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Documents - MX - Ec7101 Telecommunication Switching Circuits Networks PDF
Documents - MX - Ec7101 Telecommunication Switching Circuits Networks PDF
Module 1:
Switching in Telecommunication Systems:
Evolution of Telecommunications, General principle of switching, Classification of Switching Systems,
Elements of Switching System, Signalling tones, DTMF, Common Control and Direct Control.
Text Book:
Telecommunication Switching Systems & Networks, by T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001.
Module 2:
Electronic Space Division Switching:
Stored Program Control (SPC), Centralised SPC, Distributed SPC, Enhanced Services, Two-Stage
Networks, Three-Stage Networks.
Text Book:
Telecommunication Switching Systems &Networks, by T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001. (Chap.4)
Module 3:
Time Division Switching:
Basic Time Division Space Switching, Time Multiplexed Space Switching, Time Multiplexed Time
Switching, Combination Switching, Three-stage Combination Switching.
Text Book
Telecommunication Switching Systems & Networks, by T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001. (Chap. 6)
Module 4:
Traffic Engineering:
Network Traffic Load and Parameters, Grade of Service and Blocking Probability, Modelling Switching
systems, Blocking Models & Loss Estimates, Delay Systems.
Text Book:
Telecommunication Switching Systems, by T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001. (Chap 8)
Module 5:
ISDN and its Motivation, New Services, Network and Protocol Architecture, Transmission Channels,
Internetworking, BISDN.
Text Book:
Telecommunication Switching Systems & Networks, by T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001. (Chap 11)
Module 6:
Network Subscriber Loop Systems, Switching Hierarchy & Routing, Transmission Plan,
Numbering Plan, National Schemes, International numbering.
Text Books:
1. Telecommunication Switching Systems & Networks, T. Viswanathan, PHI, 2001. (Chap. 9)
2. Telecommunications Switching, Traffic and Networks, J. E. Flood, Chap. 10, Pearson
Education Asia, 2004.
Module 7:
Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Protocol, Architecture, ATM Logical Connection,
ATM Cells, Transmission of ATM Cells, ATM Adaptation Layer, Traffic and congestion control.
Text Book:
Data & Computer Communications by William Stallings, 7/e, PHI. (Chaps 11 & 12)
TUTORIAL
EC7101
Module- 1:
1.
2.
Draw the diagram of carbon granule microphone and derive the equation of voicemodulated current from the microphone.
3.
Explain simplex, half duplex & full duplex communication systems and give at least two
examples of each.
4.
What is sidetone? How it is minimized using antisidetone circuit? Explain with circuit
diagram.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explain with suitable diagram the working of manned Common Battery exchange.
9.
Compare and contrast between local battery exchanges and common battery exchanges.
10. What do you understand by PABX and DID (Direct Inward Dialling)?
11. What are the drawbacks of manual exchange?
12. Give the drawbacks associated with local battery exchange.
13. An electrical communication system uses a channel that has 20dB loss. Estimate the
received power, if the transmitted power is one watt.
14. Estimate the rate of transmission for a channel used to connect 20,000 telephone
subscribers (use voice B.W = 4 KHz and 1 sample = 8 bits).
15. If the noise power in a channel is 0.1dBm and the signal power is 20mw, what is the S/N
ratio?
16. What is the importance of sidetone in a telephonic conversation?
17. Estimate the bandwidth requirements of a single satellite that is to support 10-lakh
telephone conversations simultaneously.
18. A central battery exchange is powered with a 48V battery. The carbon microphone
requires a minimum of 24mA as energizing current. The battery has a 4.0ohm resistance
in series for short circuit protection. The D.C. resistance of the microphone is 50ohm. If the
cable used for subscriber lines has a resistance of 50ohm/km, determine the maximum
distance at which a subscriber station can be located.
19. For a carbon granule microphone, determine a suitable value for m, if the contribution from
each of the higher order terms is to be less than 0.01 Io.
20. What is the importance of a steady current flowing through a carbon microphone?
21. A 1000 line exchange is partly folded & partly non-folded. Forty percent of the subscribers
are active during peak hour, if the ratio of local to external traffic is 4:1, estimate the
number of trunk lines required.
22. What are the advantages of Automatic switching systems?
23. Differentiate between pulse dialling and multifrequency dialling.
24. Give the advantages of multifrequency dialling over pulse dialling of rotary dialling.
25. Draw the pulse dialling waveform for 24.
26. Calculate the time required to dial 00-91-44-414630 using a rotary dial telephone. Assume
that the subscriber takes 6000ms on an average to rotate the dial for a single digit.
27. Name the basic circuits used in all the selector control circuits.
28. A busy tone does not imply that the called party is actually engaged in a conversation.
Explain.
29. A long distance dialer hears four different types of call-in-progress signals while
establishing call. What can be concluded?
30. Describe the working of a rotary switch. Differentiate between forward acting and reverse
acting types.
31. Differentiate between common control and direct control.
32. Explain the function of touch dial arrangement.
33. What is dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) signalling? What are its advantages?
34. What is the series of tones that are sent when dialling the number 911 in DTMF Touch
Tone Pad?
