WEEDS and HERBICIDES

)Sayed Ashour Ahmed (Prof. Dr.

.Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, A.R.E

.......................................................................................

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.
. 250
.
5

.


).(13



.


.

.
. weed

.

 bermudagrass

.


.

.
.



) .(2 150
).(54
annual
biennial .perennial
monocotyledon
dicotyledon .
water
hyacinth
water lily

Ceratophylum demersum
.

Potamogeton pectinatus

. Zhou
2200

).(186
" 1145"
" : broomrape



" ).(6

) (177

.


.


.
.

).(145

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675 " ) (132
.
"3570
1550 " ).(85

.
.


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.
. 4-3

).(16


.
cogon
grass


.

.

.
:
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2000/5-8-2000/earlyweed.html
)( :
http://www.peds.arizona.edu/allergyimmunology/southwest/grass_weeds/grassweedp
ictable.html
) ( :
http://pmcproduction.com/aquatic_harvester_action.html

.
35 )

 (148
18 .


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" " " " " " )53
.(174

.

) .(1

) .(93
).(142

.


.





).(25

) (154 46
"
"" " ) (73 38
.



phytoplankton ) : ( ) (130


pH ) (172 147 12

).(105
. -
-


.

.
Salvinia molesta
) ( water lettuce

5500
93 ).(104

. .
.
" " 1955
8800 800
12.

. .

" "
.

.

8000 .
1964 .


).(104




encephalitis
" " .filariasis
.

.

.
Hydrilla,
Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Egeria, Elodea, Najas, Potamogeton, Vallisneria
.
,Myriophyllum spicatum, Hydrilla verticillata Ceratophyllum demersum

.
.


.
5
7 15
.

1200 .

).(104


.

.

.
.

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.

.

. seepage
)(104

.

.


.Typha, Nymphaea, Nuphar, Juncus, Sagittaria, Alternanthera

.

.

" Cyperus papyrus "

sudd

.
.

.

50
.
) Pontederia ( :

http://www.apms.org/plants/pickerelweed.htm
: alligator weed
http://www.apms.org/plants/alligatorweed.htm
: Potamogeton pectinatus
http://www.apms.org/plants/sago.htm
: Myriophylum spicatum
http://www.apms.org/plants/milfoil.htm
: Hydrilla
http://www.apms.org/plants/hydrilla.htm
: Limna gibba
/http://plantsdatabase.com/showpicture/9397
: water lettuce
http://www.apms.org/plants/waterlettuce.htm

: cattail
http://www.apms.org/plants/cattail.htm
: common reed
http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/liliopsida
//poaceae/phragmites
:
http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/photosa-c.html
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS
www.ct-botanical-society.org

http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany
:
http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/gall5aa.html
:
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_common.html
:
http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/weeds/photo_library/ph_lib.html

.




.

.
.
.

.



fleabane




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 ).(2

" "


wild oat

.

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" " .



. 500
).(186



) .(61
""
.



.



.
- -
.

.


" " ) .(146


" " .


.
(C4) 4
(C3) 3 4 3
18
purple nutsedge
"
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4

.


.

.
.

1860 1957


).(115

.

environmental stress


.




.


.
.

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.



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.
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.


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.


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.

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.

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biotypes
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)(.
:

http://www.blitzworld.com/lawn/images/bermuda%20grass%20web%20259F.JPG

Echinochloa crusgalli

) (5 50 40.

. 61 36
.

.

.
ecotypes .
.


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40000 . 5000
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1100 .

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) (6
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awns .



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23 23 . :
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Sorghum halepense

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.

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.
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.


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biogas ) (7
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: ) ( )(
)( )
( )( )( )(
)( )( )( )(
)( )( )(.
)( :
http://www.junglephotos.com/plants/waterplants/wtrhycnth.html
http://www.apms.org/plants/waterhyacinth.htm
:
www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/news/photo_ofthe_week/pow20010909large01.htm
www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/news/photo_ofthe_week/pow20010909main.htm
)( :
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/agpp/IPM/WEEDS/Sli
deShw.htm
:
http://www.ktokai-u.ac.jp/~cokamoto/aqfeed_e.htm
) ( :
http://www.africa-photo.com/gallery/stark/hyazin/index.htm

(pathway (169 180
.


.

.selectivity
.
.
pre-emergence

.
.
.

.

.


.

.

.
.

. .


.


.

.surfactants
lipoid route
aqueous route
.

phenoxy .benzoic
.


. pH


.




.

 .


. thiocarbamates
ureas uracils triazines
.
.

.
.

.diffusion

.

uptake .
.
.

.
.
.

.
- :
. symplast
apoplast .

.
:

 . simazine

.
. D-2,4

.
.
. .
:

. :
-1 :
paraquat diquat .


