CASH MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION

"Cash, like the blood stream in the human body, gives vitality and strength to a
business enterprises." Though cash hold the smallest portion of total current assets. However,
"Cash is both the beginning and end of working capital cycle - cash, inventories, receivables
and cash." it is the cash, which keeps the business going. Hence, every enterprises has to
hold necessary cash for its existence. Moreover, "Steady and healthy circulation of cash
throughout the entire business operations is the basis of business solvency." Now-a-days
non-availability and high cost of money have created a serious problem for industry.
Nevertheless, cash like any other asset of a company is treated as a tool of profit." Further,
"today the emphasis is on the right amount of cash, at the right time, at the right place and at
the right cost." In the words of R.R. Bari, "Maintenance of surplus cash by a company unless
there are special reasons for doing so, is regarded as a bad sigh of cash management." As,
"holding of cash balance has an implicit cost in the form of its opportunity cost."
Cash may be interpreted under two concepts. In narrow sense, "Cash is very important
business asset, but although coin and paper currency can be inspected and handled, the major
part of the cash of most enterprises is in the form of bank checking accounts, which represent
claims to money rather than tangible property." While in broader sense, "Cash consists of
legal tender, cheques, bank drafts, money orders and demand deposits in banks. In general,
nothing should be considered unrestricted cash unless it is available to the management for
disbursement of any nature.

" Thus, from the above quotations we may conclude that in narrow sense cash means
cash in hand and at bank but in wider sense, it is the deposit in banks, currency, cheques,
bank draft etc. in addition to cash in hand and at bank. "Cash management includes
management of marketable securities also, because in modern terminology money comprises
marketable securities and actual cash in hand or in bank."
The concept of cash management is not new and it has acquired a greater significance
in the modern world of business due to change that took place in the conduct of business and
ever increasing difficulties and the cost of borrowing." Apart from the fact that it is the most
liquid current assets, cash is the common denominator to which all current assets can be
reduced because the other current assets i.e. receivables and inventory get eventually
converted into cash. This underlines the significance of cash management
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The term cash management refers to the management of cash resource in such a way
that generally accepted business objectives could be achieved. In this context, the objectives
of a firm can be unified as bringing about consistency between maximum possible
profitability and liquidity of a firm. Cash management may be defined as the ability of a
management in recognizing the problems related with cash which may come across in future
course of action, finding appropriate solution to curb such problems if they arise, and finally
delegating these solutions to the competent authority for carrying them out The choice
between liquidity and profitability creates a state of confusion. It is cash management that
can provide solution. Cash management may be regarded as an art that assists in establishing
equilibrium between liquidityand profitability to ensure undisturbed functioning of a firm
towards attaining its business objectives.
Cash itself is not capable of generating any sort of income on its own. It rather is the
prime requirement of income generating sources and functions. Thus, a firm should go for
minimum possible balance of cash, yet maintaining its adequacy for the obvious reason of
firm's solvency. Cash management deals with maintaining sufficient quantity of cash in such
a way that the quantity denotes the lowest adequate cash figure to meet business obligations.
Cash management involves managing cash flows (into and out of the firm), within the firm
and the cash balances held by a concern at a point of time. The words, 'managing cash and

the cash balances' as specified above does not mean optimization of cash and near cash items
but also point towards providing a protective shield to the business obligations. "Cash
management is concerned with minimizing unproductive cash balances, investing
temporarily excess cash advantageously and to make the best possible arrangement for
meeting planned and unexpected demands on the firms cash.
NEED OF THE STUDY

Availability of External Cash

Determinable Variations of Cash Needs
Contingency Cash Requirement
Maximizing Cash Receipts
Minimizing Cash Disbursements
Maximizing Cash Utilization
Concentration Banking
Local Box System
Reviewing Credit Procedures
Minimizing Credit Period

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Efficient management of Cash is a success of any business. It has a bearing on the
credit worthiness, liquidity, solvency and profitability. Cash Management is mainly
concerned with the proper management of Cash flow in various department of the industries.
The Cash Management department must see whether the risk, cost and flow control.
Consideration is properly balanced in a given situation. The Cash management has to be
managed properly or profitability adversely affected due to locking up of costly funds
unnecessarily. On the other hand of the Cash Management is inadequate the company will
become illiquid and consequently may not have ability to meet its current obligation.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

To determine the overall performance of cash in the concern.

To know the credit worthiness of the concern.
To assess the liquidity and short term solvency position of the firm.
To understand the relationship maintained with the trade creditors and the debtors of the
firm.
To identify the basic forces influencing the cash management of the firm.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
It helps to take short term financial decision.
It indicates the cash requirement needed for plant and equipment expansion
programme.
It reveals the liquidity position of the firm by highlighting the various sources of cash
and its uses.
To find strategies for efficient management of cash.

PERIOD OF THE STUDY:

The study was carried out in Sidhick Plate industry,Thiruppur in the field of cash
management for the period of 2015 to 2016.

METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
The research design used in this project is Analytical in nature, which the researcher
has to use facts or information already available, and analysis. These to use facts or

information already available, and analysis these to make a critical evaluation of the
performance of Sidhick Plate Industries.
This study is based on the data about for a detailed study of its Cash Management,
documents and system ratios and finally to recognize and determine the positions of the
company.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
As central purchase office, purchase raw material and central marketing yarn make
sales. Information that is so more detailed cannot be received about these.
Cash from debtors a collected by the corporate office through commission agents. So
efforts for collection of debtors cannot be clearly known from Sri Sidhick Plate
Industrys, Thiruppur.
Investment of funds are also made by corporate office, so it becomes difficult to know
that how much investment is made in different ways for continuous availability of
funds.

CHAPTERIZATION OF THE STUDY:

CHAPTERIZATION I: Deals with Introduction

CHAPTERIZATION II: Deals with Review of literature
CHAPTERIZATION III: Deals with Company profile
CHAPTERIZATION IV: Deals with Data Analysis and Interpretation
CHAPTERIZATION V: Deals with Finding Suggestion and Conclusion

CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Richard A. Lancioni& Keith Howard-1978 in their study considers the
inventorymanagement as an extremely important function to any business, the
inadequacies in control can result in serious problems. If inventories are managed in
an inefficient manner, it is likely to result in delays in production, dissatisfied
customers, or curtailment of working capital.
Mohammad Morshedur Rahman-2011, says that the textiles Industry plays a vital
role in thesocio-economic development of Bangladesh, but the profitability of this
industry is not satisfactory. He studied whether the profitability is affected by Working
Capital Management.Ratio Analysis, Correlation Matrix and Regression Analysis have
been used in his study to show Profitability, Working Capital position, correlation
between them and the impact of Working Capital on Profitability respectively. Annual
Reports and official records as well as primary data collected through questionnaire
were the sources of data. His study observed that profitability and Working Capital
Management position of the Textiles Industry are not satisfactory which revealed that
Correlation exists between Working Capital Management and Profitability. His study
also shows that Working Capital Management has a positive impact on Profitability.
Md. Mazedul Islam, Adnan Maroof Khan and Md. Monirul Islam-2013, In their
study theyhave mentioned that the importance of the textile industry in the economy of
Bangladesh is very high. The garments manufacturing sector earned $19 billion in the
year to June 2012, one of the impoverished nation's biggest industries. Currently the
textile industry in Bangladesh is facing great challenges in its growth rate. The major
reasons for these challenges can be the global recession, unfavorable trade policies,
internal security concerns, the high cost of production due to increase in the energy
costs, different safety issues specially fire, etc. With an in-depth investigation they
found that the Bangladesh textile industry can be brought on top winning track if
government and others individuals takes serious actions in removing or normalizing

the above mentioned hurdles. Additionally, the government should provide subsidy to
the textile industry, minimize the internal dispute among the exporters, withdraw the
withholding and sales taxes etc. Purchasing new machinery or enhancing the quality of
the existing machinery and introducing new technology can also be very useful in
increasing the research and development (R and D) related activities that in the
modern era are very important for increasing the industrial growth of a country.
Shahid Ali-2011, He has studied the association between working capital management
and theprofitability of textile firms in Pakistan. Efficiency of working capital
management is reflected by three variables, cash conversion efficiency, days operating
cycle and days of working capital. We use return on assets, economic value added,
return on equity, and profit margin on sales as proxies for profitability. A balanced
panel dataset covering 160 textile firms for the period 2000 05 is analyzed and he
estimates an ordinary least squares model and a fixed effect model. Return on assets is
found to be significantly and negatively related to average days receivable, positively
related to average days in inventory, and significantly and negatively related to
average days payable. Also, return on assets has a significant positive correlation with
the cash conversion cycle, which would suggest that a longer cash conversion cycle is
more profitable in the textiles business. The findings of the regression analysis show
that average days in inventory, average days receivable, and average days payable
have a significant economic impact on return on assets. The findings of the fixed
effect model reveal that average days in inventory and average days receivable both
have a significant impact on return on assets.
MehrunisaSajjad and KhuramShahzad Bukhari - The study done in Pakistan
presents an in-depth analysis of how cash management, inventory management and
trade credit management practices affects the Working Capital Management in a local
spinning, weaving and composite units' setting and the way they impact the firm's
profitability. They observed that with relatively poor cash management and inventory
management practices, textile companies have remarkably better trade credit
management arrangements. Larger companies have superior cash management,
inventory management and trade credit management as compared to medium and
smaller units. Due to absence of inventory control systems in majority of the firms

with no effective re-ordering techniques, there appears a serious need to review and
strengthen the inventory management policies andbased on revised inventory controls
an appropriate re-ordering system should be designed. Textile companies are
remarkably better at trade credit management and most of the companies have special
mechanisms to expedite collections and cheques. Putting it together, larger spinning,
weaving and composite units have superior working capital management practices as
compared to the smaller and medium textile units (spinning, weaving and
composite).The dilemma of the industry is the mindset of managers always relying on
past experience and traditional judgment. A very few have adopted the sophisticated
techniques for cash management, inventory management and trade credit
management. All components have a significant impact on earnings per share and
EBIT of the respective organization as illustrated by linear regression analysis with
cash management having the strongest impact and are found to be critical decisive in
the success or failure of a textile firm. Their research findings are likely to be
beneficial for the corporate decision makers of the textile industry, financial
institutions and policy makers in Pakistan in order to execute the most favorable
strategies to support industrial growth.
HA,Mwansele, FJ,Sichona, RRJ,Akarro-2011, They examined inventory situation
at UrafikiTextile Mills Co Ltd in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and tried to develop the
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model that will be used to determine number of units
of an item to order at a time and the re-order point (r), that is the level to which stocks
of items are allowed to fall before ordering other items, for raw materials. The
resulting EOQ for each raw material is compared to the actual ordered quantities so as
to see whether there is any relationship between them in operational cost reduction.
Their study used cross section secondary data from Urafiki. They used normal
distribution test to compare operational cost reduction. The use of Excel was made to
find EOQ and the re-order point. Their result shows that the relationship between the
EOQs and the ordered quantities at Urafiki in terms of operational cost reduction was
significant. Therefore, it is recommended that in order to manage inventory
effectively, Urafiki needs to employ inventory control methods such as the EOQ
model to obtain reasonable ordered quantities for its raw materials.

 Dr.T.S Devaraja-2011, India is the worlds 2ndlargest producer of textiles and

garments afterChina. It is the worlds third largest producer of cottonafter China and
the USAand the second largest cotton consumer after China. The Indian textile
industry is as diverse and complex as country itself and it combines with equal
equanimity this immense diversity into a cohesive whole. The fundamental strength of
this industry flows from its strong production base of wide range of fibres / yarns from
natural fibers like cotton, jute, silk and wool to synthetic /man-made fibres like
polyester, viscose, nylon and acrylic. The growth pattern of the Indian textile industry
in the last decade has been considerably more than the previous decades, primarily on
account of liberalization of trade and economic policies initiated by the Government in
the 1990s. The relative ease of setting up clothing companies, coupled with the
prevalence of developed-country protectionism in this sector, has led to an
unparalleled diversity of garment exporters in the third world. Apparel is an ideal
industry for examining the dynamics of buyer-driven value chains.
Donald S. Allen-1995, His study support the anecdotal evidence that inventory
managementmethods in the United States have changed significantly over the past
decade or two, which is evident in the reduced business inventory-to-sales ratio,
driven almost entirely by lower inventories of work-in-process, and materials and
supplies rather than finished goods. The impact of these changes in inventory
management techniques on business cycles is ambiguous. All other things being equal,
inventory management innovations should reduce the probability of unintended
accumulation. But as long as firms overestimate or underestimate future demand,
inventory cycles will persist. And if cutbacks in production are required to reduce
inventory thenthe resulting reduction in income could result in lower demand and
further inventory buildup. Inventory management innovations are not a panacea for all
the business cycles. In the long run these innovations in Inventory management can
contribute to a faster response of production to changes in demand. It can in turn
reduce the boom-bust cycle in the economy.

 Donald S. Allen-1997, The common assumption is that firms use inventories to

smoothproduction. Like his previous research based on aggregate data, his research at
the level of individual companies fails to confirm this hypothesis, although select
firms showed evidence of seasonal smoothing. But the results do confirm the stylized
empirical regularity that production varies more than sales, both at the firm level and
in the aggregate. One possible explanation of the failure to confirm smoothing is that
increased demand prompts firms to raise their inventory targets levels; thus planned
inventory increases are positively correlated with sales. Unplanned inventory changes,
which would reflect the buffer stock motivation, are negatively correlated with sales
but insufficient to make the variance of production less than that of sales. In the buffer
stock test of the correlation between changes in sales and changes in inventory, most
firms showed negative correlations. This finding is consistent with the idea that
inventories act as a buffer stock to unexpected changes in sales. The negative
correlation between changes in sales and changes in inventory may be a better test of
whether buffer stock movement is prompted by random demand in the presence of
partial adjustment and serially correlated demand. Thus result also seems to suggest
that many industries may be making partial adjustments in their inventories.
Ian M.Taplin-2006 found while studying the EU textile and clothing industry, that
clothingproves more robust in retaining an employment presence than the more
capital-intense textile sector. This is surprising since labor intense industry is expected
to suffer more from intensified global competition than capital intense ones. Job losses
continue in both sectors but firms are innovating in restructuring practices to remain
competitive and responsive to buyer pressure. Technological innovation and the
pursuit of niche markets plus increased outsourcing are key responses. Thus among all
the pressures they leave no scope for internal inefficiencies within the firm.

CHAPTER-III
PROFILE OF THE STUDY
INDUSTRY PROFILE
INTRODUCTION
Sidhick Plate Industry (SPI) a division of Sidhick Enterprise Ltd (SEI) is manufacturer
of Paper Plates and an exhaustive range of excellent quality of Writing & Printing
Paper Plates. The unit successfully achieved significant efficiencies in various
disciplines within a short span of time. Located at Chennai, SPI has provided direct
and indirect employment to the people of the surrounding areas.
BRIEF PROFILE
Sidhick Plate Industry (an ISO-9001:2000 & ISO-14001:2004 certified Division of
Century Textiles and Industries Ltd.), a Division of Century Textiles and Industries
Ltd .is a member of B.K. Birla Group of Companies. The company chairman is Sty.
BasantKumarji Birla. Established in 1984, the Division is situated at Thirupure on the
Bareilly-Nainital Highway. The Head Office of the Division is on the 11 th Floor of
Industry House, 10, Camac Street, Chennai Product range of the SPI comprises a vast
range of quality Writing & Printing Paper Plates and superior quality dissolving Paper
PlatesPlates used for Viscose/Staple fiber/filament yarn. It has other uses in preparing
urea, formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde.SPI has a well
equipped and planned department for Environmental Conservation and Pollution
Control. SPI pays sincere attention to the overall development of its employees and
that of the community. It also has a well organized HRD Department for supervising
these activities. SPI maintains an excellent infrastructural set up with modern facilities
in order to carry out organizational activities.

ABOUT OUT PRODUCTION:

We are proud to bring you our range of natural, sustainable plates and bowls, made
from the fallen leaves of the areca palm tree. These 100% biodegradable plates and
bowls are durable, lightweight and require minimal processing from tree to table: the
fallen palm leaf is gathered, washed in spring water, then heat-pressed into shape (this
also sterilises the leaf) no chemicals, waxes, dyes or additives are used!
Palm Leaf Plates are a stylish and unique alternative to other disposable tableware on
the market. They are stronger and more natural than corn starch, sugar cane, Paper
Plates& bamboo plates, and they wont harm our environment.
This cottage industry provides a source of income for many families in South Asia,
making Palm Leaf Plates a responsible decision for your family, their families, and our
environment. What better way of utilizing natures gift of fallen leaves! This is truly
natures tableware.
Awards of Sidhick Plate Industry:
Eco-Mark by BIS for its Bagasse based products.
Central Pollution Control Board and National Productivity Council have selected the
company as a Model unit in the field of Waste Minimization among pulp and
Paper Platesindustries.
SPIs Effluent Treatment Plant has been selected by Central Pollution Control Board
for carrying out studies and data collection for preparation of Minimal National
Standards (MINAS) for large pulp and Paper Platesindustry group.
SPIs waste reduction schemes have been included in the World Bank Data Base
on Waste Minimization.
Awarded Indo German Green tech Award for Environment Excellence for the
year2000-01.
SPI was awarded First Prize at All India Farmers fair for the year 2004-2005for its
significant efforts towards farm forestry.
SPI was adjudged as the Efficient Unit in energy conservation by CII for the year
2004-2005

COMPANY DESCRIPTION
Paper Platescrockery House will be a unique business in TamilNadu as well as in India. It
will clearly attract most of the customers because they prefer to use designable & hygienic
products at competitive price.
VISION:
Corporate vision is a short, succinct, and inspiring statement of what the organization intends
to become and to achieve at some point in the future. Our vision is To become one of the
most well-known Paper PlatesPlates Manufactures in Bangladesh by providing quality and
innovative products at competitive price to meet the requirements of the customers

MISSION:
The Mission Statement is a crucial element in the strategic planning of a business
organization. Our mission is:
To provide the quality and innovative products at competitive price to meet the
requirements of the customers.
Contribute to the success and satisfaction of our customers and focusing on-in-time
delivery.
Co-operation, teamwork and partnerships.
Continuous learning
Honesty, fairness, integrity, and respect.

