241-267 - CT and VT Basics - Quazvin PDF

Basics of
Current and Voltage Transformers

Power Transmission and Distribution
Author
Page 241
2007-08
Author
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

PTD SE PTI
Equivalent current transformer circuit
I1
jX1 R1
I 2 = I1
N1
N2
jX2
Im
P1
N1
N2 U
R2
I2
S1
Zm
Zb
P2
Ideal CT
S2
X1 = Primary leakage reactance

R1 = Primary winding resistance
X2 = Secondary leakage reactance
Z0 = Magnetizing impedance
R2 = Secondary winding resistance
Zb = SecondaryAuthor
load
Note:
Page 242
2007-08
Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be neglected
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit
jX2
1 : N2
i2
i1
i'1 =
N2
1
R2
i1
LW
L2<< LW
im
ZB
R2
i2
RB
Author
Page 243
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()
I1 .
I1
N1
N2
N1
I2
N2
I2
Zb
Author
Im
Page 244
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P

Pi = I sec .2 R CT
Specification:
300/1 A
5P10, 30 VA
Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek.

5% accuracyat I= n x In
Actual accuracy limit factor
in operation is higher as the CT
ALF ' = ALF
is normally underburdened :
Operating ALF: ALF
RCT 5 Ohm
Rated burden
(nominal power) PNB
Accuracy
limit factor ALF
Pi + PNB
Pi + PBB
Dimension criterium:
I
ALF ' SC max KTF
Power Transmission
I n and Distribution
KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c.
Author
component in short circuit current ISC.
KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design.
Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guides)
Page 245
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Definition of the CT knee-point voltage
U2
10 %
IEC 60044-1 Class PX
UKN
formerly
50 %
British Standard BS3938:

Class X
Author
Im
Page 246
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance
IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:
Accuracy class
Current error
at nominal
current (In)
5P
1%
10P
5%
Angle error
at rated current
In
60 minutes
Total error at n x In
(rated accuracy limit)
5%
10 %
Author
Page 247
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformers, Standard for transient performance
IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Class
Error at rated current

Ratio error
TPX
(closed iron core)
TPY
with anti-remanence
air gap
TPZ
linear core
TPS
2007-08
Remanence
Angle error
0,5 %
30 min
10%
1,0 %
30 min
10%
1,0 %
180 18 min
10%
Author
no limit
< 10 %
(a.c. current only)
Special version for

high impedance protection
Author
(Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)
closed iron core
Page 248
Maximum error at
rated accuracy limit
negligible
No limit

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer saturation
Steady-state saturation with AC current
Author
Transient saturation with offset current
Page 249
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Transient CT saturation due to DC component
ISC
Short circuit current
DC flux non-saturated
AC
flux
Power
Transmission and Distribution
Author
Im
Page 250
Magnetising current
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current

P primary current
B
TN TS TN
= 1+
(e
e TS )
TN TS
B
d.c. component
TS
N TS TN
T
BMax
= 1+ TS
B~
TS
t
TN
total flux
t B Max =
BMax
transient
d.c. flux
B~
TS =
a.c. flux
Author
B~
Page 251
2007-08
Author
TN TS
TS
ln
TS TN TN
LW Power Transmission
1
and Distribution
=
Ri + RB tan
For 50 Hz:
TS =
10900
[min ]
[ms]

PTD SE PTI
CT transient over-dimensioning factor KTF

KTF
6
0
TN
KTF = 1+ TS
TS
TS
TS TN
(KTF 1+TN)
5000
5
0
Closed iron core
1000
4
0
TS [ms]
500
3
0
250
2
0
100
Linear core
1
0
TN = network time constant

(short-circuit time constant)
Author
50
Page 252
2007-08
100
150
200
Author
TN [ms]
TS = CT secondary time constant

PTD SE PTI
CT with closed iron core,

Over-dimensioning factor KTF for specified time to saturation (tM)
15
14
tM
tM
Ktd
50 ms
40 ms
10
30 ms
20 ms
10 ms
Page 253
20
2007-08
40
60
80
Tp
Author
tM :
KTF = 1+ TN = 1+
Author
K' TF
tM
= 1 + TN 1 - e T N
XN
RN
100 [ ms]
PTD SE PTI
CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN)

in the case of short time to saturation (tM)
KTF
tM
(tM,TN)
(el. degree) 160
10 ms
3.5
140
120
8 ms
2.5
tM
100
10 ms
8 ms
6 ms
4 ms
2 ms
80
6 ms
1.5
1
60
40
4 ms
0.5
0
180
2 ms
Page 254
20
40
60
80
2007-08 T
Author
100
in ms
20
Author
20
40
60
80
100

