Find the flow in each pipe. Assume
C1 = 120 for all pipes.

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Solution:

Using Hazen-Williams formula

10.76 L
K= 1.85 4.87
C1 D
10.67 ( 600 )
K AB=
( 120 )1.85 ( 0.3 )4.87
K AB=K BC =K CD =K EF =K FG =K GH =320.8114455
10.76 ( 400 )
K AH =
( 120 )1.85 ( 0.25 )4.87
K AH =K BG=K CF =K DE =519.7221942

Tabulated Values

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Corrections:
−∑ K Q a
1.85
α=
1.85 ∑ K a
0.85

Loop 1: AB, BG, GH, HA:

−16.33636+7.341271−4.531582−26.4653
α=
1.85 ( 81.68180955+ 73.41271121+ 45.31582115+132.3264799 )

α =0.011890324
Loop II: BC, CF, FG, GB:
−4.531582+2.036413−4.531582−7.341271
α=
1.85 ( 45.31582115+40.72825161+ 45.31582115+ 73.41271121)
α =0.014003295

Loop III: CD, DE, EF, FC:

−1.257026+2.036413−1.257026−2.036413
α=
1.85 ( 25.14052588+ 40.72825161+ 25.14052588+40.72825161 )
α =0
Corrected flow:
Q AB=0.2+ 0.011890324
3
m
Q AB=0.212
s
Q BG =0.1+0.011890324−0.014003295
m3
QBG =0.098
s
QGH =0.1−0.011890324
m3
QGH =0.088
s
Q HA=0.2−0.011890324
3
m
Q HA=0.188
s

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QBC =0.1+0.014003295
3
m
QBC =0.114
s
QCF =0.05+ 0.014003295
3
m
QCF =0.064
s
Q FG=0.1−0.014003295
m3
Q FG=0.086
s
QCD =0.05+ 0
m3
QCD =0.050
s
Q DE=0.05+ 0
3
m
Q DE=0.050
s
Q EF=0.05+ 0
3
m
Q EF=0.050
s

FINALS

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WEIR
Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of measuring or
controlling the flow of liquids. weirs have been commonly used to measure the flow of water, but it is
now being adopted to measure the flow of other liquids
 
Classification of Weirs
According to shape, weirs may be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, circular, parabolic, or of any other
regular form. The most commonly used shapes are the rectangular, triangular and the trapezoidal shapes.

Definitions of terms:
i. Nappe - the overflowing stream in a weir.
ii. Crest of weir - the edge or top surface of a weir with which the flowing liquid comes in
contact.
iii. Contracted weirs - weirs having sides sharp-edged, so that the nappe is contracted in width or
having end contractions, either one end or two ends.
iv. Suppressed weir or full width weir - weirs having its length L being equal to the width of the
channel so that the nappe suffers no end contraction
v. Drop-down curve - the downward curvature of the liquid surface before the weir.
vi. Head, H - the distance between the liquid surface and the crest of the weir, measured before
the drop-down curve.

Classification of Weirs:

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According to shape, weirs may be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, circular, parabolic, or of any other
regular form. The most commonly used shapes are the rectangular, triangular, and the trapezoidal shapes.
According to the form of the crest, weirs may be sharp-crested or broad-crested.
The flow over a weir may either be free or submerged. If the water surface downstream from the weir is
lower than the crest, the flow is free, but if the downstream surface is higher than the crest, the flow is
submerged.
Types of Weirs:
1. Sharp-crested Rectangular Weirs

The theoretical velocity of the area is:

v=√ 2 gh
The discharge formula:
3
2
Q= C √2 g L H 2
3
Francis Formula (Neglecting Velocity)
3
Q=1.84 L H 2
Considering Velocity
Q=1.84 ¿

2. Broad-crested Rectangular Weirs

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 LECTURES NOTES

0.65
c=
( )
0.5
H
1+
P
If P is not known:

Q=1.711 ( L ) ( H )
3
2

3. Contracted Rectangular Weirs

3
' 2
Q=1.84 L H
'
L =L−0.2 H

'
L =L−0.1 H

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4. Suppressed Weirs

( )
3
2
Q= C w √ 2 g L H 2
3
0.075 H
C w =0.611+ ( SHARP CRESTED )
P
0.65
C w= ( BROAD)

