US007594010B2

(12) United States Patent

(10) Patent No.:

Dohler et a1.

US 7,594,010 B2

(45) Date of Patent:

(54) VIRTUAL ANTENNA ARRAY

(56)

Sep. 22, 2009

References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS

(75) Inventors: Mischa Dohler, London (GB); Abdol

Hamid Aghvami, London (GB); Fatin
Said, London (GB); Seyed Ali

5,233,626 A

8/1993 Ames

Ghorashi, London (GB)

(Continued)

(73) Assignee: Kings London College, Greater

London (GB)
(*)

Notice:

Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this

patent is extended or adjusted under 35

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

DE

10027115 A1

12/2001

U.S.C. 154(b) by 963 days.

(21) Appl. No.:

10/481,950

(22)

PCT Filed:

Jun. 28, 2002

(86)

PCT No.:

PCT/GB02/03010

371 (0X1)
(2), (4) Date:

Dec. 23, 2003

(87)

(Continued)
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
U.S. Appl. No. 60/219,482, pp. 1-184, Steve J. Shattil, Method and

System for transmitting and receiving signals having a carrier

interferometry architecture.*

(Continued)
Primary ExamineriHaresh N Patel
(74) Attorney, Agent, or FirmiBarkume & Associates, PC.

PCT Pub. No.: WO03/003672

PCT Pub. Date: Jan. 9, 2003

(65)

(57)

US 2004/0131025 A1

(30)

Jul. 8, 2004

A method of transmitting data across an electronic data com

Foreign Application Priority Data

Jun. 28, 2001

(GB)

Jun. 28, 2001

(GB)

0115804.7

Jun. 28, 2001

(GB)

............................... .. 01158070

(51)

(52)
(58)

ABSTRACT

Prior Publication Data

Int. Cl.
G06F 15/16
G06F 15/173
G06F 15/1 77

............................... .. 01157999

munication system comprising a plurality of terminals that

can send and receive data in the form of electromagnetic
Waves to and from at least one of the terminals, Which method

comprises the steps of: (a) identifying at least one control

terminal, at least one target terminal and at least tWo relaying

terminals from the plurality of terminals; and (b) using the

control terminal to instruct the at least tWo relaying terminals
to receive and relay data intended for the at least one target

(2006.01)
(2006.01)
(2006.01)

terminal, so that the at least one target terminal can receive

data directly from at least one terminal and from the at least

US. Cl. ...................... .. 709/224; 370/328; 375/260

Field of Classi?cation Search ....... .. 709/2l7i288;

tWo relaying terminals, thereby increasing capacity of the

system.

370/32(L330

See application ?le for complete search history.

28 Claims, 22 Drawing Sheets

US 7,594,010 B2
Page 2
Asaka et al; Label Algorithm for Delay-Constrained Dynamic

US. PATENT DOCUMENTS

5,802,452 A

9/1998 Grand?eld et al.

5,955,992 A *

9/1999

6,141,543 A

Shattil ................... .. 342/375

10/2000 Souissi et al.

6,359,923 B1 *

3/2002

6,400,699 B1 *

6/2002 Airy et a1.

6,686,879 B2 *

2/2004 Shattil

2004/0213351 A1*

10/2004

Agee et al. ................ .. 375/130

..

Shattil ...................... .. 375/260

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

EP
EP
GB

0020893
1085707 A2
2330 734 A

1/1981
3/2001
4/1999

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Multicast Routing; IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E-84-B, No. 1 Jan.

2001 (XP-000977976); pp. 55-62.
Sheu et al.; Delay-Oriented Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks; IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E84-B, No. 6 Jun. 2001
(XP-001065928); pp. 1581-1587.

Alamouti, Siavash; A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wire

less Communications; Communications vol. 16, No. 8, Oct. 1998
(XP-002100058); pp. 1451-1458.
Cover et al; Capacity Theorems for the Relay Channel; IEEE Trans
actions on Information Theory, vol. IT-25, No. 5, Sep. 1999, pp.
572-584.

Sendonaris et al.; Increasing Uplink Capacity via USer Cooperation

Diversity; ISIT 1998, Aug.16-Aug. 21, p. 156.
Laneman, J. Nicholas; Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks:
Algorithms and Architectures; PhD Dissertation, MIT Sep. 2002.

Blast: Bell Labs Layered Space Time; http://www.bell-labs.com/

Gupta et al; The Capacity of Wireless Networks; IEEE Trans on

Inform. Theory, vol. 46 No. 2 pp. 388-404 Mar. 2000.

proj ect/blast, printed on Dec. 16, 2003.