Company goals and objective:

The goals & objectives of our company will be as follows:

 Our main objective will be to capture the large percentage of the market in one year of
starting the business and retain it in the long run as well.
Our goal will be to provide products of high caliber and retain market and increase
profitability and ensure success.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION OF SIDHICK PLATEPLANTS

Strategic Planning & Strategic Objectives.

Quality assurance system.
Continuous improvement in Productivity, Quality, Cost Reduction &Customerservice.
Technology up gradation.
Process 1 system development in all functions such as production, Maintenance.
Marketing, Finance Management & inventory Management etc.
Adopting modern management practices (TPM, JIT) * People involvement.

ENVIRONMENT POLICY

SidhickPlatePlants, Thirupure, Ravaged and Orissa (India) are committed to:

Comply with applicable Environmental Legislations. Prevention of pollution.
Continual improvement in Environmental Performance.
A forestation through Social and farm forestry supported by colonel technology.
Cleaner technologies and processes & Conservation of Resources.
Reducing pollutants in discharged water Reducing particulate emissions.

TPM POLICY:
In Continuous pursuit on organizational excellence by maximizing overall plant
effectiveness and achieving total customer satisfaction, the organization is committed to

Achieve zero accidents, zero defects and zero breakdowns.

Continuous reduction in cost of production.
Involve all employees in systems and process improvement through teamwork.
Create a clean and safe working environment.

PLANT LOCATION- THIRUPURE

Thirupure is located on the slopes of the Eastern Ghat in the southern part of Tamil
Nadu bordering the state of Tamil Nadu and its geographical position 83-25 East
Longitude and 19-10 North Latitude. Its average height above the mean sea level is
758 feet.
The township has a population of about 25,000 and has a self-sufficient marketing
complex, including Employees Multi-purpose Co-operative society, a sub- post office
and Telegraph office, a branch post office, a police outpost and has two banks viz.,
State Bank of India and Indian overseas Bank. The township has two schools and
places of worship of all major faiths. Singapore Road Railways Station on the Raipur,
Walter Section of south eastern Railway station and is at a distance of 2km from the
plant and all passenger and express trains halt here.
The Plant established at Thirupure is unique because :
It is the only Plant in the world producing both rayon grade pulp, woodbasedPaperPlatesand bagasse based Paper Plates Plates.
The level of control instrumentation is relatively high.
SPI is the first Plant in the world to use for bagasse pulp bleaching.
The Plant features a unique pile building system for preventing deterioration of stored
bagasse fiber. Bagasse fiber fed to the digester has a high fiber pith ratio(more than
5:1).
SPIs farm forestry scheme ensures that raw material is cultivated and replenished. SPI
is the driver for good forestry management and manages socio-forestry nurseries for
cultivation and distribution of plant saplings.
The Plant has a well equipped laboratory to monitor various water and air pollution
control measures including AOX level.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS:

QUALITY CONTROL
Century Pulp and Paper Plates Plates, Lalkua has well organized laboratory equipped
with modern pulp and Paper Platestesting equipments including Autoline from L&W
Sweden, Qualified and experienced staff manage the quality control department.
For all inputs fibrous/non fibrous, in-process material (digester section, bleaching
section, stock preparation); finished material (Paper Plates Plates/Pulp) at Paper
Platesmachine reminders/cutters, finishing house and Go downs, standards/
specifications are followed as per guidelines of ISO-9001:2000) quality system
(quality Inspection Plant).
Inputs and Finished product is allowed only after conforming to standards.
Testing/analysis is carried out as per TAPPI/ISO standard.
A separate customer cell has been formulated to redress customer grievances and
recourse to quick solutions. This cell understands changing needs of customers, caries
out periodical market research to improve customer-choice process and also monitors
competitor move.

INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION:
Paper Plates Items such as Paper cups, saucers, Glass, Paper Plates plates is finding
extensive usage these days for serving eatables in parties, functions and social
gatherings. Paper Plates are the most commonly used disposable crokery in India.
Paper Plates consists of sheet materials and are comprised of bonded small discrete
fibers which are usually cellulosic in nature and are held together by secondary bonds
most probably the hydrogen bonds. Paper Plates is made in a wide variety of types
and grades to serve many functions. Writing and printing Paper Plates constitute
approx 30% of the total

 Production. The balance except for tissue and toweling is used for manufacturing
Paper Platesboards used primarily for packaging or for Paper Plates Items.

Paper

Platesboard differs from Paper Platesin that it generally is thicker, heavier, and less
flexible than conventional Paper Plates Plates.
Disposable Paper Platesplates and saucers as the name suggests are made out of
special quality Paper Platesreinforced with polythene sheets to make it leak proof.
These products are conveniently used for serving eatables during family functions,
eating chats and snacks, fruits, sweets etc.
Most of the sweet shops use it for serving their customers with dry as well as wet
sweets/ namkeens. The caterers utilize it during parties and social functions. These are
a convenient replacement for crockery and utensils.
These have many advantages over conventional crockery/ Plates utensils. Whereas
conventional utensils need care in handling, have to be cleaned before and after use
need lot of space for storage and are difficult to handle these products are light in
weight, are disposable after use, cheaper and can be stored easily.
These are very cheap as compared to convention utensils. The Paper Platesplates and
bowls are made by fusing two layers of good quality Paper Plates with a sheet of
polythene. The product can be in any desired shape and size depending upon the die
employed for manufacture. The quality of Paper Platesused is generally of importance
as it should be firm enough to maintain the shape and hold the weight of the eatable
served in it.
MARKET POTENTIAL:
These products have an urban as well as rural market. These products are mostly used
during social functions, religious gatherings, parties, marriages, outings, in sweet
shops, by caterers etc. The products have many advantages and are hence preferred as
compared to standard utensils/crockery for serving eatables. They can easily be
disposed off after use and hence save a lot of labor as far as cleaning/drying of
utensils are concerned. These are easily transportable and easy to handle. In our
country people are religious and organize functions throughout the year all such
occasions call for social gathering and celebrations with meals, snacks sweets being
served. Further, our vast population organizes marriages, celebrates birthdays and

other family functions on a regular basis. Sweet shops and small eateries can be found
at every street corner and all such joints use these disposable plates and bowls. Thus
keeping in view the culture of the people and the habits there is a vast market for the
products not only in urban areas but also in rural areas.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS & KNOW:
How The process of manufacturing is not very complicated. The product is
manufactured using the specific die. The Paper Platesand the polythene sheets are
previously cut to size or can also be purchased as per the production requirement. The
specific die is mounted on the press and the die is heated to the desired temperature.
The two layers of Paper Platesand the polythene sheets are placed in between the
male-female die parts and pressure is applied so that the product takes shape. The
formed product is next removed and another set is loaded. The machine is an ordinary
press with one fixed platform and another moving plunger.
The movement of the plunger is through hydraulic mechanism. The formed products
are collected and the edges are trimmed to give it a proper shape. The plates and bowls
are packed separately and stocked for dispatch. Know how is available with the
machinery suppliers. The machinery is all indigenously available. The production
capacity envisaged is 30000-40000 nos per day per machine on two shift basis for 300
days per year.
PLANT AND MACHINERY:
The main plant and machinery required comprise
Double die press with dies. Electrically operated. - 1 no
Bag sealing machine - 1no.
Weighing scales.
The total cost of machinery is estimated to be Rs.0.50 lakhs.
The unit will also require miscellaneous assets such as furniture, fixtures, storage
facilities etc. the total cost of these is estimated to be Rs. 0.20 lakhs.
The total requirement of power shall be 3 HP. The unit will need water for general
consumption.
Raw material and Packing Material:

 The basic raw materials for the unit are good quality scrap Paper Plates& polythene
sheets. For packing the unit will require polythene bags and hessian sacks. The cut to
size Paper Platesis readily available in two varieties thick and thin at Rs.35/- per kgs.
The plastic film costs about Rs. 100/- per kgs. The total cost of production works out
to Rs. 18/- per 100 nos of bowl. Land and Building For smooth operation of the unit,
it will require 225 sq. ft of built up area. The space can be taken on rental basis.

Land and Building:

For smooth operation of the unit, it will require 225 sq. ft of built up area. The space
can be taken on rental basis.

Scope and Market Potential:

Paper Platescups and plates are made from mill board, grey board, kraft Paper Plates
Plates, grease proof Paper Platesand other Paper Plates Platess, printed and given the
desired shape and are extensively use. The disposable nature of these cups and plates
not only obviates the need for washing and cleaning but also save loses due to
breakages that normally occur while using porcelain or glass wares. Paper
Platescups& plates find extensive usage for serving eatables in parties, functions,
social gatherings, etc., catering departments of railways, airlines and other
establishments also amount for a major share of the demand of cups and plates.

Manufacturing process:
Paper Platescups and plates are normally made as per the specifications of the
customer. The Paper Platesis first printed on a printing press, the printed part is then
cut to size and given shape by die cutting. The bottom part and upper part of the cup
are then assembled to a cup shape in screw press. For plates, the Paper Platesis cut to
the required size of circles. The cut circles are pressed in a screw press for obtaining

desired design and shape. For wax coated cups & plates are put in wax coating
machine.
Market Potential:
Because the Paper Platescup manufacturing industry is in a boom consumer products
in India, the requirement of drinking items like Tea, Coffee, Cool Drinks for Railways,
Functions, Hotels, Festivals, Meetings, household appliances, domestic applications as
well as for replacement of plastic cups, Glass items. There is a big tremendous
requirement of day-to-day life.

Location, Land and Building:

The unit is proposed to be located at Thirumaradypanchayath in Thirumarady Village.
Building is available on rent and has been assigned in establishing the unit. But it
requires additional maintenance works The amount invested for civil work on
construction of building for office, common amenity, well etc is Rs 100000/-. The
door number assigned to the unit is 10/492A.
Machinery & equipment:
Details are shown in the annexure. The plant and machinery proposed to be installed
in the unit are Indigenous and some of them are locally fabricated. Total cost of
machinery and equipment to be purchased is evaluated as Rs 917000/Installed capacity of production
The unit is proposed to be operated in 300 days per annum (25 days in a month). As
per the capacity of machinery to be installed and by considering production wastage
the monthly production is worked out in the following table.

Basis & Presumptions:

1. Two shifts of 16 hours a day, 24 days a month is presumed. Efficient machines and
workers are also presumed.
2. Minimum 2 month period is considered for achieving full capacity utilization.
3. Labour rates are as per the prevailing rates.
4. An average interest rate of 14% is considered.
5. The estimates are drawn for a production capacity generally considered technoeconomically viable for model type of manufacturing activity.
6. The information supplied is based on a standard type of manufacturing activity viable
for model type of manufacturing activity.
7. Costs in respect of machinery and equipment, raw materials and the selling prices of
the finished products etc. are generally prevailing at the time of preparation of the
project profiles and may vary depending upon various factors.

Production details and process of Manufacture:

The process of manufacturing poly coated Paper Platespurchased from market then cut
in the required sizes, fabricates outer shell then put in the bottom mould pressed and
pasting and keep it in the final Paper Platescupmould. After making the cup checked
random pieces for customer requirement and then packed by plastic cover in 100
Paper Platescups in a set.
The process of manufacture consists of the following operations and procedures.
1. PE Coated Paper Platesroll
2. Cut to Board size
3. Single/Multi Color Printing
4. Ups forming (die cutting)
5. Bottom reel
6. Paper Platescup wall forming
7. Cup Bottom Shaping
8. Paper PlatesCup Knurling and Curling
9. Inspection and Finishing

10.Testing Random Sample

11.Packing and Delivery

Raw material Requirement:

All the raw materials required by the unit are available throughout the year. The raw
material can also be procured from the nearby districts and from other states. The
stock and procurement period proposed in this scheme is for a period of 12 days. The
details of requirement for 70% capacity utilisation in the unit are tabulated as below.
Users Of Paper PlatesPlates
This Paper Platescup manufacturing project profile views the use of drinking Tea and
Cool Drinks. The Paper Platescup finds extensive use in Railways, Functions,
Festivals, Hotels, Meetings, household appliances, and domestic applications. Our
product ranges from 50 ml to 250 ml, this cup manufacturing unit will be set-up as a
small-scale unit.
Now our people and government have the awareness to control the pollution and all
are engaged to use the eco-friendly products. Each plastic cup can take 50-80 years to
decompose and that are ruining the nature as well human lifetime.

 As there is a good production of instead of plastic cups, weight less as well as easy to
carry all vendors, mainly no environment pollution, increase the demand of Paper
Platescups, user customer are to be encouraged in the modern days.

RESOLUTION:
You want to establish a Paper Platesplate, cups and glass manufacturing unit. Components of
a sound business plan for a Paper Platesplate manufacturing unit
1. Opportunity assessment and capacity planning
You should first determine the demand for Paper Platesplate, glasses and cups in the
geographical area which you wish to serve. You should identify the major customer
segments which need Paper Platesplates, glasses and cups for their business or domestic
consumption. Some of the major customer segments can be:
Caterers (who are hired for catering food in wedding and parties) who serve snacks in
Paper Platesplates and use Paper Platescups and glasses
Restaurants
Hawkers which sell food items on the roadside
Manufacturers of decorative items which need Paper Platesplates
Domestic usage
You should get a ballpark estimate for demand of these products from all these segments.
For example, you can count the number of caterers in your geographical area. Then you

can identify the number of parties/ wedding ceremony served by them in a month. Then
you can estimate the average number of guests in a party, and Paper Platesplates&
glasses needed per guest. By multiplying these figures, you can estimate the demand for
these products from caterers. You can similarly estimate the demand from other
segments.
After that you need to find out the current supply of these products in the market, and
consequently demand supply gap. Then you should decide what percentage of this
demand supply gap and the percentage of current market you wish to serve. This will
help you in estimating the manufacturing capacity of your unit.

2. Location analysis:
You need to select a suitable location for the proposed manufacturing unit. You can
use specific criteria to support the location. The location should be closer to the
intended customers. It should be closer to the suppliers of raw materials required in
the plant. It should have good infrastructure in terms of connectivity, and power
supplies. It should be located in an area, where you can easily source, attract, and
recruit people for your plant.
3. Manpower resource planning:
Estimate the manpower required for the manufacturing plant on the basis of capacity
of the plant. Estimate the manpower in both the administrative and managerial role.
4. Competition Analysis:
You should analyze strategies followed by the established manufacturers across
following functions:
Sourcing of raw materials
Ensuring quality of the product
Pricing Policy

 Branding & marketing strategy

Customer relationship management
Financing Strategy
You should determine which of the above strategy/ practices you can follow without
incurring too much cost.
5. Supply chain management:
Paper Plates Plates, and aluminum foil are the main raw materials used in the Paper
Platesplate& cup manufacturing. Identify the suppliers of these raw materials on the
basis of specific criteria such as reputation, lead time in supplying the material, credit
term extended etc. You should try to negotiate better pricing with your suppliers by
promising them prompt payment. Also, you should have a strict quality check on the
quality of Paper Platesused at the time of receipt of raw material from the suppliers.

6. Customer acquisition strategy:

Since you will be a new player in the market, you will need to have a strong value
proposition to create a market for yourself. For that you first need to identify the
target segment for your product. You should determine the attributes of your target
segments (such as who will need these products in bulk, who make prompt payment
etc). Then you will need to make marketing strategy for each customer segment. To
establish your identity, you can enter into an arrangement with the buyers, where you
can sell your Paper Platesproducts at lower prices at the start. Once the buyer is
assured of your higher quality, you can then raise the price. Also you can enter into
long term arrangement with your customers by offering your products at discounted
price.

HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION:
The Paper

Platesplate was

invented

by

the

German

bookbinder Hermann

Henschel in Luckenwalde in 1867. In 1908, Dr. Samuel J. Crumbine was a public

health officer in Kansas. He was on a train when he witnessed one of his tuberculosis
patients taking a drink of water from a common dipper and water bucket (a publicly
shared way of drinking water) in the car. Right behind his patient was a young girl who
drank from the same dipper and bucket. This inspired him to launch a crusade to ban
publicly shared or common utensils in public places. Taking note of the trend Lawrence
Luellen and Hugh Moore invented a disposable Paper Platescup called the "Health Cup"
and later renamed the "Dixie Cup".
Single-use cone cups were followed by the commercialization of single-use plates and
bowls, wooden cutlery, and Paper Platesfood wraps. By the 1930s these products were
widely used to feed the men and women who worked on the remote dams, bridges and

roads of the Works Progress Administration. In the 1940s they were used to feed
defense factory workers.
After World War II, foodservice packaging materials like plastic and polystyrene foam
were developed. The unique properties of these materials (insulation and weight
reduction) and their ability to be made into a variety of shapes and sizes, provided
foodservice operators, and consumers, with a wider variety of packaging choices.
A major development in disposable foodservice packaging happened in 1948 when the
newly founded McDonald's Restaurant closed its doors to revamp its menu. Along with
changing their menu items, the restaurant wanted to change the way it handled
dishwashing and dishwashers, car hops and wait staff, and storage, breakage and
(customer) theft of table ware. When the McDonald's re-opened their restaurant six
months later, their meals were no longer served with the use of glasses, plates or cutlery,
and would be taken away from the restaurant by the customers.

SANITATION
The use of disposable foodservice packaging is a step toward preventing food borne
disease. By being used only once, these products significantly reduce food
contamination and the spread of diseases.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administrations Food Code authoritatively spells out
the sanitary and health advantages of single-use foodservice packaging: "A food
establishment

without

facilities...for

cleaning

and

sanitizing kitchenware and tableware shall provide only single-use kitchenware,

single-service articles, and single-use articles for use by food employees and singleservice articles for use by consumers." The Food Code further states "in situations in
which the reuse of multiuse items could result in food borne illness to consumers,
single-service and single-use articles must be used to ensure safety.
Disposable food packaging:

 Disposable food packaging comprises disposable items often found in fast food
restaurants, takeout restaurants and kiosks, and catering establishments. Food serving
items for picnics and parties is very similar. Typical disposable foodservice products
are plates, bowls, cups, utensils, doilies and tray Paper Plates Platess. These products
can be made from a number of materials including plastics, Paper Plates Plates, bioresins and bamboo.
Packaging of fast food and take-out food is necessary for the customer but involves a
significant amount of material that ends up in landfill, recycling, composting, or litter.

MATERIAL USED:
Aluminum
Aluminum is used to manufacture foils, wraps, bags, containers, and trays.
Plastics
Many disposable foodservice products can be made of plastic: cups, plates, bowls,
trays, food containers and cutlery, for example. Plastics are used because the material
is

lightweight

and

holds

the

temperature

of

hot/cold

food

and

beverages. Polystyrene is in one of the most common types of plastics used for
foodservice packaging. In its foamed form, expanded polystyrene is often sometimes
referred to as Styrofoam. Non-foarmed polystyrene is sometimes also used for utensils
or plastic plates. Polyethylene and other plastics are also used. Plastic wrap is
sometimes used to cover a tray of food. Many plastics are marked with
the SPI recycling codes for identification.

Paper Platesand Paper Plates Platesboard

Disposable foodservice products made from Paper Plates Plates, Paper Plates
Platesboard, and corrugated fiberboard: including cups, plates, bowls, napkins,
carryout bags, trays, egg cartons, doilies and tray liners. Some Paper Platesproducts
are coated or treated to improve wet strength or grease resistance. Paper Platesand
Paper Plates Platesboard packaging like pizza trays, French fry trays, Chinese noodle
soup boxes, hamburger clamshell trays, etc, are developed by printers utilizing Paper
Platesconverting equipment such as tray formers.
Molded pulp products are made from recycled newsprint and are formed under heat
and pressure into plates, bowls, trays and cup carriers. Molded pulp is readily
recyclable.

Alternative materials
A number of manufacturers are now making disposable foodservice products from a
combination of natural starches, recycled fibers, water, air, and natural minerals. These
composite products include cups, plates, bowls, cutlery, sandwich wraps, food
containers and trays.
The material used to make these kinds of disposable foodservice products is primarily
PLA or polylactic acid. Some products are made from a mixture of PLA and pulp
fibers that are molded into disposable foodservice items with heat and pressure. Others
are made from a composite or mixture of starch and other materials, such
as limestone and recycled fibers, to give them additional strength.
Cost and Estimation:

 By reducing the need for equipment and additional labor, disposable foodservice
packaging is an economical alternative to multiuse items and eliminates the need for
dishwashers and other support equipment (racks, carts, dollies, shelving, bins) It can
also save money on water and energy used by dishwashers and can eliminates the need
to replace reusables that are broken, damaged, stolen or accidentally discarded.
Environmental concerns
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Paper Platesand plastic
foodservice packaging discarded in the countrys municipal solid waste stream
accounted 1.3 percent in 2007 (by weight) of municipal solid waste. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency also says that an often-cited waste prevention
measure is the use of washable plates, cups, napkins instead of the disposables
variety. This will reduce solid waste but will have other environmental effects, such as
increased water and energy use.
Litter composition studies conducted in many states across the country have found that
foodservice packaging items make up 1.4 percent of our nations litter stream.
Collection costs, the value of scrap material, and increased energy expenditures create
an additional economic barrier to recycling foodservice packaging. While recycling
foodservice packaging is difficult, recycled materials are being used in some
foodservice packaging.

Improved environmental footprint:

Many people are working on improving the environmental footprint of packaging for food
service. Often a Life-cycle assessment is valuable to determine the effects throughout the
entire system. Some actions include:
Packaging of incoming food and supplies can work toward the broad sustainable
packaging guidelines offered by many organizations. This includes the recycling of
packaging generated within the restaurant.

 Packaging products used by the restaurant can include specified amounts of recycled
content in the products.
Many packaging products can be compostable, but care is needed to match the needs
of regional composting facilities. Sometimes products can be certified.
Some single-use food packaging in recyclable but food contamination of products is
often a problem for recyclers.
Introduction About Plates:
A plate is a broad, concave, but mainly flat vessel on which food can be served.[1] A
plate can also be used for ceremonial or decorative purposes. Most plates are circular,
but they may be any shape, or made of any water-resistant material. Generally plates
are raised round the edges, either by a curving up, or a wider lip or raised portion.
Vessels with no lip, especially if they have a more rounded profile, are likely to be
considered as bowls or dishes, as are very large vessels with a plate shape. Plates
are dishware,

and tableware.

Plates

in

wood, pottery and

metal

go

back

into antiquity in many cultures.

Shape:
A plate is typically composed of:
The well, the bottom of the plate, where food is placed.
The lip, the flattish raised outer part of the plate (sometimes wrongly called the
rim). Its width in proportion to the well can vary greatly. It usually has a slight

upwards slope, or is parallel with the base, as is typical in larger dishes and
traditional Chinese shapes. Not all plates have a distinct lip.
The rim, the outer edge of the piece; often decorated, for example with gilding.
The base, the underside.
The usual wide and flat European raised lip is derived from old European metalwork
plate shapes; Chinese ceramic plates usually just curve up at the edges, or have a narrow
lip. A completely flat serving plate, only practical for dry foods, may be called a trencher,
especially if in wood.
Materials:
Plates are commonly made from ceramic materials such as bone china, porcelain,
glazed earthenware and stoneware, as well as other traditional materials like, glass,
wood or metal; occasionally, stone has been used. Despite a range of plastics and other
modern materials, ceramics and other traditional materials remain the most common,
except for specialized uses such plates for young children. Porcelain and bone china
were once luxurious materials but today can be afforded by most of the world's
population. Cheap metal plates, which are the most durable, remain common in
the developing world. Disposable plates, which are often made from plastic or Paper
Platespulp, were invented in 1904, and are designed to be used only once.
Also melamine resin or tempered glass such as Corelle can be used.

Size and Type:

Plates for serving food come in a variety of sizes and types, such as:
Saucer: a small plate with an indentation for a cup
Appetizer, dessert, salad plate, and side plates: vary in size from 4 to 9 inches

 Bread and butter plate: small (about 67 inches) for individual servings
Lunch or dessert plates (typically 9 inches)
Dinner plates: large (1012 inches), including buffet plates, serving plates which
tend to be larger (1114 inches)
Platters (US English) or serving plates: oversized dishes from which food for
several people may be distributed at table
Decorative plates: for display rather than used for food. Commemorative plates
have designs reflecting a particular theme.
Charger: a decorative plate placed under a separate plate used to hold food, larger
(1314 inches)
Plates can be any shape, but almost all have a rim to prevent food from falling off the
edge. They are often white or off-white, but can be any color, including patterns and
artistic designs. Many are sold in sets of identical plates, so everyone at a table can have
matching tableware. Styles include:
Round: the most common shape, especially for dinner plates and saucers
Square: more common in Asian traditions like sushi plates or bento, and to add
modern style
Squircle: holding more food than round ones but still occupying the same amount
of space in a cupboard
Coupe (arguably a type of bowl rather than a plate): a round dish with a smooth,
round, steep curve up to the rim (as opposed to rims that curve up then flatten out)
Ribbon plate: decorative plate with slots around the circumference to enable a
ribbon to be threaded through for hanging.

Eco Friendly Plates

We are the leading Manufacturer, Supplier, Distributor and exporter of Eco Friendly
Plates in TamilNadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Bangalore. Our Eco friendly Plates are
eco friendly and biodegradable. It is used for serving hot and cold food items in
functions, parties, hotels, restaurants etc. Our Eco friendly Paper Platesproducts are
made out of natural substance with elegant woody appearance and contain no artificial
coloring. We offer these plates in round, square, rectangle, hexagon shapes and in
various sizes. Paper Platescups and plates are biodegradable and environmental
friendly. We offer extensive variety of disposable Paper Platescups with and without
handle. It is made out of high quality food grade Paper Plates Plates. Eco friendly
biodegradable products are odorless, leak proof and cheap in price. The print on the
cups can be done as per your desire with your logo and marks. Our products are
packed in a customized way as per customer specifications and requirement. We
assure our prompt delivery in time.
LEAF PLATES:
The leaf sheath of Area (Areca Catechu Linn) palm, extensively cultivated in South
India as a cash crop, supplies a strong pliable material that is amenable to shaping.
This product is obtained from the plant leaf part, which in the course of its biological
life cycle, dries, falls and regenerates. This naturally shed leaf sheath is strong, semi
flexible yet not brittle, odourless, water and heat resistant. This leaf sheath has its own
natural grains and characteristic texture, very much similar to those seen in furniture
grade wood. An added advantage with this material is that it can be used to bake
foodstuff and can even tolerate microwave cooking. With such amazing properties it is
no wonder that this raw material has been used to manufacture a variety of items of
day-to-day use such as disposable plates, rain caps etc. and also as packaging material.
Palm shed leaf sheaths are first carefully sorted and then thoroughly washed and
mechanically pressed in a pre-heated form. A final trimming process gives finish to the
products. The entire manufacturing process uses no chemicals, resins, and dyes,
strengthening agents or synthetic materials whatsoever. A specialized baking &

sterilization process ensures that the plates are totally germ free, hygienic, and suitable
for using for food
Vision of Eco Plates:
Most popular products are the disposable bioplates, currently available in 17 different
sizes and shapes. Elegant to look at, it is the most convenient alternative to
conventional plates. There is a plate to suit every occasion - birthday parties, wedding
parties, religious functions, corporate get together, picnics, tours, sports events or any
other indoor / outdoor caterings etc. These plates are economical and save on
transportation, water and cleaning work to the caterers, picnic, and tour and party
organizers.
It is extremely sturdy and comparatively lighter. Its leak proof property and the ability
to withstand hot and cold temperature make it a product that is one of its kind. Its
biodegradable nature means that it can be easily disposed off after use, and over a
period of time decays with the soil like any other naturally shed leaf. It can be used as
animal feed and it is combustible too.
Range of products offer all the natural advantages of a material that is freely available
and demonstrates the overall advantages of using a biodegradable alternative. By
incorporating technology the company has also developed innovative, practical and
utility products in addition to the Bio plate viz. Greeting Cards, Caps, Packing
material etc; with many more products in the anvil.
The outer surface of the sheath is greenish or brown, waxy and tough, while the inner
surface is creamy in color and has natural grains and glossy finish.
PRODUCTION PROCESS:
The leaf stocks are cleaned and rinsed using clean ground water under high pressure.
Special care is taken where hygiene is concern. After all, people will be eating on
these plates later on. Then the most important face punching out the shapes and
pressing them with templates @ 180 degree. Operator operates two pressing machine
at the same time, because lots of weight is important depending on plate size.

 The heat and pressure have to be applied for 40 to 60 seconds, so that the cookery
retains its stability and can even be used later on in microwave ovens. 2 to 3 plates or
bowls can be punched out of a good leafs sheet. Each piece is quite unique with the
different colour and leaf structure. Uneven areas and stubborn areas are brushed away
using machines.

As an Areca leaf product manufacturer, we have set our products to meet international
quality standards through optimized manufacturing process with Hygienic conditions,
trained and skilled operational personnel and dedicated quality assurance systems.
There are no chemicals or additives used in the entire manufacturing process. It is
100% chemical free. Also the entire process leaves very less Carbon Foot Print when
compared to other disposable alternates in the market.
Even the water used for cleaning is collected and irrigated for the Green cover in the
factory premises.
Our products are manufactured from fallen dry sheaths of Betel nut trees. The areca
sheath when dried will fall from the tree and it is collected from the farms fresh and
used for making products. These sheaths are available in plenty in the South India
region. The usage of these leaves was started from our ancestors. We are only making
them into attractive shapes to meet the different customer requirements.

COMPANY PROFILE

SIDHICK PLATES is proud to take the credit for introducing food serving bioplate
concept in some of the European Countries. The company is managed by thorough
professionals with qualifications and experience in the field. It is a 100% export
oriented unit, and its products have been exported since 2006. Presently the company
has an in house production capacity of about 50 million bio plates per annum, which is
upgradeable to 70 millions.
SIDHICK PLATES uses this natural, renewable and biodegradable raw material to
convert it into value added, environment friendly products. The company has pioneered
an unique mechanical process to manufacture this traditionally hand crafted cottage
industry product. This has now helped to mass-produce products of high standards, that
maintain all the above said features in addition to high quality, hygiene and superior
finish.
As someone who has a sincere concern for the well being of this world and its future
generations, the typical eco friendly range of products of SIDHICK PLATES are here for
you not only to stand out different, but also to set a fine example for others and to make
your humble contribution towards a greener and cleaner earth.
Sidhick Plates products are already being exported to the following countries and the list
is growing steadily
Switzerland
Australia
USA

 Japan
Germany
France
Netherlands
Austria and other EU countries

COMPANY INFRASTRUCTURE:

We have one of the best facilities for producing a hygienic, safe and beautiful Palm
leaf plates when compared to any other competitors in this Industry. Each process is carried
out with perfection, precision and dedication by our enthusiastic workforce using
sophisticated machines in order to serve our Customer with the best possible quality out of
this naturally gifted leaf raw material.
Our manufacturing facility is located in Arasur, Coimbatore with an operational area of
20000 square feet. The Process design is implemented in such a way that the quality is being
maintained at high level in each of the process, leaving no stones unturned.

We have sophisticated customized pressing machines in our factory producing the eco leaf
plates, Special purpose machines for cleaning, trimming, packing and dedicated material

handling & storage equipment to handle the products safe and hygiene in every stage of
production.
We are proud to bring you our range of natural, sustainable plates and bowls, made from the
fallen leaves of the areca palm tree. These 100% biodegradable plates and bowls are durable,
lightweight and require minimal processing from tree to table: the fallen palm leaf is
gathered, washed in spring water, then heat-pressed into shape (this also sterilises the leaf)
no chemicals, waxes, dyes or additives are used!
Palm Leaf Plates are a stylish and unique alternative to other disposable tableware on
the market. They are stronger and more natural than corn starch, sugar cane, paper &
bamboo plates, and they wont harm our environment.
This cottage industry provides a source of income for many families in South Asia,
making Palm Leaf Plates a responsible decision for your family, their families, and our
environment. What better way of utilizing natures gift of fallen leaves! This is truly
natures tableware.
What We Do
We at "Sidhick Eco Concepts" aim to reduce the impact on our environment by
creating and promoting Areca Leaf products which are being produced with
sustainable resource (made from fallen leaves - 100% natural) through Eco friendly
process (no chemicals or additives used) and make sure it is acceptable to Earth when
disposed (biodegradable & compostable).
VISION
To be a world class, leading eco-friendly product manufacturer who makes our
customers, employees, suppliers, shareholders, society and environment smile.
MISSION
We are committed to be a highly creative and socially responsible eco-friendly product
manufacturer, by delighting our customers with our responsive attitude, by introducing
innovative products with superior quality & reliability at an affordable cost and by

enhancing the organization's abilities to compete in the global market with minimal
environmental impact.
VALUES
Customer smile / delight
Ethics, Integrity
Commitment to Quality
Innovation / Continuous improvement
Team work / People development

QUALITY POLICY
Sidhick Eco Concepts Private limited strives to achieve customer smile by delivering quality
products consistently, on time and every time. We dedicate ourselves for innovation and
continual improvement in all the areas of business.