√ 1+
H
P

5. Triangular Weir

5
8 θ
Q= C √ 2 g tan H 2
15 2

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 LECTURES NOTES

If θ=90 °
5
2
Q=1.4 H

6. Trapezoidal

3 5
2 8 θ
Q= c √ 2 g L H 2 + c √ 2 g tan H 2
3 15 2

7. Cipolletti Weir

θ=
14
0362432
∨tan
−1 1
4 ()
3
Q=1.859 L H 2

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
Determine the discharge of the weir having a head of 0.30 meter in Li/sec
 
A. 90 degrees triangular weir
B. If the trapezoidal weir with slides inclined 14.04 degree with the vertical and a length of crest of 2
meters
C. If the contracted rectangular sharp crested weir 2 meter long is used.

Solution:
(a)
2.5
Q=1.4 H
L
1000
2.5 s
Q=1.4 ( 0.3 ) × 3
m
1
s
L
Q=69.013
s

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(b)
3
2
Q=1.859 L H
L
1000
1.5 s
Q=1.859 ( 2 ) ( 0.3 ) × 3
m
1
s
L
Q=610.930
s
(c)
' 1.5
Q=1.84 l H
'
L =2−0.2 ( 0.3 )
'
L =1.94
1.5
Q=1.84 (1.94 ) ( 0.3 )
L
Q=586.545
s

PROBLEM #2

A weir of 8m long is to be built across a rectangular channel to discharge a flow of 9m3/s. if the
maximum depth of water on the upstream side of weir is to be 2m, what should be the height of the weir?
Adopt cd=0.62.

Solution:

2
Q= C d √ 2 g L H
1.5
3
3
m 2
9 = ( 0.62 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 8 ) H
1.5
s 3
H=0.722772677 m
P=2−H
P=1.277 m

PROBLEM #3
The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is 1.315 m3/s. The crest length is 2m and the sides are inclined at
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 LECTURES NOTES

75057’49” with the horizontal. Find the head on the weir in meters.

Solution:
75 °57 ' 49 ' ' =75.96361111
m3
Q=1.315
s
H=?
Q=1.589 L H 1.5
1.5
Q=1.589 ( 2 ) ( H )
m3 1.5
1.315 =1.859 ( 2 m ) ( H )
s
H=0.500 m

PROBLEM #4
An ogee weir 4 meters long has 500 mm head of water. Find the discharge over the weir, if Cd = 0.62.

Solution:

2
Q= c √ 2 g L H
1.5
3

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 LECTURES NOTES

2
Q= ( 0.62 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 4 ) ( 0.5 )1.5
3
m3
Q=2.589
s

PROBLEM #5
A trapezoidal weir having side slope of 1H to 2V discharges 50m3/s under a constant head of 2m. Find
the length of the weir assuming C= 0.60.

Solution:

2 8
Q= c √ 2 g ( L ) H 1.5 + c √2 g L tan
3 15 ()
θ 2.5
2
H

m3
Q=50 , c=0.60 , L=? , H =2 m
s
2 8
50= ( 0.60 ) √2 ( 9.81 ) ( L )( 2 )1.5 + ( 0.60 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 )( L ) tan
3 15 ()
1
2
( 2 )2.5
L=9.177 m

OPEN CHANNEL
An open channel is one in which the stream is not completely enclosed by solid boundaries and therefore
has a free surface subjected only to a atmospheric pressure. The flow in such a channel is caused not by
some external head, but rather by the gravity component along the slope of the channel.

Types of Open Channel:

1. Uniform Flow Open Channels
2. Non-uniform Flow Open Channels

Uniform Flow
1. Chezy's Formula
v=c √ RS
A
R=
P
P=Wetted Perimeter

2. Kutters Formula

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English Units:
0.00281 1.811
41.65+ +
S n
c=
1+
n
√R (
41.65+
0.00281
S )
SI Units:
1 0.00155
23+ +
n S
c=
n 0.00155
1+ (23+ )
√R S

3. Manning Formula
1
1
C= R 6 ( SI Units )
n
1
1.486 6
C= R (English Units)
n
2 1
1 3 2
v= R S ( SI Units )
n
2 1
A∗1 3 2
Q= R S ( SI Units)
n

4. Bazin Formula
87
C= ( SI Units )
m
1+
√R
87
C= (English Units)
m
0.552+
√R
A
m=
P

5. Darcy Weisbach Coefficient

C=
√ 8(9.81)
f

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
A rectangular channel 5.4 m wide and 1.2 depth has a slope of 1 in 1000 and is lined with good rubble
masonry (n= 0.0 17). It is desired to increase the channel slope with a favorable section. The dimension of
the section maybe change but the channel must contain the same amount of lining as the old.
 