TPTD
msPTI
N inSE
Current transformer
magnetising and de-magnetising
B
t
BMax
B = BR + (BMax. BR ) e
BR
BMax
t
TS
BR
m
Author
Page 255
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure
Bmax
tF1 = duration of 1st fault
t
tF1
tDT
tF2
tDT dead time

tF2 =duration of 2nd fault
tF1
tDT+tF2
tF2
tF1
tF2
Author
N TS
Bmax TN TS TN
T
= 1+
e TS e TS + 1+
(e
(e TN e TS
TN TS
TN TS
B~
Page 256
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer
magnetising curve and point of remanence
II
III
up to 80%
< 10%
negligible
H = im w
I: closed iron core (TPX)

II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
Author
Page 257
2007-08
Author
III: Linearised core (TPZ)

PTD SE PTI
Current transformers TPX und TPY

Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
BR
BR
closed iron core (TPX)

core
with antiremanence air-gaps (TPY)
Author
tDT
tF1
Page 258
2007-08
tF2
Author
t
PTD SE PTI
Standards of voltage transformers

VT classes to IEC 60044-2
Class
designation
Permissible error at 0.05 UN and 1.0 UN

Voltage error FU
Angle error
3P
3.0 %
120 minutes
5P
6.0 %
240 minutes
All 3P and 5P protection CTs must

additionally comply with one of the
below VT metering classes!
VT classes for measurement IEC 60044-2

Class
designation
Page 259
Permissible voltage error in %

at 1.0 UN
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
1
3
1
3
2007-08
Permissible angle error in minutes

at 1.0UN
Author
Author
10
20
30
Not determined

PTD SE PTI
Capacitive voltage transformer,

Equivalent circuit
400 kV
C1 = 5 nF
C2 = 95 nF
RF
20 kV
LF
CE = C 1 + C 2
C1
U*1 = UP
C1 + C2
Page 260
2007-08
100 V
CF
LO
RE
T
Author
Author
ZB
RF
RT
LT
LF
CF
U*2
R'B
L'B

PTD SE PTI
Transient performance of CVTs,

Recommendations acc. to IEC 60044-5
Ratio
Measured voltage transients after fault at
voltage maximum and zero-crossing
(Example)
Time
Ts
in ms
UP(t) Primary voltage
2 Us
100%
Classes
3PT1
6PT1
3PT2
6PT2
3PT3
6PT3
10
---
25
20
10
10
40
10
60
10
0.6
10
0.2
90
Legend:
Us (t)
Recommendations to IEC 60044-5
US(t) Secondary voltage
Author
Page 261
2007-08
(1)
Fault inception
(2)
Aperiodic damping of US(t)
(3)
Periodic damping of US(t)
Author

PTD SE PTI
CT dimensioning
K OD = KTF
Pi + PBN
RCT + RBN
ALF' = ALF
= ALF
Pi + PB
RCT + RB
Actual connected burden : PB= RB I2N2
P + PB
RCT + RB
= ALF'
ALF = ALF' i
Pi + PBN
RCT + RBN
with
I
ALF ' K OD K
IN
Theory:
K OD K TF K Re m
K Re m =
1
% Remanence
1
100
Page 262
2007-08
rated CT burden:
PBN
internal burden of the CT: Pi=Ri I2N2
RB=Rl+RR= burden resistance

Rl= resistance of connecting cables
RR= burden resistance of the relay
No saturation
for the total
short-circuit duration:
No saturation for
the specified time tM:
Practice:Author
K' TF =
BMax
XN
= 1 + TN = 1 +
RN
B ~
Power
tM
Transmission andtMDistribution
T
N TS
(e TN e TS
K ' 'TF = 1 +
TN TS
Remanence only considered in extra high voltage systems (EHV)

KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers guides
Author

PTD SE PTI
Practical CT requirements
Transient over-dimensioning factors KTF (AR not considered)
Distance
7SA6 and 7SA522
Overcurrent
7SJ56
Close-in fault:
KTF 5
Fault atbalance point:
KTF 2 ( 1 if TN < 30ms)
ALF I>>setting/ IN, at least 20