* cited by examiner

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 1 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

frequency

freq uency

freq uency

time

FDMA

time

TDMA

CDMA

Fig. 1
I

Synchronisation

Channelisation

Codes

Codes

Type

Scrambling

Codes, UL

Codes, DL

Complex-Valued

Orthogonal
,
7

Scrambling

Gold Code

Complex-Valued

Variable Sprcadmg

Gold Codes

Segments (long) or
Factor ( 0V S F)

codes

Gold Code

Complex-Valued

Segments

8(2) Codes (short)

7

Length

256 ehlps

4-512 chips

38400 chips / 256

38400 chips

chips

1.04 as *

Duration

66.67 US

10 ms

10 ms / 66.67 |.lS

16,777,216

secondary for each

133.34 as
Number 0f

1 primary code / 16

: s readin

factor

4, . ,256 UL,
Codes

512

secondary codes

rimarv l5

' I

4.. .512 DL
Spreading

No, does not

Yes, increases

change bandwldth

bandwldth

primary codc
N0, does not
.

No, does not

.

change bandwldth

change bandwidth

UL: to separate
_

To enable termmals
Usage

physical data and

control data from

to locate and
_
synchronise to the

samc tcrminal

Separation of
7

Separation of

DL: to separate

terminal

scctors

cells main control

connection to
channels

different terminals
in a same cell

Fig.2

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 2 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

14
Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

//

// 1O

multimedia, etc.

Encoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,.

//

19a

ctc.

11

TX-AE#1 TXAE#2

Y\

TX-AE#m

Y in 12
In X 2km

..................................................... ..

12 \12 k

:.

'

MT#l-VAA#1

k1,]

'

'

-@.>

a K11

AES

)19"K1117]

/ 15

AES

\\\\\\

MT#1 -VAA#2

Wireless links

MT#2-VAA#Z

||___|

// kgQ

ABS

1 5a /

W1reless l1nks

'

MT#n,-VAA#Z

/ ||___| ____ ||___ |

0

Il'l X 2km

K132);
I

'

'

191:1, '/

\ 16

'

--QQ-_

.I_

'O

o . - - . Q

'

[I1 xiikial
Wireless links

I'

MT#I -VAA#V

19

AES

'.Q--

'

//13

0
//

2km X 2km

'

'

MT#,,1-VAA#1

Q ......................................... .,

13

k1);

Wireless links

19'

MT#2-VAA#1

AES

:
'

MT#2-VAA#v

||___|

||___| ____ _ ||___|

k1,,

1%

A155

AES

/
13 /

Decoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

19'
.

Flg. 3

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

14

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 3 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

15a

'

Rak 0 F'lnger 0

Wk,

16 a

4. ________ __|

//
/
/
/

4b

158/

'

wkl

'

R k F-

Diversit

a e mger 1

Y
Combiner

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __I

_
\\

WkZ

'
\\

Rake Finger 2

4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __:

\ 15a

Flg. 3A

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

US 7,594,010 B2

Sheet 4 0f 22

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

Encoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

m X 2km

wireless links

k1,1

AES

kll

AES

Q/

I 29"

2km X Zkil
Wireless links

l
k1;

AES

k2,;

AES

n2,2

m X 2km

\ 26

Wireless links

29'

AEs
/
/

m X 2km,

Wireless links

AEs

AEs

28

TARGET MT

/
//

23 '

Decoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

I
Fig. 4

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 5 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

/ 30

Determination of CC and MTs

If 31

//

CC is informed about MTs:

VAA membership settings, relaying capabilities, mutual MT

awareness, location, etc.

\\\ 32

7 Communication within the network utilising traditional wireless / i 33

link only

34

Network Capacity Congestion?

Interference

(running low of power, code, time slots, frequency bands,

scenar'o and

frequency subcarriers)

ReSjOUYQe

avallablllty

NO v,/
YES
/

l
Formation of 2-member VAA group; Informing the MTs about / / 35

relaying interface and resources

Communication within the network utilising VAA and

/ / 36

traditional wireless link

Network Capacity Congestion?

Interference

(running low of power, code, time slots, frequency bands,

scenar'o and

frequency subcarriers)
NO

RGSPUYQG

/
YES

avallablllty

\\
\

Would association of additional MT be beneficial for the

37

/ f 38

network?

NO
/ YES
,/

Adding a further user to the same VAA group

Would formation of new VAA group be beneficial for the

network?