A. Compute the values of Kutter's coefficient C of the old channel.
B. Compute the depth of the new section
C. Compute the probable increase in discharge.

Solution:

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 LECTURES NOTES

5.4 ( 1.2 )
R=
2 ( 1.2 )+ 5.4
54
R=
65
rise 1
S= =
run 1000
S=0.001
0.00155 1
23+ +
S n
C=
1+
n
√r ( 23+
0.00155
S )
0.00155 1
23+ +
0.001 0.017
C old =
1+ 0.017/
√ 54
65
C old =57.188
(23+
0.00155
0.001
)

(b)
P=4 d
7.8=4 d
d=1.950m

(c)
Qold = A∗V
Q old = A ¿

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 LECTURES NOTES

( )( )
1
1 54 23
Qold =6.48 ( 0.001 ) 2
0.017
65
3
m
Qold =10.68120168
s
v=c √ RS

v=57.188
√(
54
65
m
)
( 0.001 )

v=10.681
s

1.95
R=
2
0.00155 1
23+ +
0.001 0.017
C new =
1+ 0.017/
√
1.95
2
(23+
C new =58.60769476
0.00155
0.001
)

Qnew =1.95 (3.9)(58.60769476 ) √ 0.978(0.001)

m3
Qnew =13.91638784
s
∆ Q=Qnew −Q old
∆ Q=13.91638784−10.68120168
m3
∆ Q=3.235
s

PROBLEM #2
A discharge of 1.2 m3/s flows on the open channel.
The slope is 0.0062. if the coefficient of roughness is 0.012, compute the depth of the channel for the
optimum discharge for:
 
a. Semi-circular section
b. Rectangular section
c. Triangular section

Solution:

(a)

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3
m
Q=1.2
s
D
R=
2
π D2
A=
8
Q= A∗v

()
2 1
π D2 1
Q= ( R) (S )2
3
8 n

( )( )
2 2
πD 1 D 3( 0.5
1.2= 0.0062 )
8 0.012 4
D=1.061830103 m
r =0.531 m

(b)

2
A=d
d
R=
2
Q= A∗v

1.2=2 d
21
(d 23
0.012 2 )( )
(0.0062)
0.5

d=0.485 m

(c)
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2
A=d
2
d
R=
2 √ 2d
Q= A∗v

)( )
2

(
2
2 1 d 3 0.5
1.2=d ( 0.0062 )
0.012 2 √ 2 d
d=0.686 m

^CRITICAL STAGES OF OPEN CHANNEL

Rectangular Channel

TERMS:
 
 Critical Depth - Critical depth occurs when the flow in a channel has a minimum specific energy. 

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 Critical velocity - is the speed and direction at which the flow of a liquid through a tube change
from smooth to turbulent. Determining the critical velocity depends on multiple variables, but it
is the Reynolds number that characterizes the flow of the liquid through a tube as either turbulent
or laminar.
 Minimum Specific Energy - In open channels, the relationship between the specific energy and
the flow depth exhibits a minimum, and the corresponding flow conditions are called critical flow
conditions.
 Specific energy - is the total energy at a section w.r.t. the channel bed as datum and is expressed
as summation of flow depth and velocity head
 Hydraulic Depth - hydraulic mean depth, is the area cross-section of water in a pipe or channel
divided by the wetting perimeter. The hydraulic depth is directly proportional to the cross-
sectional area of flow and inversely proportional to the wetted perimeter of the channel.
 Section Factor -It is the product of the wetted area and the hydraulic radius raised to the two-
thirds power. 
 Critical Slope - Critical slope is that channel slope for a particular channel and discharge, at
which the normal depth for uniform flow will be the same as the critical depth. Critical slope
varies with both the roughness and geometric shape of the channel and with the discharge.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM #1
Water flow at the rate of 4.25 cubic meter per second through a rectangular channel having a width of 2.4
m
 
a. Compute for the critical depth
b. Compute for the minimum specific energy
c. Compute for the critical slope of the channel if n = 0.014