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
In order to conserve natural resources and economize energy, weight reduction has
been the main focus of automobile manufacturers in the present scenario. Weight
reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better material, design
optimization and better manufacturing processes. The suspension leaf spring is one of
the potential items for weight reduction in automobiles as it accounts for 10% - 20% of
the unstrung weight. This achieves the vehicle with more fuel efficiency and improved
riding qualities. The introduction of composite materials was made it possible to reduce
the weight of leaf spring without any reduction on load carrying capacity and stiffness.
Since, the composite materials have more elastic strain energy storage capacity and

high strength to weight ratio as compared with those of Plates, multi-leaf Plates springs
are being replaced bymono-leaf composite springs. The composite material offer
opportunities for substantial weight saving but not always be cost-effective over their
Plates counterparts.
Disposable food packaging comprises disposable items often found in fast food
restaurants, takeout restaurants and kiosks, and catering establishments. Food serving
items for picnics and parties is very similar. Typical disposable foodservice products
are plates, bowls, cups, utensils, doilies and tray Paper Plates Platess. These products
can be made from a number of materials including plastics, Paper Plates Plates, bioresins and bamboo. Packaging of fast food and take-out food is necessary for the
customer but involves a significant amount of material that ends up in landfill,
recycling, composting, or litter.

Disposable food service products made from Paper Plates Plates, Paper Plates
Platesboard, and corrugated fiberboard: including cups, plates, bowls, napkins, carryout
bags, trays, egg cartons, doilies and tray liners. Some Paper Platesproducts are coated
or treated to improve wet strength or grease resistance. Paper Platesand Paper Plates
Platesboard packaging like pizza trays, French fry trays, Chinese noodle soup boxes,
hamburger clamshell trays, etc, are developed by printers utilizing Paper
Platesconverting equipment such as tray formers Molded pulp products are made from
recycled newsprint and are formed under heat and pressure into plates, bowls, trays and
cup carriers. Molded pulp is readily recyclable.
PRODUCTION CHAT

ABOUT LEAF PLATE

The subject gives a brief look on the suitability of composite leaf spring on vehicles and
their advantages. Efforts have been made to reduce the cost of composite leaf spring to
that of Plates leaf spring. The achievement of weight reduction with adequate
improvement of mechanical properties has made composite a very replacement material
for convectional Plates. Material and manufacturing process are selected upon on the
cost and strength factor. The design method is selected on the basis of mass production.
From the comparative study, it is seen that the composite leaf spring are higher and
more economical than convectional leaf spring.
Areca Leaf Plates are made from areca leaf, which are eco friendly and sanitized,
Manufacturing in high Quality. We have various standard designs in our products range.
We also provide exclusive designs based on the customer reference of shapes and sizes.
Quality is our primary important and considering it throughout the manufacturing
process. We are following strict quality checkpoints at each stage of the manufacturing
process to ensure the standard product quality.
The expects are checking the quality at each stage as well as we are following Five S
tool to conform the quality, The plates are washed in hot water to ensure the germ-free
and it is packed clean with care . We assure that the products are manufactured without
any chemical. Our modern Classic variety of products includes Circular, Rectangle,
Hexagon and Square shapes with various sizes. The products sizes starts from 4 inches

to 12 inches. The shapes are perfected through proper die design, heating and controlled
manufacturing process.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
The process of manufacturing is not very complicated. The product is manufactured
using the specific die. The Paper Platesand the polythene sheets are previously cut to
size or can also be purchased as per the production requirement. The specific die is
mounted on the press and the die is heated to the desired temperature. The two layers of
Paper Platesand the polythene sheets are placed in between the male-female die parts
and pressure is applied so that the product takes shape. The formed product is next
removed and another set is loaded.
The machine is an ordinary press with one fixed platform nd another moving plunger.
The movement of the plunger is through hydraulic mechanism. The formed products
are collected and the edges are trimmed to give it a proper shape. The plates and bowls
are packed separately and stocked for dispatch. Know how is available with the
machinery suppliers. The machinery is all indigenously available. The production
capacity envisaged is 30000-40000 nos per day per machine on two shift basis for 300
days per year.
The leaf cup machine is a simple pedal operated machine, manually operated with
minimum power consumption. It requires 300 watts of electric power. It can also work
without power by kerosene oil blowlamp. The leaves are washed and dried to retain
their pliability and kept in a polythene bag to avoid drying before use. The leaves are
placed on the lower die platen, the pedal is pressed down and released after a few
seconds. All the operation like folding, trimming, pressing into shape and drying are
done in a single operation by pressing the pedal lever. The leaf cup, subjected to
heating to 150 degree C for 10 seconds also gets sterilized.
History of Leave Plates Manufacturing Process:

 Investigation of composite leaf spring in the early 60s failed to yield the production
facility because of inconsistent fatigue performance and absence of strong need for mass
reduction. Researches in the area of automobile components have been receiving
considerable attention now. Particularly the automobile manufacturers and parts makers
have been attempting toreduce the weight of the vehicles in recent years. Emphasis of
vehicles weight reduction in 1978 justified taking a new look at composite springs.
Studies are made to demonstrate viability and potential of FRP in automotive structural
application. The development of a lit flex suspension leaf spring is first achieved. Based
on consideration of chipping resistance base part resistance and fatigue resistance, a
carbon glass fiber hybrid laminated spring is constructed. A general discussion on
analysis and design of constant width, variable thickness, composite leaf spring is
presented. The fundamental characteristics of the double tapered FRP beam are
evaluated for leaf spring application. Recent developments have been achieved in the
field of materials improvement and quality assured for composite leaf springs based on
microstructure mechanism.
All these report that the cost of composite; leaf spring is higher than that of Plates leaf
spring. Hence an attempt has been made to fabricate the composite leaf spring with the
same cost as that of Plates leaf spring. Material properties and design of composite
structures are reported in many s. Very little information are available in connection
with finite element analysis of leaf spring in the , than too in 2D analysis of leaf spring.
At the same time, the available regarding experimental stress analysis more. The
experimental procedures are described in national and international standards. Recent
emphasis on mass reduction and developments in materials synthesis and processing
technology has led to proven production worthy vehicle equipment.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING
MATERIALS SELECTION
Materials constitute nearly 60%-70% of the vehicle cost and contribute to the quality
and the performance of the vehicle. Even as mall amount in weight reduction of the
vehicle, may have a wider economic impact. Composite materials are proved as

suitable substitutes for Plates in connection with weight reduction of the vehicle.
Hence, the composite material have been selected for leaf spring design.
FIBRES SELECTION
The commonly used fibers are carbon, glass, keviar, etc.. Among these, the glass fiber
has been selected based on the cost factor and strength. The types of glass fibers are Cglasss-glass and E-glass. The C-glass fiber is designed to give improved surface
finishs-glass fiber is design to give very high modular, which is used particularly in
aeronautic industries. The E-glass fiber is a high quality glass, which is used as
standard reinforcement fiber for all the present systems well complying with
mechanical property requirements. Thus, E-glass fiber was found appropriate for this
application.
RESINS SELECTION:
In a FRP leaf spring, the inter laminar shear strengths is controlled by the matrix system
used .since these are reinforcement fibers in the thickness direction , fiber do not
influence inter laminar shear strength. Therefore, the matrix system should have good
inter laminar shear strength characteristics compatibility to the selected reinforcement
fiber. Many thermo set resins such as polyester, vinyl ester, azpoxy resin are being used
for fiber reinforcement plastics (FRP) fabrication. Among these resin systems, epoxies
show better inter laminar shear strength and good mechanical properties. Hence,
epoxies are found to be the best resins that would suit this application. Different grades
of epoxy resins and hardener combinations are classifieds, based on the mechanical
properties.
Among these grades, the grade of epoxy resin selected is Dobeckot 520 F and the grade
of hardener used for this application 758. Dobeckot 520 F is a solvent less epoxy resin.
Which in combination with hardener 758 cures into hard resin? Hardener 758 is a low
viscosity polyamine. Dobeckot 520 F, hardener 758 combination is characterized by
Good mechanical and electrical properties. Faster curing at room temperature. Good
chemical resistance properties.

PROPERTIES OF E-GLASS / EPOXY COMPOSITE

By considering the property variation in the tapered system improper bonding and improper
curing, etc. some constant of property value are reduced from calculated values using
equations. The material properties for E-glass / Epoxy composite for 60% of fiber volume is
given below.

PROPERTIES VALUES:
Tensile modulus along X direction (Ex),MPa 14000
Tensile modulus along Y direction (Ey),MPa 6030
Tensile modulus along Z direction (Ez),MPa 1530
Tensile strength of the material, MPa 800
Compressive strength of the material, MPa 450
Shear modulus along XY direction(Gxy),MPa 2433
Shear modulus along YZ direction(Gyz),MPa 1600
Shear modulus along ZX direction(Gzx),MPa 2433
Flexural modulus of the material, MPa 40000
Flexural strength of the material, MPa 1000
Poisson ratio along XY direction(NUxy) 0.217
Poisson ratio along YZ direction(NUyz) 0.366
Poisson ratio along ZX direction(NUzx) 0.217

 Mass density of the material (),Kg/mm 2 * 10

DESIGN SELECTION
The leaf spring behaves like a simply supported beam and the flexural analysis is done
considering it as a simply supported beam. The simply supported beam is subjected to both
bending stress and transverse shear stress. Flexural rigidity is an important parameter in the
leaf spring design and test out to increase from two ends to the center.
CONSTANT THICKNESS, VARYING WIDTH DESIGN
In this design the thickness is kept constant over the entire length of the leaf spring while the
width varies from a minimum at the two ends to a maximum at the center.
CONSTANT WIDTH, VARYING THICKNESS DESIGN
In this design the width is kept constant over the entire length of the leaf spring while the
thickness varies from a minimum at the two ends to a maximum at the center.
CONSTANT CROSS-SELECTION DESIGN
In this design both thickness and width are varied throughout the leaf spring such that the
cross-section area remains constant along the length of the leaf spring.
Out of the above mentioned design concepts, the constant cross-section design method is
selected due to the following reasons: Due to its capability for mass production and accommodation of continuous
reinforcement of fibers.
Since the cross-section area is constant throughout the leaf spring, same quantity of
reinforcement fibre and resin can be fed continuously during manufacture.
Also this is quite suitable for filament winding process.

COMPUTER ALGORITHM:
A computer algorithm using C language has been developed for the design of constant crosssection leaf spring. The design requirements of composite leaf spring are given below.
Parameter Values:
1. Static load acting on the spring, (W),N 2500
2. Static deflection of the spring, mm 100
3. Distance between eyes (2L), mm 1153
4. Camber, mm 160
5. Spring rate of the leaf spring(K),N/mm 25
6. In constant cross-section on design both the thickness and width are varied through to the
leaf spring such that the cross-section area remains constants. Considering the bearing
strength of the Plates plate, the calculated thickness of the leaf at the bolted ends (tc) is 7.5
mm. Based on the leaf interchangeability in mounting the rear axel, the width at the center
(bm)is chosen as 30 mm and corresponding thickness 31 mm .Stress and deflections are
calculated from the theory of bending. The output of computer algorithm is the dimensions
(breath and thickness) of leaf spring at various distances from the center. The dimensional
details can be utilized in developing models for finite element analysis and mould making
process.

THREE DIMENSIONALFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES

The composite leaf spring is analyzed for static strength and deflection using 3D finite
element analysis. The general purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS
versin5.5 is used for the present study. Using the advantage of symmetry in geometry
and loading, only one-half of the leaf spring is modeled analyzed. The three
dimensional structure of the leaf spring is divided into a number eight-nodded 3D brick
elements. in order to get accurate results, more number of elements are to be created.

 Hence, an aspect ratio of three is maintained in the finite element model. The variation
of bending stress and displacement values are predicted. The composite leaf spring
from unreformed shape, it is observed from the results that the composite leaf spring
functions equally as the conventional leaf spring under similar loading conditions.
SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
Apart from the selection of material and design procedure, the selection of manufacturing
process also determines the quality and cost of the product. Hence, the composite leaf spring
manufacturing process should fulfill the following criteria.
The process should be amenable to mass production.
The process should be capable of producing continuous reinforcement fiber.
Based on above requirements, filament-winding techniques are selected. In filament winding
process, continuous fibreunder controlled tension are drawn from spools mounted on creel
stands wetted with the resin by passing the fibers through a resin bath and wound onto the
rotating mould. After achieving the desired thickness, the process is stopped and the mould is
removed from the machine and kept for curing. This process does not involve huge
investment.
FABRICATION:
In this section the details of mould fabrication, filament winding machine, winding setup,
resin preparation, winding process and metallic eye are discussed.
MOULD FABRICATION
The mould used for the fabrication of FRP leaf spring should satisfy the following
requirements.
The cavity of the mould should resemble the actual leaf spring shape and
dimension.
It should have a continuous positive surface of resolution.

 It should be designed such that it can be rotated about an axis of revolution.

The mould is designed as per the design of the constant cross-section leaf spring and
above the requirements. After deciding the dimensions of the mould, it is manufactured
using wood as the pattern material. Adding small wooden pieces along its boundaries
create the composite leaf spring.

FILEMENT WINDING MACHIME

The mould that is used for the manufacture of composite leaf spring has an outer dia. of one
meter. The mould after mounting on the machine has to be rotated as the fibre is wound on it.
Hence a machine, which has the swing over dia.of one meter has to be used.This led to the
selection of the horizontal-boring machine which has an adjustable swing over die. An
attachment is also fabricated for mounting the mould on to the spindle head of the boring
machine.
WINDING SETUP
The actual winding of the leaf spring involves the operation of the winding machine,
after attaching the resin bath and mould. Before the process is started, the epoxy resin
and hardener combination has to be placed in the resin bath. There in bath is an
important unit of the winding setup. It provides the necessary matrix impregnation to
fibers before they are wound over the mould surface. The resin bath should accomplish
the following requirements.
1. It should wet the fibre roving uniformly with a controlled amount of resin.
2. The capacity of the resin bath should be sure that all the resin poured should be
utilized completely.
3. The resin must be poured at constant temperature to maintain a constant
viscosity.
4. It should avoid fibre breakage during impregnation.

 The resin bath consists of a number of rollers, which are placed to guide the fibres. The
fibers from the creel stand are allowed to pass through the rollers that are placed well
inside the resin bath. This enables the fibers to get completely soaked in the resin. The
soaked fibre is then allowed to pass through two rollers, which are rotating inp\opposite
directions. By this method the amount of resin in the fiber is found. The filament
winding setup is shown here. The mould is first mounted on the filament winding using
the fabricated attachment and then it is rotated at a speed of 15 rpm.
RESIN PREPRATION
The selected epoxy resin is Dobeckot 520 F with hardener 758.For every 100 parts by
weight of Dobeckot 520 F,10-12 parts by weight of hardener 758 is mixed well at a
temperature of 20C- 40C and used within 30-40 min, since the gel time of epoxy resin
is 30-40 min.
WINDING PROCESS
After the preparation of the resin, the resin is poured into the resin bath and the fiber
placed in the creel stand is allowed to pass through rollers in the resin bath. The
soaked fibre is then allowed to pass over the mould. The process is continued till the
desired thickness is achieved.
METALLIC EYE
Since it is difficult to fabricate a leaf spring with the eye portion by filament winding
process, a separate metallic eye is fabricated and then fixed to the leaf spring.
EXPERIMENTATION
In this section the machine details and testing details of composite leaf spring are
discussed. The static and fatigue tests are also covered.

TESTING MACHINE
The main problem faced in using a standard material testing machine for testing a leaf spring
is the displacement. The standard machines are designed for a displacement in the order of
microns. But the leaf spring testing machine must permit displacements in the order of
centimeters. The machine must be capable of exerting heavy loads in the range of a few
tones. The machine must be equipped with a suitable fixture, which will simulate the actual
mounting of the leaf spring in the automobile. This lead to the need of a servo-hydraulic
testing machine for the testing of leaf springs. Hence, a hydraulic-testing machine for testing
of leaf springs has been designed and fabricate. The special fixture arrangement for leaf
spring testing.
COMPOSIT LEAF SPRING TESTING
The leaf springs are tested following standard procedures recommended by SAE. The
spring to be tested is examined for any defects like cracks, surface abnormality, etc..and
the surface where the strain gauges are to be fixed is cleaned free from dust, rust and
any greases. Then, strain gauges are fixed to the prepared surface by using a cyanoacrylate adhesive.
STATIC TEST
The spring is loaded from zero to the prescribed maximum deflection and back to zero.
The applied load is measured near the center clamp location. The vertical deflection of
the spring center is also measured. The test readings are recorded at four locations
where the strain gauges are fixed in actual experimental conditions. The variations of
bending stress with load at location 1 to location 4 are shown in the figure. The graphs
are drawn when applying the load and releasing the load. The finite element analysis
results and experimental results for the load at 4200KN are given below.