:
.

.
.


:


.
.

.
.

.

 .
.
. .

.

.
. adsorption metabolism
.
.
-2 :
.
.

.
.
. .
.
-3 :


.
.
.

.

.
.
.

.

 D-2,4
.
.
Hill reaction

.

free radical " " ) (.
:

.
. :

MCPB DB-2,4
.



:
.


.

.


.
:
. :
.
. : ""
.

 :
- :
.
:
.
.
.residue

:
. : pre-sowing



.residual
. : pre-emergence
.

.
. : post-emergence
.
:
. .overall application
. :directed application
.
.
. :band application

.


- :
.
.

.

.
.

.

- : :
-1
. : contact foliage
. .

.
. : translocated foliage
.
. : residual .
.
-2
. :
.
.
.

 .

.
. : metribuzin
.
. : atrazine

.
.
.

.
.
.
-3
. : .
.
.

.
. :

.

.
.
. :
.
.

.
.




formulation
.
. :

emulsifiable concentrates wettable powders

.


run off
. .
. :

.
. :
.

- :

.

.

" "
.


.




.
:
.

.




.

. 1960 1906

.
.



.

200
4
.
.
.
selective

.
. 1935
.
.

 1944

D-2,4 T-2,4,5
.silvex
""

.

1951
.
.

.

1952 .

.

.
" "
1958 .

).(56


.

.
pesticides
caedo pest
.

 "

"



.




.
. ""


. 1990 45
).(186



).(8




.


.


.


).(4

 ) (11
40
. 46
) .(57
.
" " ""
.

.


.

.

.

)(175

:

. Phenoxy compounds
.
D-2,4 . MCPA D-2,4
.
acifluorfen

.
" "

RNA .
. Substituted amides

 propoanil
.

.
RNA .
. Nitroanilines
.
. trifluralin
.
. oryzalin

.
" ".

. Heterocyclic nitrogens
triazines
simazine .atrazine
.
.
.
:

light
2H2O + 2A

2AH2

+ O2
chlorophyll
A

Substituted ureas
diuron
linuron .
.
.

.

 . Carbamates

.
. asulam
.
RNA
.


. Thiocarbamates
vernolate


.

.

.

. Triazoles



.
. Aliphatic acids
dalapon TCA
.

.
.
. Substituted benzoic acids
dicamba
.
.

 . Phenol derivatives


.
.
.dinoseb
dinitrophenols .
PCP

.


ATP
.

. Substituted nitriles

bromoxynil .dichlobenil


.
. Bipyridyliums
paraquat diquat

.
.
.
" "
.
.
free radical


) (.

)
:(187
. Sulfonylurea
) tribenuron ( ) bensulfuron (
(acetolactate synthase (ALS .

. Imidazolinones
imazapyr ) imazaquin ( .
.
. Triazolopyrimidine
) flumetsulam ( ) metosulam
( . .
. Pyrimidinylthiobenzoate
) pyrithiobac ( . .
. (Aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP
fluazifop haloxyfop fenoxaprop dichlofop
.
(acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase

.
. (Cyclohexanedione (CHD
sethoxydim clethodim
. .
. Miscellaneous herbicides


. endothall
.RNA
.
acrolein

.
glyphosate



.
.





.
.
" 2001" ) (17 :


: "" :
.
.commercial name
common name chemical family
.


.

Aryloxyphenoxy
propionate
Phenylurea
Sulfonylurea
Cyclohexanedione
Benzonitrile
Triazine
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Pyridinecarboxylic acid
Aryloxyphenoxy
propionate
Miscellaneous
Diphenylether
Triazine
Dinitrobenzene
Dinitroaniline
Miscellaneous
Cyclohexanedione
Oxadiazole
Acetamide
Benzothiadiazole
Sulfonylurea
Miscellaneous

fenoxaprop
isoproturon
tribenuron
clethodim
bromoxynil
metribuzin
benzoylprop
glyphosate
triclopyr
fluazifop-P
glyphosate
oxyfluorfen
atrazine
pendimethalin
Butralin
Glufosinate
Sethoxydim
Oxadiazon
Butachlor
Bentazon
Bensulfuron
Cinmethylin

Whip
Arelon
Granstar
Select
Brominal
Sencor
Suffix
Roundup
Garlon
Fusilade
Touchdown
Goal
Gesaprim
Stomp
Amex
Basta
Nabu
Ronstar
Machete
Basagran
Londax
Argold

.

residue


hangover
.




.



.

.

12

.

metabolism
.


.
-
.

.
%90-85
10 .
.
(maleic hydrazide (MH
8 .
-

.
.
-1 Phenyl carbamates
propham

.
barban .
. %60


. %90
.
-2 Phenoxy compounds



.

.