Solution:

(a)
m3
Q=4.25
s

√ ( )
2
Q

√
3
3 q
2
b
dc= =
g 9.81

√ ( )
4.25 2
3
2.4
dc=
9.81
d c =0.684 m

(b)
3
Emininmum = ( dc )
2
Eminimum =1.026 m

(c)
2 2
Vcn
Sc = 4
3
R
V c = √ g∗dc

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V 2C =g∗dc
A 2.4 ( 0.684 )
R= =
P 2 ( 0.684 ) +2.4
342
R=
785
g∗d c n2
Sc = 4
R3
2
9.81 ( 0.684 ) ( 0.014 )
Sc =
( )
342 43
785
Sc =0.00398

PROBLEM #2
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom with of 6 m and side of 2 horizontal and 1 vertical when the depth of
flow is 1.2 meter, the flow is 20.40 cubic meter per seconds
 
a. Compute the specific energy
b. Compute the slope of the channel, roughness coefficient = 0.014
c. Compute the average shearing stress at the boundary in newton per square meter.

Solution:

(a)
1 1.2
=
2 x
x=2.4
z= √
6 5
5
z=2.683281573
2
v
E= + d
2g
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Q
V=
A
20.40
V=
1
( 6+10.8 )1.2
2
85 m
V=
42 s

( )
2
85
42
E= + 1.2
2 ( 9.81 )
E=1.409 m

(b)
2 1
3 2
R S
V=
n
252
A 25
R= =

(( ( √ )) )
P 6 5
2 +6
5
R=0.8868115956
1
v
s 2 = n2
R3

( )
2
Vn
S= 2
R3
S=0.000942
−4
S=9.422× 10

(c)
τ =γ w Rs
τ =9.81 ( 0.8868115956 ) ( 9.422× 10 )
−4

kN
τ =8.197 ×10−3 2
m
N
τ =8.197 2
m

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REFLECTION

Why should I pass this course?

The fields of civil, mechanical, and environmental engineering all rely heavily on the study of
hydraulics engineering. It gives a profound comprehension of liquid way of behaving and its
application in different pressure driven frameworks. In this essay, we will discuss the
significance of passing the hydraulics engineering course and the advantages it provides to those
pursuing engineering careers. For establishing a solid engineering knowledge base, passing the
hydraulics engineering course is essential. It provides students with a comprehensive
comprehension of the fundamental ideas and principles pertaining to water management,
hydraulic systems, and fluid flow. This knowledge paves the way for more advanced classes and
specialization in areas like hydraulic system design, environmental engineering, and
management of water resources. Career opportunities are significantly enhanced when the
hydraulics engineering course is successfully completed. Professionals with hydraulics expertise
are highly sought after by employers in water resource management, hydraulic engineering
consulting, and civil engineering. Individuals who pass this course demonstrate their ability to
design effective hydraulic systems, analyze fluid behavior, and effectively contribute to projects
involving water supply networks, drainage systems, and flood control measures.
The numerous practical applications of hydraulics engineering make passing the course crucial.
Individuals are able to address real-world fluid flow challenges, such as evaluating the
performance of water distribution networks, designing effective irrigation systems, and analyzing
the behavior of hydraulic machinery, with the knowledge gained. Individuals who pass this
course are empowered to contribute to the creation of infrastructure projects and sustainable
water management solutions. Students are also better prepared for further education and
advanced studies if they pass the hydraulics engineering course. It serves as a prerequisite for
advanced courses in hydrology, fluid mechanics, and water resources engineering. The
information acquired from this course gives a strong groundwork to chasing after graduate
examinations or exploration in designing disciplines, empowering people to add to creative
arrangements in the field of power through pressure. All in all, passing the hydrodynamics
designing course is fundamental for a fruitful designing vocation, offering information,
profession potential open doors, and commonsense abilities in pressure driven framework plan
and water the board.

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