FATIGUE TEST:
A fatigue analysis is carried out with the help of hydraulic-fatigue testing machine. The
designed and fabricated composite leaf spring is mounted on testing machine and the
limit switches are fixed at a span of 50 mm in the vertical direction. This is the amplitude
of loading cycle, which is considerably high amplitude. The frequency of one cycle is 66
mHz, which is considered to be very low. This leads to high amplitude low frequency
fatigue test. During the test the value of strain at location 1 is recorded. The maximum
and minimum stress values obtained at the first cycle of the composite leaf spring are
299 MPa and 202 MPa respectively. As the number of cycles goes on increasing, the
fluctuation in the stress are continuing to a certain level then settling takes place.
Under this condition, the maximum and minimum operating stress values are found to be
310 MPa and 208 MPa, respectively. Since, the fatigue (tensile) strength of the
composite material is considered as 900 MPa, the stress level obtained from operating
stress is 0.33, which is very low and safe. Due to high amplitude and low frequency
fatigue analysis, the experimental analysis does not provide final results in the short
period.
The test is conducted for 100 to complete 25,000 cycles. The variations in stress level are
reduced to very low level after 25,000 cycles. It is observed from the fatigue test that
there is only a negligible reduction in spring rate (1.5%) and no crack initiation in the
spring after 25,000 cycles of fatigue loading. Hence there is necessity to go for analytical
model for finding the remaining number of cycles of fatigue.

COMPARISION WITH PLATES LEAF SPRING

The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a composite leaf spring in
automobiles by considering cost-effectiveness and strength. The comparison between
multi-leaf spring and mono-leaf composite spring is made for the same requirements and
loading conditions. The comparison is based on four major aspects such as weight, riding
comfort, cost and strength.
COMPARISON OF WEIGHT
The total weight of composite leaf spring is 4 Kg including the metal eye weight of 1 Kg.
The weight of a convectional Plates spring assembly is around 15 Kg. So, around 70% of
weight reduction is achieved. Thus the objective of reducing the unsparing mass is achieved
to a larger extent.
COMPARISION BASED ON RIGIDITY QUALITIES
The weight reduction of unsparing mass of an automobile will improve the riding
quality. The suspension leaf contributes 10% - 20% of the unsparing mass. The weight of
the composite leaf spring is 3.75 times less than Plates leaf spring. Hence the riding
comfort of an automobile is increased due to the replacement of the Plates leaf spring by
composite leaf spring. No one to the best of knowledge has worked but qualitatively on
how much improvement in mileage/lit of passenger vehicle occurs and how much riding
comfort improves. Only qualitative information is available on riding comfort of vehicle
with respect to its unsparing mass. Plates spring is a multi-leaf spring and it sinter-leaf
fabrication reduces its riding quality. But composite leaf spring is a mono-leaf spring and
more conductive to riding qualities.
COST COMPARISION

The cost estimation of composite leaf spring provides a clear economic viability of the
product in comparison to that of a convectional leaf spring.

MOULD COST
Cost incurred in the manufacture of a mould is Rs 1400. This mould can be used at least
for 50,000 cycles of manufacturing composite leaf springs through filament winding
process and this results to manufacture of around1, 00,000 leaf spring. Hence, the cost
distribution over 1, 00,000 leaf spring gives cost around Rs 0.14 per leaf spring. Machine
Hour Rate Of Filament Winding Machine hour rate of filament winding machine is
around Rs 140 and time required in the manufacturing of two leaf spring is only 30 min.
therefore the cost involved is Rs 35.Labour And Miscellaneous Cost. The cost involved in
employing skilled labour has to be incorporated in the total cost. In this case there is no
labour involvement. It is assumed that the labour cost and miscellany cost in manufacture
of two leaf spring is Rs 35.
Cost of Convectional Leaf Spring
The convectional leaf spring assembly is available in the market for Rs 1000. By assuming a
profit margin of 25%vof the leaf spring, the cost of the leaf spring works out to be Rs 750.
Hence it concerns that the cost of a composite leaf spring is equal to that of a convectional
leaf spring even at a development stage. This shows that if mass production is achieved the
cost can be reduced by 20% - 30% of the cost of a convectional leaf spring.

STRENGTH COMPARISION
Static test has been conducted on Plates and composite leaf spring. Since, the composite
leaf spring is able to with stand the static load as well as the fatigue load, it is concluded
that there is no objection from strength point of view also, in the process of replacing
convectional leaf spring by composite leaf spring. To establish the consistency of test
results, extensive trail on a large scale has to carriedout. This requires large time and
infrastructure, which are beyond the scope of the present study. Since, the composite
spring is designed for same stiffness as that of Plates spring, both the springs are
considered to be almost equal in car stability.
The major disadvantage of composite leaf springs is cost and resistance. In this study, the
cost factor has been proved to be ineffective. However the matrix material is likely to
chip off when it is subjected to poor road environment (ie; if some stone hit the composite
leaf spring then it may produce chipping), which may sometimes break the fibers in the
lower portion of the spring. This may result in a loss of capability to share flexural
stiffness. But this depends on the condition of the road. In normal road condition, this
type of problems will not occur.

MACHINES DETAILES
Semi Automatic Areca Leaf Plate Makin:
Hydraulic Cylinder
Manufacturer & Exporter of a wide range of products which include Hydraulic
Cylinder such as Welded Hydraulic Cylinders, Clamping Cylinder, Block Cylinders,
Tie Rod Hydraulic Cylinder, Industrial Hydraulic Cylinder, Threaded Body Cylinder
and many more items.

We are one of the renowned manufacturers and exporter of broad range of Welded
Hydraulic Cylinders. These are made from high quality raw material procured from
our reliable and trusted vendors. We testify our products before delivering it to our
reputed clients. These are available at affordable prices. We also ensure these are
offered in various technical specifications to meet varied needs of our client.
Features:
Tubes are roll burnished

 Higher surface finish

Improved seal life
Low friction between seal and tube

Specifications:

Speed of the Cylinder: 0.5 m/s

Mounting: 14 Types
Max.Working pressure : 240 Bar
Bore ranges: from 25 mm to 500 mm with stroke length of 6 mtrs

Applications:
Construction Industry
Agricultural Industry
CLAMPING CYLINDER:
Under expert guidance of our engineers and technicians, we provide a wide variety of
Clamping Cylinder. These are fabricated using advance technology and high quality raw
material that are procured from reliable and trusted vendors. We offer these at market leading
price to our respectedClients.

Specifications:
Hard chrome plated
Induction hardened
Compact height
Easy assembly and disassembly

Applications:
Engineering industry
Foundry
Bore well Rig
Disposable Plates Making Machine:

 With our vast industrial experience and knowledge, we offer a wide array of Leaf Cup
Plate Machine. This Leaf Cup Plate Machine is used for making cups, plate and many
more things. Our offered Leaf Cup Plate Machine is effective and the cup, plate is used
for serving in weddings, parties and many more.

Features:
Sturdy construction
Easy installation
Durability
Ladies can also operate conveniently
Machine is foot operated
One person Operate one Machine
Needs Nominal Investment

 Die can be heated by Domestic Current (220 Volts) or by Kerosene

Friendly/Biodegradable
Production Capacity per 8 Hours:
Thalies Plain: 1200 Nos
ThaliesCharkahna: 1200 Nos
Katories: 2500 Nos
Nashta Plates 5: 2500 Nos
Nashta Plates 7: 1900 Nos
Reasons for Growing Popularity of Leaf Cup Plates:
Hygienic
Germs Free
Leak Proof
Elegant and Low cost
Convenient and Clean way of serving in parties and weddings
Best for fast food restaurants and Hawkers

HR DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION

 Human Resourceis a term used to describe the individuals who comprise the
workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labour economics to, for
example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of
the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for
implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (i.e.
the human resources). This function title is often abbreviated to the initials 'HR'. In
simple terms, an organization's human resource management strategy should
maximize return on investment in the organization's human capital and minimize
financial risk.
Human Resources seeks to achieve this by aligning the supply of skilled and qualified
individuals and the capabilities of the current workforce, with the organization's
ongoing and future business plans and requirements to maximize return on investment
and secure future survival and success. In ensuring such objectives are achieved, the
human resource function purpose in this context is to implement the organization's
human resource requirements effectively but also pragmatically, taking account of
legal, ethical and as far as is practical ina manner that retains the support and respect
of the workforce

HR DEPARTMENT CHART

HR Department in Sidhick Industry

Sidhick Human Resource Processes are rooted in business priorities, market realities
and long term oriented. Inherent in them are the qualities like innovation, continuous
learning and improvement in the work processes, talent identification and nurturing.
Sidhickthrough its concerted efforts aim sat becoming the most preferred employer in
the Industry and create one of the best places to work in the manufacturing sector.
Our HR processes stem from the faith in Human Potential and its Creative Power. Our
work cultures that enable its Human Resources enjoy professional freedom. Our
Learning Center is a forum where unique learning events take place as a part of the
process of institutionalization of continuous learning. The compensation package of
the Sidhick matches with the Industry Standards with qualities of flexibility, valuing
talent and encouraging career growth.

KEY FUNCTIONS

 Human Resources may set strategies and develop policies, standards, systems,
andprocesses that implement these strategies in a whole range of areas. The following
aretypical of a wide range of organizations:
Recruitment, selection, and on-boarding (resourcing)
Organizational design and development
Business transformation and change management
Performance, conduct and behaviour management
Industrial and employee relations
Human resources (workforce) analysis and workforce personnel data
management
Compensation, rewards, and benefits management
Training and development (learning management)
Implementation of such policies, processes or standards may be directly managed by the
HRfunction itself, or the function may indirectly supervise the implementation of such
activities by managers, other business functions or via third-party external partner
organizations.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Learning is a continual process in Sidhick. As your career progresses, there are
opportunities to enhance your professional and personal skills. A formal process,
known as Targeted Development, helps you and your supervisor in planning your
development to meet both business and personal goals. Sidhick recognizes the
effectiveness of experiential learning and values "on-the-job training as a primary
means of development. The company's collaboration with manyLeading
universities, research institutions, companies, and industry & professional
organizations also often present unique developmental experiences. Formal training
is another important avenue for gaining new skills. Each business within the
company has ongoing training programs that are designed specifically to maximize
the performance of its employees in meeting business objectives.
The Sidhick on the expertise of external training providers and the company's own
functional experts to offer a wide range of courses in areas such as Leadership &
Management, Sales &Marketing, Finance, Manufacturing, Human Resources,
Information Technology, Personal Skills, and Safety & Health. Other development
opportunities include training sessions and seminars presented by industry or
professional organizations. Sidhick also offers a program that provides financial
assistance to employees pursuing courses at academic institutions.

HR PRACTICES AT SIDHICK
Here are a few of the ways Sidhick works with its employees to help them achieve their full
potential, although not all of these initiatives are available in every country in which Sidhick
operates.
The Sidhick Experience
Career development starts on the first day. This includes career and personal development
planning and "The Sidhick Experience", an interactive, global induction program they
provide in the India
Performance and Development Planning
Their global Performance and Development Planning process (PDP) is there to help
employees at all stages of their career. PDP is a powerful tool for matching personal success
to the success of the business. Throughout the year, both the employees and their manager
will work together on this process to set you challenging objectives and identify career
development needs.
Career Innovation Zone
Career Innovation Zone is an online resource that employees can access freely at anytime
from work or home. It offers a wealth of interactive tools and tips to help them work out the
potential career directions and choices that would be right for them.
My Learning
Employees will also have access to my Learning, its online course catalogue. My Learning
allows employees to work with their manager to create a custom is learning plan and to take
advantage of the wide variety of instructor-led and eLearning courses, including a number of
customized Leadership Development offerings.

 Coaching and feedback

Sidhick foster a culture of ongoing coaching and feedback for all employees. A variety of
formal and informal resources are available to help employees, including a 360-degree
feedback process and external coaching. Employees will also be encouraged to take part in
either a formal or informal mentoring relationship.
On-the-job development
On-the-job development is part of the way Sidhick works. Opportunities for "stretch
assignments, secondments, and access to their cross business job posting database are a few
of

the resources available to employees.

Recommendations of Employee
Safe, Healthy and Happy Workplace
Creating a safe, healthy and happy workplace will ensure that your employees feel homely
and stay with your organization for a very long time. Capture their pulse through employee
surveys.
Open Book Management Style
Sharing information about contracts, sales, new clients, management objectives, company
policies, employee personal data etc. ensures that the employees are as enthusiastic about the
business as the management. Through this open book process you can gradually create a
culture of participative management and ignite the creative endeavor of your work force.. It
involves making people an interested party to your strategic decisions, thus aligning them to
your business objectives. Be as open as you can. It helps in building trust & motivates
employees. Employee self service portal, Manager on-line etc. are the tools available today
to the management to practice this style.

 Performance linked Bonuses

Paying out bonuses or having any kind of variable compensation plan can be both
anincentive and disillusionment, based on how it is administered and communicated. Bonus
must be designed in such a way that people understand that there is no payout unless the
company hits a certain level of profitability. Additional criteria could be the team's success
and the individual's performance. Never pay out bonus without measuring performance,
unless it is a statutory obligation.
360 Degree Performance Management Feedback System
This system, which solicits feedback from seniors (including the boss), peers and
subordinates, has been increasingly embraced as the best of all available methods for
collecting performance feedback. Gone are the days of working hard to impress only one
person, now the opinions of all matter, especially if you are in a leadership role (at any
level). Every person in the team is responsible for giving relevant, positive and constructive
feedback. Such systems also help in identifying leaders for higher level positions in the
organization. Senior managers could use this feedback for self development.
Special Benefits provided for Employees
Medical facilities: Free medical facilities for employees and their family, which continues
even after retirement.
Housing facilities: Subsidized electricity, water and housing facilities to all employees.
Higher studies: Monetary incentives to employees acquiring higher qualifications in a
related field along with study leave, scholarships etc. when necessary.
Holiday Homes: Sidhick Plates has five holiday homes for benefit of employees during
vacation.
Sidhick Plates Officers Beach Club: All officers of Sidhick Plates are eligible to be
members of the Beach Club that offers holidays in elite hospitality chains.

 Family Benefit Scheme: In the tragic case of a fatality in the Works, a monthly pension
equal to the amount of the last drawn salary of the deceased is given to the legal heir until
the time the deceased would have attained the age of 60.

DEVELOPING PEOPLE
Valuing its people as a great asset, Sidhick Plates is committed to their development,
both in order to benefit the individual and to benefit the Company through increased
knowledge and skills. In order to leverage maximum potential of human resource to
achieve business objectives the Company recognizes that enrichment of people will
help retain a motivated workforce in a competitive environment.
I.

Skills Development - Non-officers

Skill training is a process that begins at the time of an employee joining the
company and continues throughout his or her career. Employees work in clusters of
multi-skilled workers and move across and within clusters on improving their skills
levels. The Technical Training Institute imparts vocational and basic skills training;
the departments impart on-the-job training. In order to promote self-directed
learning, the Company has introduced e-learning whereby employees can access
electronic courses from their departmental e-Learning centers.

II.

Skills Development Officers

Sidhick Plates Management Development Centre conducts a number of managerial
and functional competency based programmers for officers and supervisors. The
objectives of these programmers are:
1. To build individual capability by enhancing managerial and functional competencies
which are critical to operations, service and support functions.

2. To build a leadership pipeline in the organization to prepare the people to meet the
challenges of growth, globalization and change.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION:
The Finance Department work closely with the management act as professional advice
and control service for the financial activities of the Company.
Departmental Meetings are held regularly, in which work related matters are
discussed. Additionally the detail work in progress of each section in monitored
through meetings between the Senior Staff and the Juniors for which they are
responsible.
The FD help the other departments to meet their service objectives by acquiring
services and goods, allocating the Companys financial resources, processing financial
transactions, and providing information and analysis as a basis for decision-making.
Mission of Finance Department:
The Finance Department is committed to providing the highest levels of financial
services to the Company.
This includes insuring that proper controls and procedures are in place to manage
properly.
We constantly evaluate and balance the types and levels of services provided

 Efficiencies are developed through staff training opportunities, teamwork and by

providing employees with a challenging and fulfilling work environment.

Objective of Finance:
The broad objectives of the Finance Department areto provide a timely, efficient and cost
effective service:
Continuing to improve the level of operational efficiency of the Finance Department.
Maintaining effective working relationships with the rest of the Company.
Continuing to improve the quality of financial information supplied to departments.
Meeting the Reporting deadlines set by GAC
Ensuring wide compliance with the Financial Regulations.
AIMS OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT
The finance department of a business takes responsibility for organising the financial and
accounting affairs including the preparation and presentation of appropriate accounts, and the
provision of financial information for managers. The main areas covered by the financial
department include.
1. Book keeping procedures.

 Keeping records of the purchases and sales made by a business as well as capital
spending. These records today are typically kept on computer files. But we still use the
term ledger entries to refer to the days when all financial transactions were carefully
recorded in thick books
2. Creating a balance sheet and profit and loss account.
Financial statements need to be produced at given time intervals, for example at the
end of each financial year. Trial balances are extracted from the ledger entries to create
a Balance Sheet showing the assets and liabilities of a business at the year end. In
addition, records of purchases and sales are totalled up to create a Profit and Loss
(P&L) account.

3. Providing management information.

Managers require ongoing financial information to enable them to make better
decisions. For example, they will want information about how much it costs to
produce a particular product or service, in order to assess how much to produce and
whether it might be more worthwhile to switch to making an alternative product.
4. Management of wages.
The wages section of the finance department will be responsible for calculating the
wages and salaries of employees and organising the collection of income tax and
national insurance for the Inland Revenue.
5. Raising of finance.
The finance department will also be responsible for the technical details of how a
business raises finance e.g. through loans, and the repayment of interest on that
finance. In addition it will supervise the payment of dividends to shareholders.