.
.
mecoprop

catchweed


.MCPA

.
.
. D-2,4

curcucumber

T-2,4,5
.
-3 Substituted ureas

Pseudomonas
monuron
.

Hill reaction .

leaching
.


Pseudomonas Sarciana

 Bacillus .Xanthomonas
hydroxy phenyl .methoxy
- 4 Triazine compounds


.
simazine
. hydroxy-2
simazine -
- .
N-dealkylation
chloro, 4-amino, 6-isopropylamine s-triazine-2 :
. chloro, 4-amino, 6-ethylamino, s-triazine-2

.


.
.
"
" .

.

-
DB-2,4 MCPA
.D-2,4

D-2,4 .

) free radical (
.
1/10000
nicotine adinine dinucleotide phosphate

 ((NADP
NADP

.

.


.






.



.
.

.
600
. 15
600 5-1
.
.

.
.


.

.

.


.

.
.



.


) (187
electron transport 2
.photosystem II uracils, triazinones,
biscarbamates, nitriles, nitrophenols, substituted pyridazinones, phenylcacbamates,
.anilides, cyanoacrylates
substituted pyridazinones
.

.

.
Kogl 1934 .
. -2,4
(dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D -2,3,6
(trichlorophenyl acetic acid (fenac
.

 D-2,4

.


.
. DB-2,4

.D-2,4

.

.

.
dalapon

.
.

.
grasses
.

.


.
.

. 1

photosystem I

 .
.

.
) (187
photosystem I 1

) free radicals (

.
. ) ALS) acetolactate synthase
acetolactate
(synthase (ALS
.
sulfonylurea, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinylthio- and oxy. benzoates
. (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase
(arylphenoxy propanoate (APP
(cyclohexanedione (CHD :
. ACCase acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase
.
.
.

. (enolpyruvyl shikmate phosphate synthase (EPSPS

) (EPSPS

.


.(188) (Weed Science Society of America (2003
Herbicide Mode of Action and Resistant Weeds Summary Table
Herbicide Group

Mode of Action

Click for details

HRAC
Group

Example

Herbicide

ALS inhibitors

Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS

(acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS)

Chlorsulfuron

Photosystem II
inhibitors

Inhibition of photosynthesis at
photosystem II

C1

Atrazine

ACCase inhibitors

Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase

(ACCase)

Diclofop-methyl

Synthetic Auxins

Synthetic auxins (action like

indoleacetic acid)

2,4-D

Bipyridiliums

Photosystem-I-electron diversion

Paraquat

Ureas and amides

Inhibition of photosynthesis at
photosystem II

C2

Chlorotoluron

Dinitroanilines and
others

Microtubule assembly inhibition

K1

Trifluralin

Thiocarbamates and
others

Inhibition of lipid synthesis - not

ACCase inhibition

Triallate

Triazoles, ureas,
isoxazolidiones

Bleaching: Inhibition of carotenoid

biosynthesis (unknown target)

F3

Amitrole

Glycines

Inhibition of EPSP synthase

Glyphosate

Chloroacetamides and Inhibition of cell division (Inhibition of

others
very long chain fatty acids)

K3

Butachlor

Nitriles and others

Inhibition of photosynthesis at
photosystem II

C3

Bromoxynil

PPO inhibitors

Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (PPO)

Oxyfluorfen

Carotenoid
Bleaching: Inhibition of carotenoid
biosynthesis inhibitors biosynthesis at the phytoene
desaturase step (PDS)

F1

Flurtamone

Mitosis inhibitors

Inhibition of mitosis / microtubule

polymerization inhibitor

K2

Propham

Organoarsenicals

Unknown

MSMA

Arylaminopropionic
acids

Unknown

Flamprop-methyl

Pyrazoliums

Unknown

Difenzoquat

 :
http://ipcm.wisc.edu/uw_weeds/extension/articles/herbmoa.htm
http://www.agcom.purdue.edu/AgCom/Pubs/WS/WS-23.html

.
.

.
-1 adsorption

. :
" "Van der Waals type
.

.
.
.


.


.
""
.
reversible
.

.

 .
.

.

.

.

" " pH
.
-2 volatilization
.
EPTC
.
.
.

.

.
-3 leaching
-
- .

.

.

.
.

 TCA
.
-4 absorption

.

.


.
.

.
).(56
.
.
.
.

hydrolysis .

D-2,4

:
-1 ) CDAA ( diphenamid


.
-2 ) ioxynil (bromoxynil
.
-3 ) propham ( chloropropham


. soil
.nitrification
-4 ) dalapon ( TCA
TCA microflora .
.
-5 ) DNOC ( dinoseb
. 25
.
-6

.
-7 ) paraquat ( diquat
.
-8 ) simazine ( atrazine
.
-9 ) monuron ( fenuron
.


