Product Design:

Fundamentals and
Methods
N. F. M. Roozenburg
J. Eekels
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

JOHN WILEY & SONS

Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore

Contents
Preface

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Part I Product Design and Design Methodology

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Introduction

1.1 Product Design

1.2 Design Methodology
1.3 The Division of this Book
References

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Product Development
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Product Life Cycle
2.3 The Structure of the Innovation Process
2.4 Product Planning
2.4.1 The Idea for a New Business Activity
2.4.2 Idea Finding
2.4.3 Product Policy
2.5 Strict Development
2.5.1 The Technical Development Process
2.5.2 Technical Development as an Iterative
Process
2.5.3 The Commercial Development Process
2.5.4 Product Development as a Whole
2.5.5 Closing Remarks
References
Design Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What is Design Methodology?
3.3 Science and Technology; Logic and
Methodology
3.4 The Key Methodological Problem

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3.5

What is a Method?
3.5.1 Characteristics of Methods
3.5.2 The Concepts 'System' and 'Structure'
3.5.3 The Concept 'Method'
3.5.4 Heuristic and Algorithmic Methods
3.5.5 Method and Organization
3.6 The Effectiveness of Design Methods
References
Further Reading

Part II

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Design Problem and Design Process

What is Design?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Design Problem
4.2.1 From Function to Form
4.2.2 Form
4.2.3 Properties
4.2.4 Function
4.2.5 The Kernel of the Design Problem
4.2.6 The Dual Functioning of Products
4.3 The Structure of Technical Action
4.3.1 Action
4.3.2 Making
4.3.3 Technical Action and Designing
4.4 Patterns of Reasoning
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 The Material Implication
4.4.3 Deductive and Reductive Reasoning
4.4.4 Deduction
4.4.5 Induction
4.4.6 Abduction
4.4.7 Innoduction
4.4.8 An Example of the Four Patterns of
Reasoning
References
Further Reading
The Structure of the Design Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Designing as Problem Solving
5.2.1 The Empirical Cycle

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5.2.2 The Basic Design Cycle

5.3 The Phases of the Product Design Process
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Foundations of Phase Models
5.3.3 Three Phase Models - One Thought
5.4 The Phases of the Product Development
Process; Concentric Development
5.5 Comparison of the Basic Cycles of Design
and Empirical Scientific Inquiry
References

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Part HI Methodics: Methods, Rules, Recommendations

Analysis: from Design Problem to Design
Specification
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Problem Definition
6.2.1 What is a Problem?
6.2.2 Defining Problems
6.3 Types of Objectives in the Design Specification
6.3.1 Goals and Objectives
6.3.2 Scaling and Non-scaling Objectives
6.3.3 Requirements and Wishes
6.3.4 Standards
6.3.5 Performance Specifications and Form
Specifications
6.3.6 Means and Ends
6.4 Desirable Properties of the Design Specification
6.4.1 Validity
6.4.2 Completeness
6.4.3 Operationality
6.4.4 Non-redundancy
6.4.5 Conciseness
6.4.6 Practicability
6.4.7 Which Desirable Properties of the
Design Specification are Most Important?
6.5 Making a Design Specification
6.5.1 A Procedure
6.5.2 Checklists
6.5.3 Operationalizing Objectives
6.6 Quality Function Deployment
6.6.1 Introduction

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6.6.2 How does the QFD Method Work?
References
Further Reading
Example I
Design Specification: Plastic Radiator
Example II
Design Specification: Touring-car Seat
Example III
Quality Function Deployment: Attache
Case
Synthesis: Thinking Up a 'Provisional' Design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Creativity Methods
7.2.1 Classification of Creativity Methods
7.2.2 Three Components of Creativity
7.2.3 The Application of Creativity Methods
7.2.4 Free Choice of Methods
7.3 Association Methods
7.3.1 Associations
7.3.2 Brainstorming
7.3.3 Variants of Brainstorming
7.4 Creative Confrontation Methods
7.4.1 Analogies and Chance
7.4.2 Synectics
7.4.3 Simple Creative Confrontation Methods
7.5 Analytic-systematic Methods
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Function Analysis
7.5.3 The Morphological Method
7.5.4 Analysis of Interconnected Decision
Areas (AIDA)
References
Further Reading
Example IV
Brainstorming: Margarine Packaging
Example V
Creative Confrontation: Tube for a
Vacuum Cleaner
Example VI
Function Analysis: Beverage Vending
Machine
Example VH Morphology: Rice Cultivation Tractor
Example VHI Analysis of Interconnected Decision
Areas (AIDA): Pay Phone
Simulation: Predicting the Properties of a Design
8.1 What is Simulation?
8.1.1 Introduction

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8.1.2 The Simulation Process

8.1.3 Behaviour
8.1.4 Simulation and Prediction
8.2 Models
8.2.1 Classification of Models
8.2.2 Structure Models
8.2.3 Iconic Models
8.2.4 Analogue Models
8.2.5 Mathematical Models
8.3 What is Simulated in Product Design?
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Technical Simulation
8.3.3 Simulation of Product Form
8.3.4 Ergonomic Simulation
8.3.5 Business Economic Simulation
8.3.6 Social and Ethical Simulation
8.3.7 Simulation of Environmental Effects
References
Technical Simulation with a Scale
Example IX
Model: Quadractor
References
Technical Simulation with a
Example X
Mathematical Model: Coupling
Device
Example XI
Design For Assembly (DFA) Simulating the Assembly Process:
Window Cleaner
References
Example XII Concept Testing - Simulating
Consumer Behaviour: Coffee-maker
References
Example XIII A User's Trial - Simulating the Actual
Usage of a New Product:
Coffeecreamer Cup
References
Further Reading
Evaluation and Decision Making: What is the Best
Design?
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Multi-criteria Decisions
9.2.1 What is a Decision?
9.2.2 Design Decisions

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9.2.3 Heuristic Decision Rules

9.2.4 Decision Methods
9.3 Ordinal Methods
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 The Majority Rule
9.3.3 The Copeland Rule
9.3.4 The Rank-sum Rule
9.3.5 The Lexicographical Rule
9.3.6 The Datum Method
9.3.7 New Product Profiles
9.4 Cardinal Methods
9.4.1 The Weighted Objectives Method
9.4.2 The Additive Value Function
9.4.3 Measuring Effectiveness
9.4.4 Estimating the Weighting Factors
9.5 Summary and Final Remarks
References
Further Reading
Example XIV The Datum Method: Gyroscope
Example XV New Product Profiles: Plastic Radiator
Example XVI The Weighted Objectives Method:
Minibus
Example XVII Hypothetical Alternatives: Garden
Chair

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Part IV Case Histories

Introduction
A Shoe Polish Packaging
B Twin Sheet Forming: Tractor Cabin Roof
C Biocar
D BIBOB

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Author Index
Subject Index

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