Functions of Finance Department

TREASURY Control
Responsible for all Treasury operations. General responsibilities include Investments,
Utility Billings, Collections, Debt Correspondence.
Control disbursement and reconciliation of all checks or withdrawals from treasury
accounts. Provide Banking Services such as Checks, Endorsement stamps, Deposit
tickets and placing stop payments.
Cash Control
Collect, Record and Deposit funds for all Treasury transactions and ensure that the
Deposits are made timely and accurately.
Account Receivable

 Maintains Accurate Account and Billing Records for Other Accounts Receivable.
Purchasing Services
Maintain and ensure compliance with purchasing policies and procedures.
Handle purchasing inquiries from Departments.
Process purchasing requisition, Vendor Records and Contract Documents. Assist staff
in reducing cost of doing business by using more efficient procurement methods.
Financial Accounting/Control
Monthly Management Reports, Budget Settings and Monitoring, Financial Planning,
Capital Project Reporting.
Pay Roll
Payroll Production, Income Tax Returns.
Monitoring of Changes in Human Resources (Hires and Terminations).
Filing all reporting requirements with various Government agencies; like SESSI,
EOBI, Excise and Taxation, and provide assistance with Pay Change Calculations.

Roles and Responsibility Finance Department

Traditional roles of the finance department
The traditional roles and responsibilities of a finance department are important for the
smooth operation of the business. However, most of the functions do not have a
considerable strategic importance.
The most common function of the finance department comprises the documentation and
the controlling of incoming and outgoing cash flows as well as the actual handling of the
cash flows.

 These two parts played and still play a significant role inside the department, however,
due to the computer revolution it is mostly dealt with on computerised systems (such as
SAP R/3). The introduction of mass computer systems has made the task less labour
intensive and far quicker, even real-time. Cash flows can be displayed on an up-to-date
basis every day, performance can be analysed and evaluated straight away. This gives the
financial department and the senior management useful tools to see how the company is
performing at any given time. This will be discussed later when analysing the new roles.
The finance department is also responsible for the payment of bills, wages and salaries.
This as well has been computerized. Wages and bills are paid through electronic systems.
Both transactions are outgoing cash flows. On the other hand, payments for goods or
services sold will be accounted for in this department.
The area of wages is a very difficult one for the finance department as it underlies strict
legal limitations. Data protection is very important for the firm as it is imposed by law.
Financial accounting exists for centuries now in one or another form. It delivers to
interested stakeholders such as potential investors, banks, shareholders, suppliers, etc.
detailed information about the financial situation such as the financial health of the firm.
It is used to attract capital from the outside. As Boddy and Paton (p.622) state: The
capital markets reaction to reports of financial performance affect the ability of the
company to raise capital. The Financial accounting is employed moreover to undertake
investment and credit analysis and used for the taxation of the business.
Another major function the finance department assumes is the budgeting and
performance

evaluation.

It

could

be

seen

as

planning/forecasting

and

controlling/evaluating. Though budgeting is a traditional role its importance has risen

rapidly especially as the companies have grown to huge conglomerates where control is
very complex and difficult. The purpose has moved from pure control to a more
analytical meaning (Cost-Return).

 Certainly, the traditional function of the finance department is important and many
modern roles are based on and evolve from them. However, computer systems have
made these roles far less important as it is a low level activity in the firm.
Modern roles and responsibilities of the finance department
In the past the finance department was seen as the bean counter and reporter of the
past, but due to the computerization of the firms operations it can now deliver up-to-date
information on company performance. This made it far more interesting for the senior
management to develop new roles and areas of responsibilities for the department,
especially in the area of forecasting trends.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
Marketing is the most important parts of any business activity. It is what creates
customers and generates income, guides the future course of a business and defines
whether it will be a success or a failure. Without marketing, a business is like sitting in
the dark and expecting people to find you without a light. Marketing can be done without
a marketing team, but you cannot expect to go too far or succeed by marketing on your
own. For a sustained marketing effort, a business of any size requires a dedicated
marketing department or a marketing team.
Marketing can be described as any activity that is carried on with the specific purpose of
conveying information about the use, quality and value of a product or service in order to
promote or sell the product or service. Marketing is the way to announce the availability
of a commodity, service, idea or a brand to the world in such a way that people are
interested in it and wish to acquire it and use it. It serves the purpose of plugging the gap
between the publics requirement and the products that are available.

IMPORTANCE OF A MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The Marketing Department is the key to good marketing and sales. It promotes and
establishes a business in its niche, based on the products or services the business is
offering. It identifies the areas in which the product fits and where the business should
focus its marketing strategy and, therefore, spend its budget for the maximum coverage
and results. The marketing department helps a business to do the following:
Build relationship with the audience: Creates awareness of the business and its
products as well as provide inputs that create interest for the audience. It brings in new
customers and creates new business opportunities for the enterprise.
Involve the customer: It engages existing customers, tries to understand them and
hear what they have to say. It monitors the competition, creates new ideas, identifies
outlets, plans the strategy to involve customers and retain them.
Generate income: Finally, the aim of the marketing department is to generate revenue.
All its activities are aimed at broadening the customer base and finding opportunities
that would create more revenue for the enterprise.
ORGANIZATION OF A MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The marketing department of any enterprise is responsible for promoting the products,
ideas and mission of the enterprise, finding new customers, and reminding existing
customers that you are in business. It organizes all the activities that are concerned with
marketing and promotion. It may consist of a single person or a group of people working
in a hierarchal system who are responsible for bringing the product of the business to the
attention of its targeted customers. Since this department is the key to your revenue and
business activity, it requires people who have the skills for dealing with people and
understanding what they require.
There is no hard and fast rule to the organization of a marketing department, which
depends entirely upon the needs of the business, its size and the amount of money that it

wants to spend on marketing. But a typical marketing department in a large business

operation is organized as follows:
Chief Marketing Officer: This is the person who is at the top of the pyramid and is in
charge of the marketing department. The responsibilities of CMO lie in the decision
making within the process of the development of the major marketing strategies, as well
as running the marketing department. CMO is also answerable to the Board of Directors
or the Management about the results of the marketing strategies.
Marketing Director: The person in this role is responsible for all the marketing
strategies that are created and implemented. With his tasks he assists the CMO of the
company.
Vice President Marketing: He is answerable to the Marketing Director. His
responsibility is the implementation of the marketing strategies of the organization. He
works with the marketing manager in determining the strategies, messages, and media to
be employed for marketing.
Marketing Manager: Marketing Manager works under the vice president marketing and
assists him with the implementation of all marketing strategies including creating
messages or advertisements for marketing, choosing the medium of displaying the
messages, which might include print media, television, banners and hoarding, website and
social media marketing, etc. A marketing manager is also responsible for managing the
other employees of the department. There may be one or several marketing managers
depending upon the size and requirements of the business.
Marketing Analyst or Researchers: These individuals are responsible for research and
analysis that drives the marketing department and guides its marketing strategies by
finding out about the target customers and the competition of the business. Marketing
Analysts employ marketing tools such as surveys or studies to discover information that
may be useful for marketing. They report to the marketing manager.
Public Relations: Public Relation Officer is in charge of managing the reputation and
goodwill of the company. His job is to create understanding of the clients and try to

influence their thinking and behavior. PRO uses media management and communication
to build up the companys profile. The PRO works under the Marketing Manager and
reports to him.
Social Media Expert/Creative services: With the internet becoming a major player in
marketing, a company benefits from the services of Social Media Experts (SME) and
creative services. While the SMEs concentrate on marketing the business and its
service on the internet so that more people become aware of it, the creative services
take care of designing and presentation part of the business, these include websites,
web pages, brochures, booklets, flyers, advertisements, mailers and e-mailers, and all
other promotional material that is required by the marketing department. The creative
services and social media marketing report to the marketing manager and work under
him.
Marketing Coordinator: Coordinates all the various sections of the marketing
department and manages the advertising and marketing campaigns. Marketing
Coordinator is responsible for tracking sales data, maintaining the promotional
material inventory, planning events, preparing reports, etc. They work with the
Marketing Manager and assist him.
Marketing Assistant: Assists and reports to the marketing manager to run the day to
day business of a marketing department. Carries out administrative work required for
the smooth running of the department.
MARKET POTENTIAL
These products have an urban as well as rural market. These products are mostly used
during social functions, religious gatherings, parties, marriages, outings, in sweet shops,
by caterers etc. The products have many advantages and are hence preferred as
compared to standard utensils/crockery for serving eatables. They can easily be
disposed off after use and hence save a lot of labour as far as cleaning/drying of utensils
are concerned.

 These are easily transportable and easy to handle. In our country people are religious
and organize functions throughout the year all such occasions call for social gathering
and celebrations with meals, snacks sweets being served. Further, our vast population
organizes marriages, celebrates birthdays and other family functions on a regular basis.
Sweet shops and small eateries can be found at every street corner and all such joints
use these disposable plates and bowls. Thus keeping in view the culture of the people
and the habits there is a vast market for the products not only in urban areas but also in
rural areas.
TYPES OF MARKETING STRATEGIES:
Marketing strategies may differ depending on the unique situation of the individual
business. However there are a number of ways of categorizing some generic strategies. A
brief description of the most common categorizing schemes is presented below:
Strategies based on market dominance
In this scheme, firms are Classified based on their market share or dominance of an
industry. Typically there are three types of market dominance strategies:
Leader
Challenger
Follower
Porter generic strategies
Strategy on the dimensions of strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope refers
to the market penetration while strategic strength refers to the firms sustainable
competitive advantage.
Product differentiation
Market segmentation

Innovation strategies
This deals with the firm's rate of the new product development and business model
innovation. It asks whether the company is on the cutting edge of technology and
business innovation. There are three types: Pioneers
Close followers
Late followers
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY
Product Development
The marketing department works with Internal or external product development teams
to develop new products or improve existing ones. The department analyzes sales of
existing products and identifies gaps in the product range where there may be
opportunities for the company. Marketing employees provide development teams with
information on customer needs and preferences to help them identify the features or
improvements to incorporate in new products. Later in the product development
process, the marketing department sets prices and prepares plans to launch the product.

Communications
Marketing departments plan campaigns and develop communications material to
promote products and services to customers and prospects. Depending on their
available budgets, they may plan advertising campaigns, develop e-mail marketing
programs, create promotional content for the company website, write press releases or
product publications, such as product leaflets, company brochures, product data sheets
or customer newsletters. They may write and design the promotional material if they

have skills within the department or they may appoint advertising agencies or design
firms to produce the work.
Sales Support
Cooperation between the sales and marketing departments can improve sales
performance and speed up business growth. The marketing department can provide
sales teams with high-quality leads by running advertisements that include a reply
mechanism, such as a coupon or telephone number, or by encouraging visitors to the
company website to register their details in return for a free newsletter or special
report. Marketing also prepares presentations for the sales team and supplies them with
stocks of promotional material to give to customers and prospects.

SALES DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
Sales promotion consists of a variety of companies. Sponsored promotional activities
that supplement both advertising and personal set up. These activities are impersonal
and can be directed at industrial buyers, intermediaries or consumers.

 Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short term,
designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by
consumers of the trade.
Sales promotion tools vary in their specific objectives. Incentive type promotions are
used to attract new buyers, to reward loyal customers and to increase the repurchase
rates of the occasional users. Sales promotion often attracts the branch switchers,
because users of other brands and categories do not always notice or act on a
promotion. In using the sales promotion a company must establish its objectives,
select the tools develop the program, a pretest the program, implement and control it
and evaluate the results.
OBJECTIVE OF SALES DEPARTMENT
In this step, we will discuss how to define your sales and marketing strategy for your
business. We will determine how your sales infrastructure and marketing plan relate to
your overall business growth strategy.
Now that you have a solid foundation for your goals and have a clear definition of
how you will handle the operations of your organization, you should evaluate sales
and marketing and its role in your business. It is important to understand why sales
and marketing are coexisting elements: you cannot implement a good sales plan
without a solid marketing strategy.
A solid sales and marketing strategy can be the lifeblood of your company, just as a
poorly conceived plan could be a financial drain and an inevitable waste of your
investment. There is no shortage of consultants and professionals who will
attempt to tell you how to market and sell your business, but its important to know
that no one can understand your business and its obstacles better than you and your
team. This is why it is important for you to understand the basic principles of
marketing and sales and its application to your business.
There is, of course, a time when you should call in the cavalry and use the aid of a
professional sales and marketing company to assist in the growth of your business. By

understanding the foundation of building a sales and marketing plan, you will be able
to develop a more solid strategy to achieving business success.
WHAT IS SALES IN AN ORGANIZATION
A person or organization expressing an interest in acquiring the offered item of value is
referred to as a potential buyer, prospective customer or prospect. Buying and selling are
understood to be two sides of the same "coin" or transaction. Both seller and buyer
engage in a process of negotiation to consummate the exchange of values. The exchange,
or selling, process has implied rules and identifiable stages. It is implied that the selling
process will proceed fairly and ethically so that the parties end up nearly equally
rewarded. The stages of selling, and buying, involve getting acquainted, assessing each
partys need for the others item of value, and determining if the values to be exchanged
are equivalent or nearly so, or, in buyer's terms, "worth the price. Sometimes, sellers
have to use their own experiences when selling products with appropriate discounts.
From a management viewpoint it is thought of as a part of marketing, although the skills
required are different. Sales often form a separate grouping in a corporate structure,
employing separate specialist operatives known as salespersons singular: salesperson.
Selling is considered by many to be a sort of persuading "art". Contrary to popular belief,
the methodological approach of selling refers to a systematic process of repetitive and
measurable milestones, by which a salesman relates his or her offering of a product or
service in return enabling the buyer to achieve their goal in an economic way. While
the sales process refers to a systematic process of repetitive and measurable milestones,
the definition of the selling is somewhat ambiguous due to the close nature
of advertising, promotion, public relations, and direct marketing

OVERVIEW OF SALES DEPARTMENT

The art of sales is defined by completing a transaction from the time you introduce
your company to a prospect; to the delivery of the finished good and payment for that
good.

 This definition is limited in scope as the art of sales is a never-ending cycle. To quote
Guy Kawasaki, How can you tell an entrepreneur is selling? His lips are moving.
There has never been a truer statement, as we live in a time where new businesses,
ideas and thirty-second elevator pitches are becoming a commonality. As companies
construct and hone their pitch, consumers and end users create new and innovative
ways to tune them out.
The technology age has succeeded in adding more effective ways to sell, but has also
created additional noise in an already crowded sales channel. The challenge is to
identify how you are ten times better than your competition.
In this step of the series, we will guide you through the basics of forecasting,
recruiting, executing, reporting and measuring sales. We will also examine these
principles by applying them to our fictitious company, Profit Corporation. Specifically,
we will determine how they developed their strategic sales and marketing plans by
utilizing this method.
Industrial marketing
The idea that marketing can potentially eliminate the need for sales people depends entirely
on context. For example, this may be possible in some B2C situations; however, for
many B2B transactions (for example, those involving industrial organizations) this is mostly
impossible. Another dimension is the value of the goods being sold. Fast-moving consumergoods (FMCG) require no sales people at the point of sale to get them to jump off the
supermarket shelf and into the customer's trolley. However, the purchase of large mining
equipment worth millions of dollars will require a sales person to manage the sales process particularly in the face of competitors. Small and medium businesses selling such large ticket
items to a geographically-disperse client base use manufacturers' representatives to provide
these highly personal service while avoiding the large expense of a captive sales force.

SALES DEPARTMENT CHART

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SALES AND MARKETING

Marketing and sales differ greatly, but generally have the same goal. Selling is the final,
stage in marketing, which also includes pricing, promotion, place and product (the 4 P's).
A marketing department in an organization has the goals of increasing the desirability and
value to the customer and increasing the number and engagement of interactions between
potential customers and the organization. Achieving this goal may involve the sales team
using promotional techniques such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and public
relations, creating new sales channels, or creating new products (new product
development), among other things. It can also include bringing the potential customer to
visit the organization's website(s) for more information, or to contact the organization for
more information, or to interact with the organization via social media such
as Twitter, Face book and blogs. Social values also play a major role in consumer
decision processes.

The field of sales process engineering views "sales" as the output of a larger system, not
just as the output of one department. The larger system includes many functional areas
within an organization. From this perspective, "sales" and "marketing" (among others,
such as "customer service") label for a number of processes whose inputs and outputs
supply one another to varying degrees. In this context, improving an "output" (such as

sales) involves studying and improving the broader sales process, as in any system, since
the component functional areas interact and are interdependent.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY
A sales manager plays a key role in the success and failure of an organization. He is the
one who plays a pivotal role in achieving the sales targets and eventually generates
revenue for the organization. A sales manager must be very clear about his role in the
organization. He should know what he is supposed to do at the workplace.
Let us understand the roles and responsibilities of a sales manager:
A sales manager is responsible for meeting the sales targets of the organization
through effective planning and budgeting.
A sales manager cant work alone. He needs the support of his sales team where
each one contributes in his best possible way and works towards the goals and
objectives of the organization. He is the one who sets the targets for the sales
executives and other sales representatives. A sales manager must ensure the
targets are realistic and achievable.
The duties must not be imposed on anyone, instead should be delegated as per
interests and specializations of the individuals. A sales manager must understand
who can perform a particular task in the most effective way. It is his role to
extract the best out of each employee.
A sales manager devises strategies and techniques necessary for achieving the
sales targets. He is the one who decides the future course of action for his team
members.
It is the sales managers duty to map potential customers and generate leads for
the organization. He should look forward to generating new opportunities for the
organization.