DNOC


" ".
.

-

.


.
.

.
.


.
.
.
"
."probit analysis


.
.
.

.

 10-5

30 . control

.

ryegrass
.

:

.


spectrophotometry

doublebeam spectrophotometer
gas chromatography GC
high performance liquid chromatography HPLC
ELISA
.
).(185 180 49

:
. bromoxynil : GC .(IR spectrometry (180
. ioxynil : IR spectroscopy .(GC (180
: D-2,4. : .(GC (49 :
.(MCPA : GC (180.
. : atrazine GC : N/P
.(detector (180
. .(metribuzin : GC (180
. : bentazon GC : (thermoionic detector (180
HPLC : .(fluorescent detector (180
. diphenamid : GC (flame ionization detector (180
. : paraquat .(spectrophotmetry (180
. : diquat .(spectrophotmetry (180
. .(endothal : GC (180
EPTC : GC . thermal conductivity .(flame ionization detector (180
. : fluometuron spectrophotmetry :
((49 : GC : N/P detector
HPLC : .(UV detector (180
. trifluralin : GC (electron affinity detector (180
. .(glyphosate : HPLC (180

-

.
.

.

.
.


.

.

).(3

"
" " "
.

 .
acute toxicity

.

chronic toxicity

.

) (184) (1
The United Kingdom Pesticide Safety
) Precautions Scheme .(151) (2


(acute oral lethal dose for 50% (LD50
.acute percutaneous LD50
- -
.

Danger Warning Caution
:

Danger

Warning

Caution

" " .

" " .

" 1 1/8
" .


-
)100 69
.(109
.
.

.



).(49


.
D-2,4



. "
(D" (176-2,4
.

.D.D.T
1939


.


).(125
dithiocarbamates

"

 "

teratogenic .carcinogenic

nitrosamines .
ethylene thiourea

mutagenic )

.(112


chloropropham
(tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB

dimethylaminoazobenzene )
.(56




"1972 1962"

D-2,4 T (1 :-2,4,5

" (1 " 25 D-2,4
" (picloram (4 : 1 " 7.5 .

T-2,4,5

" TCDD" tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
" 0.045 0.022
0.0006
" .
T-2,4,5



" 5
5 " ).(112



) (36 35 23

).(37

11000
.
.

.
mangrove
1100

6 .


) .(56

) (153
.



.
) (135


.


.

.
.

 .
)31 30 29 20 18
(122 120 102 )26 19
(28 27
.
.


.

).(160 134 132

.


).(72



) (119 117 -
-


.


.

.
.
1968
) Senecio vulgaris
biotype
( ) 2

 .( photosystem II
)
(. 37
.
1989 57 ) 40
17 (
. 3
.

) .(187 270
).(188

ACCase ) WSSA
2003( ):(188

ACCase Inhibitors (A/1) Resistant Weeds

)(by species and country
Country
)(Click for Details

Species

Year

1982 United Kingdom

1982
1983 Germany *Multiple 2 MOAs
1993 France
1996 Belgium
1996 Belgium *Multiple 5 MOAs
1996 The Netherlands *Multiple 2 MOAs
1999 The Netherlands
2001 Turkey

Alopecurus
myosuroides
Blackgrass

1.

)1985 Australia (Western Australia

1986 South Africa *Multiple 2 MOAs
)1988 Australia (South Australia
)1990 Canada (Manitoba
)1990 Canada (Saskatchewan
)1990 USA (Montana
)1990 USA (Oregon
) 1991 Australia (New South Wales
)1991 Canada (Alberta
)1991 USA (Minnesota

Avena fatua
Wild Oat

2.

1985

1991 USA (North Dakota)

1991 USA (Washington)
1992 USA (Idaho)
1994 Canada (Manitoba) *Multiple 3
MOAs
1994 United Kingdom *Multiple 3 MOAs
1996 Belgium
1996 Canada (Saskatchewan) *Multiple 3
MOAs
1996 France
1997 Canada (Manitoba) *Multiple 4
MOAs
1997 USA (Colorado)
1998 Canada (Alberta) *Multiple 3 MOAs
1998 Chile

3.

Avena sterilis
Wild Oat (sterilis)

1989 Australia (New South Wales )

1989 Australia (South Australia)
1993 United Kingdom
1997 Turkey
1998 Turkey

1989

4.

Avena sterilis
ludoviciana
Sterile oat

1992 Italy
1996 France

1992

5.

Brachiaria plantaginea 1997 Brazil

Alexandergrass

1997

6.

Bromus diandrus
Great Brome

1999 Australia (Victoria)

1999

7.

Cynosurus echinatus
HedgeHog DogTail

1999 Chile

1999

8.

Digitaria ischaemum
Smooth Crabgrass

1996 USA (New Jersey)

1996

9.

