INTRODUCTION

Xerox Machine ( Also known as a copier or copy machine or photocopier ) is a

machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply.
Xerox machine is also used to produce high-quality text and graphic images on paper. Because
Xerox marketed the first plain-paper copiers photocopying machines made by other companies
are sometimes referred to as "Xerox machines" by those who dont realize its a misuse of the
companys trademark in addition, the xerographic process is actually used to make both copies
and prints. A photocopier were once single-function devices. Now, enterprise-grade photocopiers
are usually networked and perform multiple functions They are available in desktop or freestanding models. For home and small business use photocopying is often bundled with scanning,
printing and faxing capabilities in a multifunction peripheral (MFP) device. The photocopier can
be used to scan one or more images, resulting in one JPEG image per scan, or it can be used to
scan a series of pages, resulting in one PDF file containing all of the scans. By default the
photocopier will scan single images to JPEG files. what is scanning? Scanning is a process of
converting paper documents such as letters, forms, receipts, contracts and other documents into
digital copy which can be easily integrated as a part of document database in home or office
computers or may be added to a central database.
As time goes by there is an increasing trend for new photocopiers / Xerox machine to
adopt digital technology, thus replacing the older analog technology. With digital copying, the
copier effectively consists of an integrated scanner and laser printer. This design has several
advantages, such as automatic image quality enhancement and the ability to "build jobs" (that is,
to scan page images independently of the process of printing them). Some digital copiers can
function as high-speed scanners; such models typically offer the ability to send documents via
email or to make them available on file servers.

BIOGRAPHY OF THE INVENTOR

Xerox machine was invented by American physicist Chester F. Carlson (19061968) in

1938. Chester Floyd Carlson was born on February 8, 1906, in Seattle, Washington. Illness and
poverty in his family forced him to become his parent's main financial support while he was in
his teens. Despite these responsibilities and handicaps. Carlson worked his way through college,
graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from California Institute of
Technology in1930. After trying in vain to gain employment as a physicist in California he left
for New York City, where the P. R. Mallory Company, an electrical manufacturing firm, offered
him a position in its patent department. This job proved to be of crucial importance to Carlson's
career as an inventor in two ways. First, he was introduced to patent law and procedures; second,
the need to duplicate patent drawings and specifications made him aware of the inadequacies of
the existing Photostat process for copying documents. Working in the patent department, Carlson
was frustrated by the difficulty of obtaining copies of patent drawings and specifications. He
decided to use his time away from work to find a solution to the problem.

Focusing on the concept of electrostatics, Carlson spent four years before succeeding in
production his first "dry-copy." The first successful copy was a notation of the date and location
that read "10.22.38 Astoria." (Carlson lived in Astoria, Queens, New York at the time.) In
1940, Carlson obtained the first of many patents for his xerographic process. Wanting to find a
company that would help him develop and market his idea, Carlson began showing his solution
to many organizations. After more than twenty firms turned down his invention, Carlson finally
reached an agreement in 1944 with the Battelle Memorial Institute, a nonprofit research
organization. Three years later, the Haloid Company (later the Xerox Corporation) became a
partner in the development of the xerography technology. Finally, after years of development, the
first office copier the Xerox 914 was introduced in 1959

PHYSICS PRINCPLE INVOLVED

The physics principle involved in Xerox machine is the Electrostatic Processes.
Electrostatic printing involves "the selective charging of a dielectric surface by exposure to an
electron beam or discharging of a photoconductive surface by exposure to light. In either case,
the exposure produces a latent image on the surface that will either attract or repel charged toner
particles. The toner can be transported to the surface by dry carrier beads or suspended in a liquid
vehicle."16 The toner is then fused to the paper surface by heat and pressure.
Electrophotographic processes utilize a laser or LEDs to expose the photoconductive surface.
Electrostatic photocopies fall into two types. Xerographic or plain paper copies are
indirect electrostatic copies, made using an intermediate photoconductive surface, such as a
selenium drum or a photoconductive belt. The charged photoconductive surface receives the light
reflected off the original and loses charge where struck by the light, creating a charged latent
image that can attract toner particles. The resulting toner image is then transferred onto paper and
fused with heat and/or pressure. (When xerographic copies are made on transparent films, the
toner is generally fused by exposure to solvent vapors.) Copies made with zinc oxide coated
paper, as in the Electrofax process, are direct electrostatic copies, in that the zinc oxide in a resin
binder is the photoconductive surface which is charged and then receives the light reflected off
the original.

USES / APPLICATION

A photocopier adds to office efficiency, it also has other uses. Apply a little ingenuity and
creativity, and you can expand your usage of the photocopier from the simple purpose of making
copies. You will find benefits that are financial, humorous and artistic

SAVE MONEY
The most basic use of a photocopier is to duplicate finished documents. This can save
you money. Making a single printout on your computer printer, then making copies on a
photocopier, can save you the cost of the more expensive inkjet ink or laser printer toner. It can
be much less expensive to make multiple copies of a document on a photocopier rather than on a
printer.

COPYING IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

A well-known use of a photocopier is to make copies of important documents. Often an
office worker makes copies of documents to mail or distribute. Or, the copy is just put on file
while the original remains with its owner. There are certain security issues involved with making
duplicates of important documents. If you are making a copy in a workplace where security and

confidentiality are important, make sure you are only copying documents that you are authorized
to copy.
CONCLUSION
Xerox machine is a good invention for human life, especially for students and who is
working in an office. Because the Xerox machine copies your document fast, So you dont have
to wait that long thus Xerox machine can totally save time.

REFERENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopier#How_it_works_.28using_xerography.29
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-does-a-photocopier-wo/
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/photocopier
https://www-comp.arch.cam.ac.uk/photocopier-scanner.html
http://docudavit.com/what-is-scanning/
http://www.scienceclarified.com/Oi-Ph/Photocopying.html
http://biography.yourdictionary.com/chester-f-carlson
http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/emg/juergens/ID45.htm
http://www.ehow.com/info_8244702_uses-photocopy-machines.html
https://photocopiermachine.wikispaces.com/Advaantages+and+Disadvantages