 A sales manager is also responsible for brand promotion. He must make the
product popular amongst the consumers. A banner at a wrong place is of no use.
Canopies must be placed at strategic locations; hoardings should be installed at
important places for the best results.
Motivating team members is one of the most important duties of a sales manager.
He needs to make his team work as a single unit working towards a common
objective. He must ensure team members dont fight amongst themselves and
share cordial relationship with each other. Develop lucrative incentive schemes
and introduce monetary benefits to encourage them to deliver their level best.
Appreciate whenever they do good work.
It is the sales managers duty to ensure his team is delivering desired results.
Supervision is essential. Track their performances. Make sure each one is living
up to the expectations of the organization. Ask them to submit a report of what all
they have done through out the week or month. The performers must be
encouraged while the non performers must be dealt with utmost patience and
care.
He is the one who takes major decisions for his team. He should act as a pillar of
support for them and stand by their side at the hours of crisis.
A sales manager should set an example for his team members. He should be a
source of inspiration for his team members.
A sales manager is responsible for not only selling but also maintaining and
improving relationships with the client. Client relationship management is also
his KRA.
As a sales manager, one should maintain necessary data and records for future
reference.

PURCHAS DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
Purchasing departments are responsible for procuring supplies. Until the 1960s, this
largely involved order-placing and was primarily a clerical position. However, as the
development of strategic planning and the advent of just-in-time purchasing made
purchasing a more crucial business function. Today, purchasing is often referred to as
supply chain management and the purchasing department has taken on a larger and
more vital business role.
One of the main roles of the purchasing department is to source supplies and parts, and
then purchase them. In large companies, this may also include deciding whether to make
the item in-house. Purchasing departments often work alongside product development
teams to source materials and determine cost of the finished product. Purchasing
departments may use trade publications to source suppliers, or go straight to the
manufacturer. Finding the correct item at the correct price can be difficult, and purchasing
departments may also work to assist suppliers in manufacturing the item needed. This can
involve providing considerable assistance to the supplier
What is Industrial Purchasing?
Industrial purchasing may be defined as the decision-making process by which formal
organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate,
and choose among alternative brands and suppliers.

FUNCTION OF PURCHASING DEPARTMENT

Most major companies and even some government organizations have a purchasing or
procurement department as part of everyday operations. These departments provide a
service that is the backbone of many manufacturing, retail, military and other industrial
organizations. Many individuals, even some who work for these companies, are unaware
of what the purchasing department does, why it exists or what purposes it serves. To
understand better what the role of the purchasing department is, consider some functions
it performs.
Procuring Materials
One role of the purchasing department is to procure all necessary materials needed for
production or daily operation of the company or government organization. For a
manufacturing company, this might include raw materials such as iron, steel,
aluminum or plastics, but it also might include tools, machinery, delivery trucks or
even the office supplies needed for the secretaries and sales team. In a retail
environment, the purchasing department makes sure there is always sufficient product
on the shelves or in the warehouses to keep the customers happy and keep the store
well-stocked. With a small business, it is especially important to keep inventory
ordering at a reasonable level; investing large amounts of capital in excess stock could
result in storage problems and in a shortage of capital for other expenditures such as
advertising or research and development. Purchasing also oversees all of the vendors
that supply a company with the items it needs to operate properly.
Evaluating Price
A purchasing department also is charged with continuously evaluating whether it is
receiving these materials at the best possible price in order to maximize profitability.
This can be challenging for a small business that may purchase in lesser quantities
than a larger vendor and which thus may not receive the same type of bulk discounts.
A purchasing department in a small business needs to shop around to find the best
vendors at the most reasonable prices for the company's particular size orders.
Purchasing department staff may communicate with alternate vendors, negotiate better

pricing for bulk orders or investigate the possibility of procuring cheaper materials
from alternative sources as part of their daily activities.
Paper Plates Plateswork and Accounting
Purchasing departments handle all of the Paper Plates Plateswork involved with
purchasing and delivery of supplies and materials. Purchasing ensures timely delivery
of materials from vendors, generates and tracks purchase orders and works alongside
the receiving department and the accounts payable department to ensure that promised
deliveries were received in full and are being paid for on time. In a small business, this
means working closely with the accounting department to ensure that there is
sufficient capital to buy the items purchased and that cash is flowing smoothly and all
payments are made on time.
Policy Compliance
The purchasing department also must ensure that it is complying with all company
policies. For example, in a small business, individual staff members may communicate
with the purchasing department about purchasing needs for things such as office
supplies or computers. Before making a purchase, the purchasing department must
ensure that it heeds the proper protocols for purchase and budget approval and must
ensure that any items are purchased in accordance with the overall purchasing policy
of the organization.

RIGHTS OF INDUSTRIAL PURCHASING

There are no particular rights for industrial purchasing but purchaser orpurchase department
expect certain condition from their supplier. This can be described in three ways:
1. A very general managerial level
2. A more specific functional or operational level
3. A detailed level at which precise strategic buying plans are formulated
From a top management perspective,, there are five rights of industrial purchasing which are
as follow:-

1. of the right quality]

2. from the right supplier
3. In the right quantity
4. At the right time
5. At the right price
These are known as the five rights of purchasing and should be the general objectives of all
purchasing personnel. A sixth factor implied in these items includes the desired services
necessary in optimal supply and utilization of materials.
There are eight basic rights of industrial purchasing which are as follow:1. To support company operations with an uninterrupted flow of material and services.
This is the most fundamental of all purchasing rights. In short, they are more specific
in that they want to support company operations with an uninterrupted flow of
materials and services
2. To buy competitively.
Buying competitively involves keeping abreast of the forces of supply and demand
that regulate prices and availability of materials in themarketplace.A buyer who pays
significantly more than his or her competitor does fora given material; service
generally is not buying competitively.
3. To buy wisely.
And to buy wisely, this means value + quality + service + price. Buying wisely involves a
continual search for better supplier that yields the best Combination of quality, service,
and price relative to buyers needs. This frequently involves coordination with users in
defining the need. It may also involve coordinating and reconciling users need with
suppliers
Capabilities, perhaps through the use of cross-functional design teams ,to achieve optimal
value considering both issues.

4. To keep inventory and inventory losses at a practical minimum.

This is important because the average for most firms for inventory costs is 25-35% of the
value of the inventor. The production management job is to achieve a reasonable balance
between the level of inventory required to support operations and the cost of carrying the
inventory. Therefore, keep it to a minimum. One solution to this is to utilize a
J.I.Tinventory system.
5. To develop effective and reliable sources of supply.
In other words, find supplier who are willing to work with the buyers. Cooperate
suppliers that are willing to work with a purchaser to help solve the purchasing firms
problems and to minimize its material related costs are an invaluable resource. The
identification, investigation, selection, and in some cases development of competent and
responsive suppliers is a purchasers Paramount responsibility.

6. To develop good relationships with the supplier community and good continuing
relationships with active suppliers.
Good relationships with supplier are imperative and good relationshipswith potential
suppliers are invaluable.
7. To achieve maximum integration with the other departments of the firm.
It is essential for buyers to understand the major needs of their using departments, so
that these needs can be translated into materials support actions. While these actions
vary from firm to firm, they normally require the purchasing operations to support a
using department in its major responsibilities. For example, coordinate with
engineering when developing specifications or advise the sales and marketing
departments of the future cost of supplies in order to assist them in their forecasting
8. To handle the purchasing and supply management function proactively ina professional,
cost- effective manner and of course in an ethical manner

ROLES OF A PURCHASING DEPARTMENT:

1. BIDDING
For items needed in bulk, or specialist items, purchasing departments often use
competitive bidding to chose a supplier. The department will then be responsible for
all aspects of the bidding process. For example, when the purchasing department of
the Port of Houston chooses a supplier, it publishes a public notice, writes detailed
instructions on the bidding process, accepts companies onto the approved list of
bidders, handles bid security money, opens and reads the bids publicly and makes a
recommendation on which bid to accept.
2. SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT
In addition to finding supplies and negotiating contracts for the supplies, purchasing
departments are also responsible for monitoring the supplier's performance.
Purchasing departments must evaluate the supplier's performance and quality control.
This can include monitoring delivery times, quality, cost and performance. For
suppliers in other countries, this can also mean monitoring working conditions and
workers rights. Large firms and public organizations often certify suppliers once they
are shown to meet performance targets. This may involve a training and education
program, and detailed inspection of suppliers.

3. COST CONTROL
Purchasing departments, especially in government agencies, may also be responsible
for maintaining strict cost control. For example, in a 2010 article on hotel purchasing
specialist site Food Buyers Network, John Schalow suggests that to get the best price,
purchasing departments need to ensure suppliers themselves get a lower cost from
distributors and manufacturers. This can be done by increasing delivery size, paying
on time, ordering online and making sure suppliers use the best practice.
4. LEGAL CONTROLS
Purchasing departments must also be aware of the laws applying to purchasing. For
private companies, this is primarily contract law, but for government bodies, there may
be state and federal laws regulating purchasing. For example, school district
purchasing departments in Texas must know that it is a state criminal offense to avoid
using competitive purchasing when it is required; and that while federal law requires a
bidding process to be used for all child nutrition purchases more than $100,000; Texas
state law requires a bidding process for any purchase over $25,000.

VISION AND MISSION

VISION:
Corporate vision is a short, succinct, and inspiring statement of what the organization
intends to become and to achieve at some point in the future. Our vision is To become
one of the most well-known

Paper PlatesPlates Manufactures

in Tamil Nadu by

providing quality and innovative products at competitive price to meet the requirements
of the customers
MISSION:
The Mission Statement is a crucial element in the strategic planning of a business
organization. Our mission is:
To provide the quality and innovative products at competitive price to meet the
requirements of the customers.
Contribute to the success and satisfaction of our customers and focusing on-in-time
delivery.
Co-operation, teamwork and partnerships.

 Continuous learning
Honesty, fairness, integrity, and respect.

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS OF PAPER PLATESINDUSTRY: Large and growing domestic Paper Platesmarket: - India has the second most
populous market for Paper Platesin the world. It is also the most demanding. Indian
Paper Platesindustry not only serves a public utility but fulfils a critical national
requirement. It possesses an annual production capacity of five million tones. It
generates an annual turnover of approximately 120 billion.
Non wood pulping: - At present about 60.8 per cent of the total production is based on
non-wood raw material and 39.2 per cent based on wood.
Well developed printing industry: - Indian printing industry would grow from $12.1
billion in 2008 to $20.9 billion in 2013. The strong growth in printing industry would
also fuel the demand for Paper Platesin the future.
Increase in employment level: - Paper Platesmanufacturing industries directly and
indirectly employs nearly 1.3 million people.

 Latest technology for high: - grade Paper Platesmanufacturing: - The Company

intends to manufacture the Paper Platesby using Twin Wire Technology and also plans
to incorporate all latest equipments to have a cost effective production.
Local market knowledge: - The companies which are engaged in the Paper
Platesmanufacturing industry have a complete knowledge of local market.
WTO impact on Paper Platesmanufacturing industry: - WTO as discussed the
implication of Indian Paper Platesand Newsprint Industry as part of its negotiations
and implications.

WEAKNESSES OF PAPER PLATESINDUSTRY: Small and fragmented industry: - There are large numbers of small scale industries
in India whose production capacity is only 12, 90,382 tones. Which is very low in
comparisons to large scale industries?
Low standard of converting industry: - The manufacturing of Paper Platesinvolves
matting these fibers into a sheet. Converted Paper Platesproducts are made from Paper
Platesand other materials by various cutting and shaping techniques and include
coating and laminating activities.
Poor Infrastructure, transportation: - In India, the transportation facility is not good
especially in villages. So it is very difficult to lift the heavy bamboos from forest to the
manufacturing unit. Due to this the transportation cost is also very high.

 High cost - raw material, energy and finance: - The performance of the industry has
been constrained due to high cost of production caused by inadequate availability and
high cost of raw materials, power cost and concentration of mills in one particular
area.
Obsolescence of technology: - The small scales of production and outdated
technology have been the main features of Indian Paper Platesunits, and are still so.
On an average, to produce 100,000 tones in a year, Indian mills manages five Paper
Platesmachines in one or more location, while abroad, Paper Plates Plates-making
machines of 500,000 tonnes per annum, or more, are the norm.
Impact of high local taxes: - Central Excise is levied @8% for the first 3500 MT
production and thereafter @12% on the value of the invoice. VAT replaces the existing
multipoint taxes levied by various states with effect from April 05. All the licenses
required under Municipality Act, Factories Act are obtained and duly renew.

OPPORTUNITIES OF PAPER PLATESINDUSTRY: Increase in demand and consumption: - Domestic demand for Paper Platesis
expected to grow at a CAGR of 6-7%. Indias Paper Platesdemand is expected to touch
8mn T.P.A by 2010. A leading global Paper Platesindustry consultant projects a
shortage of about 0.7mn T.P.A by 2010.
Forest plantation potential: - In India there is a vast forest area which is useful in
Paper Platesmanufacturing.

 Increase in various usage of Paper Plates Plates: - Now days the Paper Platesuses
for various purpose. It is not for writing purpose but also now various types of vessels,
napkins, packaging etc are highly demanded.
Increase in consumption of premium quality copier due to growth in corporate
sector and educational levels: - Increased rates of literacy and improved school
infrastructure would result in greater demand for Paper Plates Plates.
Export potential: - The export of Paper Platesand Paper Plates Platesboard is
continuously increasing. In 2006-2007 the export is 0.27 million tones.
Low labor cost: - In Paper Platesmanufacturing industry the uneducated employee is
required. So the income of the labor is very low.
Threats of Paper PlatesIndustry: Internet threat: - Due to increase in the usage of internet the demand for Paper
Platesis decrease. Internet is work as a substitute product.
Low per capital consumption: - The per capita consumption of Paper Platesin India is
very low i.e. 7 Kgs in 2006, as compared to an average consumption of 28 Kgs and 58
Kgs in Asia and world respectively. The per capita consumption is expected to increase
to 12 Kgs by 2020.
Decline

in

capacity

due

to

environmental

pressures:

The

Paper

Platesmanufacturing industry creates lots of environmental disturbance. The raw

material used by the industry is pulp which is come out from the bark of trees. Due to
this production capacity is decline and import is increasing.
Fiber Deficit: - The raw material fiber which is used for manufacturing Paper Platesis
continuously decreasing and due to the quality of Paper Platesis also decline.

CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANANLYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5.1 CASH FLOW STATEMENT:
A cash flow statement is used in conjunction with the other financial statements,
provides information that enables users to evaluate the change in net assets of an enterprise,
its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency), and its ability to affect the
amounts and timing of cash flow in order to adapt to changing circumstance and
opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the enterprises to
generate cash and cash-equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and
compare the present value of the future cash flows of different enterprises. It also enhances
the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different because it
eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and
events.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT (2011-12)

TABLE NO: 5.1

PARTICULARS

2011-

2013-

2014-

2015-

2012

2014

2015

2016

OPENING BALANCES
Cash in Hand

61738

SOURCE OF CASH
Central Excise

2151

779

1372

Secured Loan

3363880

3406134

42254

247341

206964

CASHFROMOPERATIO
N
Net Profit
ADD: Increase in Sundry

40377
38392

Creditors

3363458

3747384

Increase in Other Liabilities

300217

300466

249
15538

Less Increase in Inventories

Increase in Sundry Debtors

7310787

2154425

7466168

2473039

1
31861

49443

TOTALCASHAVAILABL
E

16742259 17600934

55921

APPLICATION OF
CASH
Purchases of Fixed Assets

744630

749327

4697

Loans & Advance

162581

194320

31739

Income Tax

77494

84556

7062

CLOSING BALANCE

Cash in Hand

12423

TOTALAPPLICATION
AVAILABLE

984705

1028203

CASH FLOW STATEMENT (2012-13)

TABLE NO-5.2

55921

PARTICULARS

2012-2013 2013-2014

2014-

2015-

2015

2016

OPENING BALANCES
Cash in Hand

12423

SOURCE OF CASH
Income Tax

194320

206000

2650

Sale of Fixed Assets

726292

749327

23035

247341

261547

14206

300466

379275

78809

CASH

FROM

OPERATION
Net Profit
ADD Increase in Other
Liabilities

176755
Decrease in Inventories

7466168

5698609

LESS Decrease in Sundry

Creditors
Increase

127681
3747384

in

5
40502

2473039

2651776

CASH

AVAILABLE
APPLICATION

2470569

Sundry

Debtors
TOTAL

178737

2
44313

15155010

12417103

194320

206000

11680

OF

CASH
Loans & Advance

27065
Secured Loan

3406134

3135484

0
15000

Unsecured Loan

1255000

1105000

Central Excise

779

5313

4534

CLOSING BALANCE
Cash in Hand

2014-

TOTAL APPLICATION
48562332013-2014
4451797 2015
PARTICULARS
2012-2013

2015-6266
2016 44313

AVAILABLE
OPENING
BALANCES

Cash in Hand

6266

SOURCE OF CASH
Central Excise
CASH

5313

2596

261547

267548

2717

FROM

OPERATION
Net Profit
ADD Increase in Sundry
Creditors
Increase

in

5999

CASH FLOW

108252

STATEMENT

2470569

3553092

379275

530420

151145

(2013-14)