Digitaria sanguinalis
Large Crabgrass

1992 USA (Wisconsin)

1992
1993 Australia (South Australia) *Multiple
2 MOAs

10. Echinochloa colona

Junglerice

1994 Costa Rica

1998 Costa Rica *Multiple 3 MOAs
2000 Nicaragua

1994

11. Echinochloa crus-galli 2000 USA (California) *Multiple 2 MOAs

Barnyardgrass
2001 Thailand

2000

12. Echinochloa oryzicola 2000 USA (California) *Multiple 2 MOAs

Early Watergrass

2000

13. Echinochloa
phyllopogon
Late Watergrass

1998 USA (California)

1998

14. Eleusine indica

Goosegrass

1990 Malaysia
1997 Malaysia *Multiple 2 MOAs

1990

15. Eriochloa punctata

Pasto Amargo

1997 Bolivia

1997

16. Hordeum glaucum

Wall Barley

2000 Australia (South Australia)

2000

17. Hordeum leporinum

Barley Grass

1996 Australia (South Australia)

2001 Australia

1996

18. Ischaemum rugosum

Saramollagrass

2000 Colombia

2000

19. Lolium multiflorum

Italian Ryegrass

1987 USA (Oregon)

1990 United Kingdom
1990 USA (North Carolina)
1990 USA (South Carolina)
1991 USA (Washington)
1992 USA (Idaho)
1993 France
1993 USA (Virginia)
1995 Italy *Multiple 2 MOAs

1987

1995 USA (Georgia)

1998 Chile
1998 USA (Maryland)

20. Lolium perenne

Perennial Ryegrass

1995 USA (Arkansas) *Multiple 2 MOAs

1995

21. Lolium persicum

Persian Darnell

1993 USA (Montana)

1993

22. Lolium rigidum

Rigid Ryegrass

1982 Australia (South Australia) *Multiple 1982

7 MOAs
1982 Australia (Western Australia) *Multiple
3 MOAs
1984 Australia (Victoria) *Multiple 3 MOAs
1985 Australia (New South Wales ) *Multiple
3 MOAs
1992 Saudi Arabia
1992 Spain *Multiple 2 MOAs
1992 Spain
1993 France
1993 South Africa *Multiple 2 MOAs
1996 Tunisia
1997 Chile
1997 Greece
1998 Israel

23. Phalaris minor

1993 Israel
Little Seed Canary Grass 1996 Mexico

1993

24. Phalaris paradoxa

Hood Canarygrass

1996 Mexico
1997 Australia (New South Wales )
1998 Italy

1996

25. Rottboellia exalta

Itchgrass

1997 USA (Louisiana)

1997

26. Setaria faberi

Giant Foxtail

1991 USA (Wisconsin)

1994 USA (Iowa)

1991

27. Setaria viridis

Green Foxtail

1991 Canada (Manitoba)

1991
1992 Canada (Manitoba) *Multiple 2
MOAs
1996 Canada (Alberta)
1996 Canada (Saskatchewan)
1996 Canada (Saskatchewan) *Multiple 2
MOAs

28. Snowdenia
polystachea
Ethiopian grass

1998 Ethiopia

1998

29. Sorghum halepense

Johnsongrass

1991 USA (Kentucky)

1991 USA (Mississippi)
1995 USA (Tennessee)
1995 USA (Virginia)
1997 USA (Louisiana)

1991

30. Sorghum Sudanese

Sudan Grass

1999 Bolivia

1999

.
:(188 ) (WSSA 2003 )
Herbicide Resistant Weeds by Country and Mode of Action
- click on a country for details.
#

Country
- click for
details

Total

1. Argentina

2. Australia

38

15

3. Austria

4. Belgium

18

5. Bolivia

6. Brazil

7. Bulgaria

8. Canada

39

14

11

9. Chile

A
B
C1
C2
D
K1
O
Other
ACCase ALS Triazine Urea/ Bypiri- Dinitro- Synthetic
Inhibitors inhibitor
Amide dilium aniline Auxin

10. China

11. Colombia

12. Costa Rica

13. Czech
Republic

13

12

14. Denmark

15. Ecuador

16. Egypt

17. El Salvador

18. Ethiopia

19. Fiji

20. France

30

22

21. Germany

17

13

22. Greece

23. Guatemala

24. Honduras

25. Hungary

26. India

27. Indonesia

28. Ireland

29. Israel

19

11

30. Italy

12

31. Japan

16

32. Kenya

14

34. Mexico

35. New Zealand

36. Nicaragua

37. Norway

38. Panama

39. Paraguay

40. Philippines

41. Poland

42. Portugal

43. Saudi Arabia

44. Slovenia

45. South Africa

33. Malaysia

46. South Korea

26

18

48. Sri Lanka

49. Sweden

14

11

51. Taiwan

52. Thailand

53. The
Netherlands

54. Tunisia

55. Turkey

56. United
Kingdom

23

57. USA

95

12

34

18

11

58. Venezuela

59. Yugoslavia

47. Spain

50. Switzerland

)
:(188) (WSSA 2003
Herbicide Resistant Weeds Summary Table
(by Saturday, February 1, 2003)
Herbicide Group
Click for details