Module- 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Given that MTBF = 2000 hrs & MTTR = 4 hrs. Calculate the unavailability for single and
dual processor systems.
6.
Derive the expression for the switching elements for two stage and three stage networks.
7.
For a Close network derive the expression for minimum number of switching elements.
Module 3:
1.
Explain basic time division space switching and time division time switching.
2.
3.
In a time space switch M = 128, N = 16 & the number of subscribers connected to the
system is 0.1 MN. Determine the blocking probability of a switch if
(a)
all the subscribers are active at the same time
(b)
Only 5-% of the subscribers are active simultaneously.
Module 4:
1.
a.
b.
c.
2.
An exchange serves 2000 subscribers. If the average BHCA is 10,000 & CCR is 60%,
calculate the busy hour calling rate.
3.
Over a 20-minute observation interval, 40 subscribers initiate calls. Total duration of the
calls is 4800 sec. Calculate the load offered to the network by the subscribers and the
average subscriber traffic.
4.
Show that grade of service (GOS) is equal to blocking probability for erlang traffic.
5.
6.
A call processor in an exchange requires 120 ms to service a complete call. What is the
BHCA rating for the processor? If the exchange is capable of carrying 700 erlangs of
traffic, what is the call completion rate? Assume an average call holding time of two
minutes.
Explain the following:
(a)
Grade of service
(b)
Blocking probability
(c)
Delay probability
7.
A switching system serves 10,000 subscribers with a traffic intensity of 0.1E per
subscriber. If there is a sudden spurt in the traffic increasing the average traffic by 50%.
What is the effect on the arrival rate?
10
In an exchange, the calls arrive at the rate of 1100 calls per hour, with each call holding
for duration of three minutes. If the demand is serviced by a trunk group of 50 lines,
determine the GOS.
11
Derive the expression for the switching elements and blocking probability of a threestage network.
12
A telephone administration provides leased lines at the rate of Rs. 600 per Km for a
minimum rental period of 3 months. A heavy point-to-point traffic user has his offices
located 600 Km apart and is confronted with the choice of using STD or leased lines. At
what traffic volume per day should he move over to leased line? Assume 20 working
days per month and a rate of Re. 1 per unit recorded by the meter.
13
A telephone exchange supporting 5000 subscribers uses DTMF dialling and a common
control subsystem with 100 digit receivers. Each digit receiver is assigned for duration of
five seconds per subscriber for call processing. If 20% of the subscribers attempt to call
simultaneously, what is the worst-case wait time for a subscriber before he receives the
dial tone?
14
Estimate the number of cross points required to design an exchange that supports 500
users on a non-blocking basis and 50 transit, outgoing or incoming calls simultaneously.
15
Explain the differences between micro programmed control unit and hard-wired control
unit.
16
How many subscribers can be supported in bi-directional PAM switching bus, if the pulse
width of the PAM sample is 125 ns?
17
Derive an expression for the blocking probability of a TSTS switch if each stage is
individually non-blocking.
18
An exchange serves 2000 subscribers. If the average BHCA is 10,000 and the CCR is
60%, calculate the busy hour calling rate.
19
20
A group of 20 servers carry traffic of 10 erlangs. If the average duration of a call is three
minutes, calculate the number of calls put through by a single server and the group as a
whole in a one-hour period.
21
A subscriber makes three phone calls of three minutes, four minutes and two minutes
duration in a one-hour period. Calculate the subscriber traffic in erlangs; CCS and CM.
22
Over a 20-minute observation interval, 40 subscribers initiate calls. Total duration of the
call is 4800 secs. Calculate the load offered to the network by the subscribers and the
average subscriber traffic.
23
In a telephone system, there are 20 servers and 100 subscribers. On an average, there
are 10 busy serves at any time. The probability of all the servers being busy is 0.2.
Calculate GOS assuming (i) Erlang traffic (ii) Engest traffic.
24
What is on-hook and off-hook? When a subscriber handset goes off-hook, what occurs
at the serving switch?
25
A subscriber pair, with a fixed battery voltage, is extended. As we extend the loop further,
two limiting performance factors come into play. Name them.
26
What are the two basic parameters that define traffic? Explain them.
27
28
29
A particular exchange has been dimensioned to handle 1000 calls during the busy hour.
On a certain day during the busy hour; 1100 calls are offered. What is the resulting grade
of service?
30
31
On a particular traffic relation the calling rate is 461 and the average call duration is 1.5
min during the busy hour. What is the traffic intensity in CCS, in erlangs?
32
In traffic theory there are three ways lost calls are handled. What are these?
Explain them.
Module 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Name & explain the different layers of the ISDN protocol architecture.
8.
Module 6:
1.
2.
What are the names given to the wires connected to the phone?
3.
What is a line?
4.
What is a trunk?
5.
6.
7.
Discuss the CCITT hierarchical structure for routing traffic between exchanges.
8.
Module 7:
1.
What is ATM?
2.