Other

Liabilities

TABLE NO:

131972
Decrease in Inventories

5698609

4378883

LESS Increase in Sundry

Debtors
TOTAL

5.3

6
189062

2651776

4542399

11467089

13274938

668770

CASH

AVAILABLE
APPLICATION

677753

OF

CASH FLOW

CASH

STATEMENT

Purchases of Fixed Assets

726292

991175

264883

Loans & Advance

206000

332424

126424

Secured Loan

3135484

3088824

46660

Unsecured Loan

1105000

900000

205000

Income Tax

81906

107401

25495

31-03-2005

9291

5419824

677753

CLOSING BALANCE
CashPARTICULARS
in Hand

31-03-

TOTAL APPLICATION
AVAILABLE

5254682

(2004-05)

TABLE NO5.4

2004
OPENING BALANCES
Cash in Hand

9291

SOURCE OF CASH
Sale of Fixed Assets

991175

792972

198203

Unsecured Loan

900000

1200000

300000

267546

309347

41801

530420

531981

1561

CASH FROM
OPERATION
Net Profit
ADD Increase in Other
Liabilities
Decrease in Sundry
Debtors

89000
4542399

3652395

4
42824

Decrease in Inventories

4378883

3950640

LESS Decrease in Sundry

Creditors

3553092

3258702

TOTAL CASH
AVAILABLE

3
29439

106721

9
157471

15163515

13696037

332424

377608

45184

APPLICATION OF
CASH
Loan & Advance

149956
Unsecured Loan

3088824

15892601

Central Excise

2596

24695

22099

Income Tax

107401

108612

1211

CLOSING BALANCE
Cash in Hand

6655

TOTAL APPLICATION
AVAILABLE

157471
3531245

16403516

CASH FLOW STATEMENT (2015-16)

TABLE NO-5.5

PARTICULARS

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-

2015-

2015

2016

OPENING BALANCES
Cash in Hand

6655

SOURCE OF CASH
Central Excise

24695

9867

14828

Secured Loan

1589260

1163089

350000

CASH FROM
OPERATION
10380
Net Profit

309347

413155

ADD Increase in Other

Liabilities

8
20312

531981

735107

3652395

3596559

55836

Creditors

3258702

3250590

8112

Increase in Inventories

3950640

4018625

67985

Decrease in Sundry
Debtors
LESS Decrease in Sundry

286673

TOTAL CASH
AVAILABLE

13317020

13186992

658156

Purchases of Fixed Assets

792972

944278

151306

Loans & Advance

377608

432320

54712

Secured Loan

1163089

1589260

426171

Income Tax

108612

114142

5530

APPLICATION OF
CASH

CLOSING BALANCE
Cash in Hand

20437

TOTAL APPLICATION
AVAILABLE

2442281

3080000

658156

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

TABLE NO-5.6
PARTICULARS

2010-

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

2011
OPENING
BALANCES
Cash in Hand

0.61

0.124

0.06

0.09

0.06

SOURCE OF CASH
Central Excise

0.013

Secured Loan

0.422

0.02

Income Tax

0.02

Sale of Fixed Assets

0.23

0.14

1.98

Unsecured Loan

3.5

0.42

1.04

2.03

CASH FROM
OPERATION
NET PROFIT

0.4

0.14

0.05

3.84

10.82

0.002

0.78

1.51

0.015

17.67

14

4.28

ADD Increase in Sundry

Creditors
Increase in Other
Liabilities
Decrease in Inventories
Decrease in Sundry
Debtors

3.18

8.9

0.56

LESS Increase in
Inventories

0.68

Increase in Sundry
Debtors

1.78

18.9

Decrease in Sundry
Creditors

12.76

2.94

0.08

15.7

6.57

TOTAL CASH
AVAILABLE

0.55

4.42

6.76

APPLICATION OF
CASH
Purchases of Fixed
Assets

0.046

Loans & Advance

0.31

2.65
0.11

1.26

Secured Loan

2.7

0.46

Unsecured Loan

1.5

2.05

Central Excise

0.04

Income Tax

0.07

1.51
0.45

0.54
4.26

15
0.22

0.25

0.012

0.055

CLOSING BALANCE
Cash in Hand

0.12

0.06

0.09

0.22

0.2

0.55

4.42

6.76

15.7

6.57

TOTAL
APPLICATION
AVAILABLE

INTERPRETATION:
Theabove table explains that the beginning of the (2010-11) opening balance is in0.61
but in the other year it reduced gradually. So the concern should take necessary step to
overcome the default.

The concern is purchase the fixed assets in the year 2010-12,2011-12,2012-13 at

0.046,2.65 and 1.51. The concern purchase high asset in the year 2013-14 at 2.65 it
clearly determine the outflow of cash in the concern.

 The borrowing of concerns high in the year 2013-14 at 1.26 it indicates that the
concern uses more loan. The concern should reduce to borrow the money from the
various resources. It leads to take more advantage to the borrowers.

The closing balance is not high than the opening balance .it indicates that the cash is
not properly managed in the concern.

5.2 CASH BUDGETING:

A firm is well advised to hold adequate cash balance but should avoid excessive
balances. The firm has, therefore, to assess its need for cash properly. The cash budget is
probably the most important tool in cash management. It is device to help a firm to plan and
control the use of cash. It is a statement showing the estimated cash inflows and cash
outflows over the planning horizon. In the other words, the net cash position of a firm as it
moves from one budgeting sub period to another is highlighted by the cash budget
CASH BUDGET

TABLE NO 5.7
PARTICULARS

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

BALANCE

61738

12423

6266

9291

6655

b Receipts

16315437 18064710 19929244 20520232 23938082

c Payments

16093407 17892478 19664631 20253149 23608102

OPENING

CASH

d NET CASH FLOW (bc)

222030

172232

264613

267083

329980

Flow

222030

394262

658875

925958

1255938

f (a+e)

283768

406685

665141

935249

1262593

100000

100000

100000

100000

100000

183768

306685

565141

835249

1162593

e Cumulative Net Cash

g Minimum Cash Balance

Requirement
SURPLUS

RELATION

TO THE MINIMUM
CASHBALANCE
REQUIREMENT(F-G)

CHART NO 5.1

cash required
14
12
10
cash required

8
6
4
2
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

INTERPRETATION:
In the above table it clearly determines the availability of the cash balance in the
subsequent year. It will clearly determine the minimum cash balance requirement of the
concern. In the 2014-15 leads to higher need of cash balance 11.62 lakhs. The cash balance
is highly required for the day- to day transaction.

5.3 RATIO ANALYSIS:

An analysis of financial statements based on ratios is known as ratio analysis. Ratio

analysis involves the process of computing determining and resenting the relationship of
items or group of items of financial statements. Ratio analysis is a widely used tool of
financial analysis. It can be used to compare the risk and return relationship of firms of
different sizes. It is defined as the systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial
statements so that the strengths and weaknesses of a firm as well as its historical
performance and current financial condition can be determined. The term ratio refers to the
numerical or quantitative relationship between two items.

5.3.1 NET WORKING CAPITAL:

Net working capital represents the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The
term current assets refers to assets which in the normal course of business get converted into
cash without dimunition in value over a short period ,usually not exceeding one year or
length of operation cycle whichever is more. The greater is the amount of net working
capital, the greater is the liquidity of the firm, accordingly net working capital is a measure
of liquidity, and inadequate working capital is the first sign of financial problem for a firm.

FORMULA:

NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS-CURRENT LIABILITIES.

NET WORKING CAPITAL

TABLE NO-5.8
PARTICULARS

2010-11

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

CURENT ASSETS

99.51

83.56

89.30

76.09

76.35

40.47

28.49

40.83

37.90

39.85

59.03

55.06

48.47

38.19

36.49

CURRENT
LIABILITIES
NET WORKING
CAPITAL

Chart no.5.2

100
90
80
70
60
50

Current assets

Current liabilities

Net Working capital

40
30
20
10
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Interpretation:

This ratio indicates there is lower amount required in the working capital. The higher
amount is in the year 2001-02 at 59.03. It will clearly determine the firm is in liquidly
position but this is reducing gradually. The financial manager should concentrated more on
the working capital as it is not satisfactory.

5.3.2 CURRENT RATIO:

The current ratio is the ratio of total current assets to total current liabilities. Its
calculated by divided current assets by current liabilities.
The current assets of a firm, as already stated, represent that asset which can be, in the
ordinary course of business, converted into cash within a short period of time normally not
exceeding one year.

FORMULA:
CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS
CURRENT LIABILITIES
CURRENT RATIO
TABLE NO-5.9

2011-

2012-

2013-

2014-

PARTICULARS

2010-11

12

13

14

15

CURRENT ASSETS

99.51

83.56

89.30

76.09

76.35

LIABILITIES

40.47

28.49

40.83

37.90

39.85

CURRENT RATIO

2.45

2.93

2.18

2.00

1.9

CURRENT

Chart no.5.3

100
90
80
70
60
50

Current assets

Current liabilities

Current ratio

40
30
20
10
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Interpretation:

The company is highly efficient is short term solvency position. The company
should maintain this current ratio. The concern should concentrate on 2014-15 year current
ratio position.

5.3.3 QUICK TEST RATIO:

The quick test ratio is the ratio between quick current ratio and current liabilities and is
calculated by dividing the quick assets by the current liabilities.
The term quick assets refers to current assets which can be converted into cash immediately
or at a short notice without diminution of value.

FORMULA:
QUICK TEST RATIO = QUICK ASSETS
QUICK LIABILITIES

QUICK TEST RATIO

TABLE NO-5.10
2010-

2011-

2012-

2013-

PARTICULARS

11

12

13

14

2014-15

QUICK ASSETS

24.85

26.58

45.51

36.59

36.16

40.47

29.00

40.83

37.90

39.85

0.61

0.93

1.11

0.96

QUICK
LIABILTIES
ACID TEST
RATIO

0.90

Chart no.5.4

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Quick assets

2010-11

Quick liabilities

2011-12

2012-13

Acid test ratio

2013-14

2014-15

Interpretation:
The liquidity position is not near to the standard ratio. The concern should clearly
determine the various liquidity position of the concern.

5.3.4 INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO:

It is computed by divided the cost of good sold by the average inventory thus, the cost
of good sold means sales minus gross profit. The average inventory refers to the simple
average of the opening and closing inventory. The ratio indicated how fast inventory is sold.
FORMULA:
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO= COST OF GOOD SOLD
AVERAGE INVENTORY
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
TABLE NO-5.11

PARTICULARS

2010-

2011-

2012-

2013-

2014-

11

12

13

14

15

1.16

1.59

2.36

2.81

3.37

86.04

105.07

118.9

117.05

134.1

74.00

65.82

50.38

41.65

39.84

INVENTORY
TURNOVER RATIO
COST OF GOOD
SOLD
AVERAGE
INVENTORY

Chart no.5.5

140
120
100
80
Inventory TurnOver ratio

60

Cost of good sold

Average Inventory

40
20
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Interpretation:

The inventory turnover is increasing gradually to the period of the year. It will clearly
determine the capacity of the concern

5.3.5 DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO:

It is determine by dividing the net credit sales by average debtors outstanding during
the year. Thus, net credit sales consist of gross credit sales minus returns, if any, from
customers average debtors is the simple average of debtors (including bills receivables) at
the beginning and at the end of the year.

FORMULA:
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO= NET CREDIT SALES
AVERAGE DEBTORS

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATION:

TABLE NO-5.12
2011-

2012-

2013-

2014-

PARTICULARS

2010-11

12

13

14

15

CREDIT SALES

159.8

157.8

155.8

172.62

206.45

AVERAGE DEBTORS

23.13

25.62

35.97

40.97

36.24

6.90

6.16

4.33

4.21

5.69

DEBTORS
TURNOVER RATIO

Chart no.5.6

250
200
150
Credit sales

Average debtors

Debtors turn over ratio

100
50
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Interpretation:
The debtors turnover ratio is not in the concert way in the concern. The higher ratio is
in the year 2010-11 is 6.90. The past performance is clearly determining the various
formation of the concern.

5.3.6 CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO:

It is a ratio between net credit purchase and the average amount of creditors
outstanding during the year. A low turnover ratio reflects liberal credit terms granted by
suppliers, while a high ratio shows that account are to be settled rapidly. The creditors
turnover ratio is an important tool of analysis as a firm can reduce its requirement of current
assets by relying on suppliers credit.
FORMULA:
CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO= NET CREDIT PURCHASES
AVERAGE CREDITORS

CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO

TABLE NO-5.13
2010-

2011-

2012-

2013-

2014-

PARTICULARS

11

12

13

14

15

CREDIT PURCHASE

86.0

105.07

118.91

117.05

134.16

35.55

31.08

30.11

34.05

32.54

2.42

3.38

3.94

3.43

4.12

AVERAGES
CREDITORS
CREDITORS
TURNOVER RATIO

Chart no.5.7
140
120
100
80
Credit purchase

60

Average creditors

Creditors Turnover ratio

40
20
0
2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2005-06

Interpretation:

The creditors availability of the concern keeps on decrease in the year. It will clearly
determine in the year 2010-11 2.42.

CHAPTER-V
FINDINGS
1. The net working capital of the organization is not satisfactory.
2. The current ratio for the four year it is as per the standard norms (2:1) concept for the
year 2014-15 which is 1.9:1. On an average current ratio is formed to be satisfactory.
3. Quick ratio of the company is not satisfactory as it is not up to the standard norms
Debtor turnover ratio is decline indicates it is not satisfactory.
4. Creditors turnover ratio showing increasing ratio indicates that the company is
enjoying. Its credit facilities to the possible amount.
5. In the year 2014-15 is leads to higher requirement of cash balance 11.62 lakhs.
6. Cash reflects the liquidity position of the concern is reduced in the year 2014-15 0.06
lakhs decreasing cash position indicated that the company is not managing its cash
position satisfactorily.
7. Inventory turnover ratio is found to be not satisfactory as it is maintain low inventory.

SUGGESTION

The various suggestions are followed after analyzing the main finding of this study.
The cash management of the company is failed to strengthen the cash position so the
company so required to table steps to improve the cash position by concentrating on
receivables, inventories avoiding to much on borrowings.
The company failed to manage the receivable in the normal level because of poor
performance of the collection procedure and inefficient performance related with
managing the receivables.
The inventories play a major role in production. So, the concern should take measure
to maintain the inventories that are required to in order reduce the e cost, and keep the
production flow continuously.
In 2014-15 the net profit is increased compare to the other four year. So the concern
should maintain the same position to improve the net profit.
The cash and bank balance indicate high liquidity position of a company, Sidhick Plate
industryto maintain cash including bank balance is at a optimum level and it is enough
to meet day to day requirement.

CONCLUSION
Analysis and Interpretation of the financial data of Sri Sidhick Plate Industry, ascertain
the cash position of the firm. The results explores that the firm is unable toe meet its short
term obligations.
The concern should reduced the long term loan and obtain the profit.
The concern should take various measures to increase the net profit.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Khan M.Y and P.K. Jani,Financial Management, New Delhi, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1992.

Dr.S.N. Maheshwari, Principles of Management Accounting.

Prasanna Chandra, Financial Management Theory and Practice

ANNEXURES

BALANCE SHEET IN SIDHICK PLATE INDUSTRY

PARTICULARS 2014-15

2013-14

2012-13

2011-12

2010-11

SOURCES OF
FUNDS
SHRI GANESH

52.25

52.25

52.25

52.25

52.25

JI
SHRI LAXMI JI

51.00

51.00

51.00

51.00

51.00

SHARE

19901000.

19901000.

19901000.

19901000.

19901000.

CAPITAL

00

00

00

00

00

RESERVE AND

345519604 29625127.

15253853.

21829192.

20785949.

SURPLUS

.82

98

53

29

94

LOAN FUNDS
SECURED

72686105.

88539002.

94535519.

55323395.

54399581.

LOANS
DEFERED TAX

58
3383097.0

13
3449412.0

74
3080483.0

23
662332.00

72
---------

LIABILITY
UNSECURED

0
43486673.

0
46947616.

0
28872233.

15703501.

14408414.

LOANS
TOTAL

00
00
00
00
70
173976583 188462261 171643192 113419523 109495049
.65

.36

.52

.77

.61

APPLICATION
OF FUNDS
FIXED ASSETS
A: GROSS

178453951 172240571 164888412 126570061 123370584

BLOCK
B: less

.93
.18
101561424 90540217.

.68
78663170.

.76
71729938.

.96
64380715.

62
81700353.

62
86225242.

62
54840123.

62
58989869.

31

56

06

14

34

ASSETS
INVENTORY

43767644.

67853213.

41177224.

21642098.

26940120.

SUNDRY

00
37497882.

00
27508864.

00
24338099.

00
30359548.

00
26994647.

DEBTORS
00
CASH IN HAND 6891449.2

00
3665403.6

04
2297697.8

69
3407307.3

57
6617777.1

& BANK

DEPRICIATION .62
C: NET BLOCK 76892527.
D:CURRENT