Mode of Action

ALS inhibitors

Inhibition of acetolactate
synthase ALS
(acetohydroxyacid synthase
AHAS)

Chlorsulfuron

79

Photosystem II
inhibitors

Inhibition of photosynthesis at
photosystem II

C1

Atrazine

64

ACCase inhibitors

Inhibition of acetyl CoA

carboxylase (ACCase)

Diclofop-methyl

30

Synthetic Auxins

Synthetic auxins (action like

indoleacetic acid)

2,4-D

23

Bipyridiliums

Photosystem-I-electron
diversion

Paraquat

22

Ureas and amides

Inhibition of photosynthesis at
photosystem II

C2

Chlorotoluron

20

K1

Trifluralin

10

Dinitroanilines and Microtubule assembly

others
inhibition

HRAC
Group

Example
Herbicide

Total

Thiocarbamates
and others

Inhibition of lipid synthesis not ACCase inhibition

Triallate

Triazoles, ureas,
isoxazolidiones

Bleaching: Inhibition of
carotenoid biosynthesis
(unknown target)

F3

Amitrole

Glycines

Inhibition of EPSP synthase

Glyphosate

Chloroacetamides
and others

Inhibition of cell division

(Inhibition of very long chain
fatty acids)

K3

Butachlor

C3

Bromoxynil

Nitriles and others Inhibition of photosynthesis at

photosystem II
PPO inhibitors

Inhibition of
protoporphyrinogen oxidase
(PPO)

Oxyfluorfen

Carotenoid
biosynthesis
inhibitors

Bleaching: Inhibition of
carotenoid biosynthesis at the
phytoene desaturase step
(PDS)

F1

Flurtamone

Mitosis inhibitors

Inhibition of mitosis /
microtubule polymerization
inhibitor

K2

Propham

Organoarsenicals

Unknown

MSMA

Arylaminopropionic Unknown
acids

Flampropmethyl

Pyrazoliums

Difenzoquat

Unknown

Total Number of Unique Herbicide Resistant Biotypes

272

WSSA ) Avena fatua
:"( " 188) (2003
HERBICIDE RESISTANT WILD OAT GLOBALLY
Avena fatua
#

Country Click for

details

Year Sites

1.

Australia (Western 1985 11-50

Australia)

Acres

Mode of Action

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

2.

Australia (South
Australia)

1988 51-100

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

3.

Australia (New
South Wales )

1991 11-50

501-1000

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

4.

Belgium

1996 1

1-5

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

5.

Canada (Alberta)
1989 1001Multiple Resistance
10000

10000012000000

Thiocarbamates and others

(N/8)
Pyrazoliums (Z/8)

6.

Canada (Manitoba) 1990 100110000

>2000000

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

7.

Canada
(Saskatchewan)

1990 100110000

>2000000

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

8.

Canada (Alberta)

1991 101-500 10001100000

9.

Canada (Manitoba) 1994 51-100

Multiple Resistance

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Arylaminopropionic acids
(Z/25)

10. Canada
(Saskatchewan)

1996 100110000

1000011000000

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

11. Canada
(Saskatchewan)

1996 100110000

1000011000000

Thiocarbamates and others

(N/8)

12. Canada
1996 1001(Saskatchewan)
10000
Multiple Resistance

1000011000000

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Thiocarbamates and others
(N/8)

13. Canada (Manitoba) 1997 100110000

1000011000000

14. Canada (Manitoba) 1997 501-1000 1000011000000

15. Canada (Manitoba) 1997 6-10
Multiple Resistance

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

Thiocarbamates and others
(N/8)

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Thiocarbamates and others
(N/8)

Arylaminopropionic acids
(Z/25)
16. Canada (Alberta)

1998 11-50

17. Canada (Alberta)

1998 11-50
Multiple Resistance

1001-10000 ALS inhibitors (B/2)

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Thiocarbamates and others
(N/8)

18. Chile

1998 11-50

10001100000

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

19. France

1996 11-50

101-500

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

20. South Africa

1986 2-5
Multiple Resistance

51-100

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

21. United Kingdom

1994 11-50
Multiple Resistance

51-100

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Arylaminopropionic acids
(Z/25)

22. USA (Oregon)

1990 101-500 1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

23. USA (Montana)

1990 501-1000 10001Multiple Resistance
100000

Thiocarbamates and others

(N/8)
Pyrazoliums (Z/8)