Internal fault
External fault
Transformer Differential
7UT6
KTF 0.75
(Saturation free
time 4 ms)
KTF 1.2
(Saturation free
time 5 ms)
Line differential
7SD61
KTF 0.5
(Saturation free
time 3 ms)
KTF 1.2
(Saturation free
time 5 ms)
Bus differential
7SS52
Page 263
Author
KTF 0.5
(Saturation free
time 3 ms)
2007-08
Author
KTF 0.5
(Saturation free
time 3 ms)
PTD SE PTI
CT dimensioning for
Example differential protection (1)
1. Calculation of fault currents
110 kV, 3 GVA
F1
110/20 kV
40 MVA
uT=12%
F2
OH-line:
l = 8 km,
zL= 0,4 /km
F3
F4
Net
300/1A
IT
7UT61
Transf. :
IL
7SD61
IL
Impedances related to 20 kV:
Impedances related to 110 kV:
Net :
200/1A
200/1A
1200/1A
U N 2 kV 2
110 2
ZN =
=
= 4.03
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2
Author
uT [% ] 110 2 12 %
ZT =
= 36.3
PN -T [MVA ] 100
40 100
Net :
Transf. :
U N 2 kV 2
Power Transmission
20 2
and Distribution
ZN =
=
= 0.13
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2
uT [% ] 20 2 12 %
ZT=
= 1.2
PN -T [MVA ] 100
40 100
Line : Z L = l[km ] z L ' [/km ] = 8 0,4 = 3,2

Page 264
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
CT dimensioning for
1.1 U N / 3 1.1 110kV/ 3
=
= 17.3 kA
ZN
4.03
F1
I F1 =
F2
1.1 U N / 3 1,1 110kV/ 3

I F2 =
=
= 1.73 kA
Z N + ZT
4.03 + 36.3
F3
F4
I F3 =
I F4 =
1.1 U N / 3 1.1 20kV/ 3

=
= 9.55 kA
Z N + ZT
0.13 + 1.2
1.1 U N / 3
1,1 20kV/ 3
=
= 2.8 kA
Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13 + 1.2 + 3.2
Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection:

Manufacturer recommends for relay 7UT61:
The saturation free time of 3 ms
corresponds to KTF 0,75
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads:
I
17300
ALF' K TF F1 = 0,75
= 43
IN
300
1) Saturation free time 4ms for internal faults

2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1,2
for through flowing currents (external faults)
For criterion 2) we get:

Author
I
1730
ALF' K TF F2 = 1,2
=7
IN
300
The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

Page 265
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
CT dimensioning for
We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.
Pi + Poperation
2 + 2.5
ALF
ALF ' =
43 = 16.1
Pi + Prated
2 + 10
(Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)
Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer:
It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side:
1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection:
1) Saturation free time 3ms for internal faults
2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1.2
for through flowing currents
(external
faults)
Power
Transmission
and Distribution
For relay 7SD61, it is required:

The saturation free time of 3 ms corresponds
to KTF 0.5
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads:
I
9550
ALF' K TF F3 = 0.5
= 24
IN
200
Page 266
2007-08
Author
For criterion 2) we get:
I
2800
ALF' KTF F4 = 1.2
= 16.8
IN
200
Author
The 20 kV line CTs

must be dimensioned
according to criterion 1).

PTD SE PTI
CT dimensioning for
For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA
Pi + Poperation
1+1
ALF ' =
24 = 8
ALF
1+ 5
Pi + Prated
(Connected burden about 1 VA)
Specification of line CTs:

We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 :
Herewith, we can specify: CT Type TPX, 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P10, R2 0.04 Ohm ( Pi 1 VA)
Author
Page 267
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI

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Basics of

Current and Voltage Transformers

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Equivalent current transformer circuit

X1 = Primary leakage reactance

Power Transmission and Distribution

Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be neglected

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P

Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Definition of the CT knee-point voltage

British Standard BS3938:

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance

IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Current transformers, Standard for transient performance

IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Error at rated current

(a.c. current only)

Special version for

closed iron core

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Current transformer saturation

Steady-state saturation with AC current

Power Transmission and Distribution

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Transient CT saturation due to DC component

Short circuit current

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

CT transient over-dimensioning factor KTF

Closed iron core

Power Transmission and Distribution

TN = network time constant

TS = CT secondary time constant

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

CT with closed iron core,

Power Transmission and Distribution

CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN)

(el. degree) 160

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

tF1 = duration of 1st fault

tDT dead time

tF2 =duration of 2nd fault

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

I: closed iron core (TPX)

III: Linearised core (TPZ)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Current transformers TPX und TPY

closed iron core (TPX)

Standards of voltage transformers

Permissible error at 0.05 UN and 1.0 UN

All 3P and 5P protection CTs must

VT classes for measurement IEC 60044-2

Permissible voltage error in %