Fig. 5

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 6 0f 22

40 \

US 7,594,010 B2

r40

/ 4O

/'/

Data
\
for |vrr#1

Data for MT#2

Data for MT#u

Encod-i ng

Encodi ng

Encod-i ng

41
I

41 /

42

7171

Spread-ing #1

Spreading #2

Scrarnb'I-ing #1

Scramb'ling #1

vvvvviv

\ 41

s readin #u
p
g

\\\ 42

scrambh'ng #1

\ 42

vvvii

Addition of encoded data for a'l'l MTS For each TX antenna element separate'ly

\\ 43

v v v v v v v
Transmission from

\ \

TX array

44

v v v v v v v

45 \

wire'less Li nk:_
_
510w, fast, frequency se1ect1ve, Flat fad1 ng
shadowing, path'loss, mi se

\
\

/ 47
//

/ 46

\\

//
v

,/

\\

////

scrambling
RAKE looks
#1 to
and
spreading code #1

Relaying
(Frequency)
of received
signal

v
Retransmission via

interface
Combining of soft decision signals

r v 1r tr v
Decoding

Data for MT#1

Fig. 6

RAKE locks to
scrambling #1 and
spreading #1
relayed from r-MTs
within VAA group

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

5O
//
Datafor MT

US 7,594,010 B2

Sheet 7 0f 22

5O

5O

//
Dattafor Mr#2

//
Dajtafor M'u

51

Encodirg
V V V V V V V

Encoding
i

V i

End-ing

Additim of encoded a for aTI MP5 for eadq IX awterl'ia elenent separately

Him

/
/

53

fro

52/

V V V V

Wireless Lirk:
sio/v, fast, ?'eqiemy seiective, Flat fading
shacblving, patthioss, noise

Reception at appropriate
time slot and frequency

(Frequency)
Relaying of received

signal
Reception of relayed
V

Retransmission via
interface

data at appropriate time

slot and frequency

i
Combining of soft decision signals

Hiiili
Decoding

i
Data for MT#1

Fig. 7

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 8 0f 22

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

US 7,594,010 B2

/ 65

60

Encoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

BS-AE#1 BS-AE#2X

BS-AE#m

m X 2km

CE.

Wireless links

64//ll--l
MT#1-VAA#1 MT#2-VAA#1
ll--l -------------- -- ll-_ L.

62 /

TARGET MT

//

\ 64
\

//

62 /

Decoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

Fig . 8

\\

i 66

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 9 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

y/ 75
Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

/ /

multimedia, etc.

/ 71

7O

Encoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti, ,,//

ctc.

BS-AE#l BS-AE#Z

BS-AE#m

..............
. . , . . . , . --Y
. , . . . , . . . , . . . , . . . , . . , . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . , ..

Wireless links

- . o I I I . _ _

o" O-..0'. '.---_::._

_.__,/
Q
MT#l-VAA#1

MT#2-VAA#1

1 AB

1 AE

74 /

//

//

72 //

73

/
/

\\

/ TARGET MT

72 //

74 /

Decoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

l
Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,
multimedia, etc.

Fig. 9

\ 76

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 10 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

82

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

//

multimedia, etc.

80

Encoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

// 83
etc.
//

81

BS-AE#1 BS-AE#2

...........................................
BS-AE#m

mxzknl

\ Wireless links

MT#1 -VAA#1

[(171
84

AES

MT#2 -VAA#1

kll

//

MT#n1 -VAA#1

AES
.

knLl AES
.

. . _ - - . _ .

k1,]

..

2km

2km

Wireless links

0O'.. o'. '...---.-_===.'~~

AES

k2,]

ABS

TARGET MT

84

Decoder: STC, BLAST, Alamouti,

etc.

Data: IP packets, voice, ?les,

multimedia, etc.

Fig. 10

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 11 0122

VAA Cell

Fig. 11

US 7,594,010 B2

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 12 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

100
BS/AP

Antenna Arr'ay

BS/AP
Antenna Array

101

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 13 0f 22

Y ///// 124

Y <
Target MS
123

US 7,594,010 B2

Relaying MS

Fig. 14

SNR

Fig. 15

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 14 0f 22

BS-Al

BS-AZ \\

US 7,594,010 B2

132

X A
Target mobile

Suf?ciently
dlstant

Spatially close

Suf?ciently
dlstant

F 1g.
' 16
BER performance with power control for SNR

293% 1255131: It *1

number of HM(s)

Fig. 1 7

134'

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 15 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

140

average SNR over Rayleigh Channel

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 16 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

160\
161 \\\Y

(31912) y

\p// 162

4
M51
169' i

(13311)
167

M52

(513%)

Fig. 20

US. Patent

Sep. 22, 2009

Sheet 18 0f 22

US 7,594,010 B2

Blocking Rate

/ 181

///
1

0-,O
m

0.8
_

\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
\
\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

vaa

g) 06\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Non aa

s:

'V

& 22saaag\
Number of UEs

\ 180

Fig. 22
Ratio of Satis?ed Users

/183

_%

V83

2% 04

\N0n-vaa

12

\482

NumberofUEs

Fig. 23