24. USA (Montana)

1990 51-100

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

25. USA (Oregon)

1990 1

11-50

26. USA (Minnesota)

1991 51-100

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

Dinitroanilines and others

(K1/3)

27. USA (North Dakota) 1991 101-500 1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
28. USA (Washington)

1991 51-100

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

29. USA (Idaho)

1992 11-50

1001-10000 ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

30. USA (Idaho)

1993 51-100
Multiple Resistance

10001100000

Thiocarbamates and others

(N/8)
Pyrazoliums (Z/8)

31. USA (Montana)

11-50

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

32. USA (North Dakota) 1996 2-5

501-1000

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

33. USA (California)

1996 11-50

1001-10000 Pyrazoliums (Z/8)

34. USA (Colorado)

1997 6-10

101-500

1996 2-5

ACCase inhibitors (A/1)


) .(144
-
) .(179
)
.(159

).(87




)43
.(141 75 52 )
(DCA, DMU
) (56 :
Denitrifiers
Nitrogen

N2

Nitrobacter

Nitrosomonas
Nitrosococcu
s

Nitrate

Nitrite

NO3-

NO2DMU inhibits

Azotobacter

Ammonium

NH4+

Nitrogen

N2

DCA inhibits

Trichoderma
viridis ) .(178
).(40

) .(113 64
- - Bacillus thuringiensis
).(137


) .(136
.
-
) .(127

) .(22
) (33 32 21

)
.(86

(lethal concentration for 50% (LC50 "24
48 72" .
.
"
"

).(56



.

) (49
.



1990/1991 ).(184


dichloroaniline
) .(56

 "
"
.



).(3



) (110

.





. 1989 )
(116 1990

6 " 0.000006 "
0.1
) .(115

) .(108
.

) (24






.


.

.


.



.



.
.



.

.

.


.


.




1992
2002
.



).(42








.


.

.

.


.

.


30
3

.

 . 1 .

) /
(

1
Extremely hazardous

Highly hazardous
2
Moderately hazardous
3
Slightly hazardous

20
5

40
10
100 10

400 40

50 5

200 20

500 50

1000 100 2000 200

4000 400

500

2000 1000

4000

.2 .
) /
(

25
5
xxxx

Very toxic
xxx
Toxic
xxHarmful
x
--

50 5
500 50
500

200 25
2000 200
2000

50
10
100 10
1000 100
1000

400 50
4000 400
4000

) ( :
http://www.serc.si.edu/water_quality/water_quality_html/phyto.htm
"" :
/http://www.serc.si.edu/algae
:
http://www.weedscience.org/in.asp
:

http://www.weedscience.org/Summary/UspeciesMOA.asp?lstMOAID=2
http://www.weedscience.org/summary/CountrySummary.asp
http://www.weedscience.org/summary/MOASummary.asp
: ACCase
http://www.weedscience.org/ACCaseDist.GIF
:
http://www.weedscience.org/Summary/USpeciesCountry.asp?
lstWeedID=28&FmCommonName=Go
:
http://www.lewispublishing.com/herbs1.htm
http://www.landscaper.net/agent.htm
http://www.gmasw.com/ao_note1.htm
http://cpcug.org/user/billb/ranchhand/ranchhand.html


http://www.aun.edu.eg/distance/agriculture/weedsci/ch03.html

. Cactoblastis cactorum

.Opuntia spp .
quadrigemina Chrysolina

Hypericum perforatum.


.
) (107
.


.
"
" .
5
.



.

.
.


Aroga webstri
Artemisia tridentata

.

annae Orthezia Eumysia idahoensis
Atriplex confertifolia
.

-
.
)( :
http://www.peds.arizona.edu/allergyimmunology/southwest/grass_weeds/grassweedp
ictable.html



.


.
.

.
:
. .
. .
. .

 . .
. .
. .
-

native species introduced
relatives .

.

"" .
thistle

"" .
.


.
plant pathogens

.
jointvetch
Collectotrichum gloeosporioides
.
.


Sorghum halepense
.
.
Tamarix pentandra


.

.


.


.

.
.

.


.
Agasicles hygrophila
Alternanthra philoxeroides
.Eichhornia crassipes
terrestrial weeds

aquatic weeds .
Myriophyllum spicatum

emersed
plant .floating plant

" "
" ".
.
Emex spinosa
Tribulus terrestris

 disturbed areas

"
" .

.

.
.
-

.

.target plant

.


.


.
Chondrilla juncea Puccinia
chondrilliana .

.

plant mites
.
acarians

.
Aceria chondrillae

.


.


.
.

)(
) Ctenopharyngodon idella (

)41 39
.(143
-


.

.
. 51

.

.

.


.


. Chrysolina quadrigemina

.Hypericum

 synchronization of damage
.



.
Teleonemia scrupulosa
Lantana
.

.

Senecio jacobaea
Tyria jacobaeae
.

.
.

.


.
Agasicles hygrophila
" "
.

.
12
"
".
-

 indigenous exotic
.
. .


.
.

.
-1

"



" .
.

.
-2

" "genus, subgenus
.

.
.
-3

.
.


.
. field
.cages


.

" "

.


.

.
-4

stenophagous
.

.
-

.

" nocturnal "

.

"
"
.

.
.

.

.


.
.
.Dactylopins sp

" "Coccinellides .
D.D.T. "2 "

.
75
.

.
.Opuntia spp
Lantana Hypericum
Senecio jacobaea .
.
-
-1 .Prickly pear Cacti Opuntia spp

.
Opuntia inermis O. strica 60


Cactoblastis cactorum .
-2 Hypericum perforatum Klamath weed


.


Chrysolina quadrigemina .C. hyperici

" 2
%1 ".

%98 .
.
-3 Lantana camara Lantana

- 443 1962 .
Teleonemia scrupulosa
1902 .

: Catabena esula
Hypena strigata Syngamia haemorrhoidalis
Plagiohammus spinipennis
Octotoma scabripennis
Uroplata girardia
.
.
.
-4 Tansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea

.

 Tyria jacobaeae


.

Hylemiya seneciella
Longitarsus jacobaeae

.
-

. Emex
australis E. spinosa

Apion antiquum .
Microlarinus lareynii
M. lypriformis Tribulus
terrestris .
-
-1 Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator weed
1964 Agasicles hygrophila
.
Vogtia malloi 1971.

.
-2 Waterhyacinth Eichhornia crassipes

) Neochetina eichhornia ( N. bruchi
) ( ) " (
.
Sameodes
albiguttalis

) (48


.
:
/http://www.bio-control.com
/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol

: " "
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/weedfeeders/neochetina.html
: ( )
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/biocontrol.html
:
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/neoch1.jpg
: ( )
http://www.wes.army.mil/el/aqua/apis/biocontrol/html/niphogr0.html
: ( )
http://www.wes.army.mil/el/aqua/apis/biocontrol/html/orthoga0.html
:
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/cyprinid/ct_idell.html
: ( )
/www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/wild/aquatics/weed/grasscarp

:
http://www.amsbowfishing.com/photos/carp.htm
http://www.agfc.com/rules_regs/fishing_regs_fish_type.html

:
http://www.sullysbowfishing.com/photoalbum3.asp
: ( " " )
http://www.junglephotos.com/animals/mammals/manatee.html

: ( " " ) coot

http://www.avesphoto.com/website/NA/species/COOAMC-1.htm

:
http://www.avesphoto.com/website/NA/home.htm

.



.

infrared
microwave
.

.
.

.
.
.
).(140 126 88 83 74

.

)) (171 82 12( .
grass carp

8000 ) 12( ).(128

 .
) .(99) (13

.
) 14( )71
.(155 ) 14( ) 14(

) 14(.

.

.
.
.

) .(124 68 10.6 .
1 96
4 .
.
.
. .

.

.
.
.
.
.
Striga asiatica witchweed .
.
" "
-
.

. .


) .( 60
).(79 77

) (161 78

.

. 1.7
90 ).(81

.
.

.
17
) (49 .

.

.


.



.

.
).(157 129 97 67 66 59 58

.
micro-encapsulation .
" 5" ) .(181 55) (15

.
.

.
.
) ( 16 )
( 76 .
1.2 - 0.8 50
).(168

.



. alachlor
.
antidotes safeners
20 .
)91 80 70 62 51 47

.( 182 152 121 103 98 92
.
wild oats .
.

mycoherbicides
) .(167 165 164 163 162
.
.


.
"" ""
.
milkweed vine Phytophthora palmivora jointvetch

 Collectotrichum gloeosporioides )
.(166 158
.
.
30
.

.

.

.
soil solarization .
" 70 "
40 50 .
7 15
15 ).(15
.

.
.
biotic .abiotic

.

Bacillus spp
.

) (111 .


.


.
.

.




.
.

.

.

.

.
80 ) (114
95 2010 ).(131

.
.
.
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http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/flora/4022_p.htm

http://www.overthegardengate.net/garden/archives/template.asp?linkid=1403

http://ww1.clunet.edu/wf/chap/flowers/fwr-1350.htm

http://pages.tias.com/1931/PictPage/615951.html

 .
salamalhelali@yahoo.com
30TU

https://www.facebook.com/salam.alhelali
https://www.facebook.com/groups/
/Biothesis

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
/Salam_Ewaid
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