Low Cost MPPT Algorithms For PV Application: PV Pumping Case Study

Low Cost MPPT Algorithms for PV Application: PV
Pumping Case Study
M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi and D. J. Atkinson

Presented by:
Bashar Zahawi
E-mail: bashar.zahawi@ncl.ac.uk
NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY
Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group
31 Jan 2012
Outline
Maximum power point tracking
Experimental system description

Directly Connected PV Pumping Systems
PV Pumping systems with MPPT
Constant Voltage MPPT Algorithm
Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT Algorithm
Incremental Conductance (INC) MPPT Algorithm
Conclusions
31 Jan 2012
Introduction
Water pumping is probably one of the most
important applications of PV systems
Particularly in rural areas with no grid supply
Low power pumps ranging from 200W to 2kW
Most commonly used motor is the PM brushed dc

motor
Induction motors used for bore-hole and deep-well
pumping
The dc motor/pump set is connected directly to the

PV array in most commercial systems
31 Jan 2012
Maximum Power Point Tracking

A PV array or generator will have one point on its
current/voltage characteristic that corresponds to
maximum power output
This is referred to as the maximum power point or MPP
Directly connected systems do not operate at the

MPP
Significant amounts of available energy are wasted
A pump controller (dc-dc converter) is required to

better match the PV generator to the motor/pump set
This is referred to as MPPT
31 Jan 2012
PV Array Current-Voltage Curves

1000 W/m2
800 W/m2
600 W/m2
400 W/m2
Maximum power line
200 W/m2
PV array current-voltage curves
Mismatch between resistive load and PV Source; currentvoltage curves

31 Jan 2012
PV Array Power-Voltage Curves

PV array current-voltage curves
Load line
Maximum power line
Mismatch between resistive load and PV Source; powervoltage curves

31 Jan 2012
MPPT Circuit
IPV
PV
generator
V PV
VPV IPV
CL
IL
C VL
RL
Duty Ratio
DSP, interface, and driver circuits
Circuit diagram for PV system with MPPT control
31 Jan 2012
MPPT Algorithms
Mapping or Model Based algorithms
A model of the system is developed to map the operating
characteristics and identify the MPP
Simple models are not very effective
More complex models require significant computational

resources and are site specific
Not suitable for commercial applications
Constant voltage algorithm

Hill climbing algorithms
31 Jan 2012
Hill Climbing MPPT
31 Jan 2012
Outline of Presentation
Experimental investigation of the performance of
Maximum power point tracking algorithms for
pumping applications
Constant Voltage Algorithm
Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm

Incremental Conductance (INC) Algorithm
In each case, system performance is investigated
and the energy utilisation efficiency calculated
31 Jan 2012
Experimental Set Up
Experimental investigation of the performance of
Maximum power point tracking algorithms for
pumping applications
Constant Voltage Algorithm
Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm

Incremental Conductance (INC) Algorithm
In each case, system performance is investigated
and the energy utilisation efficiency calculated
31 Jan 2012
Experimental Set Up
1080-Wp PV array facing south at a tilt angle of 54
w.r.t. the horizontal
Two parallel branches of 3 series connected 180-Wp solar
modules
Weather station installed at the same roof

Weather parameters were recorded at a 1 sec sampling rate
Solar irradiance was measured by a radiation sensor fixed
on a surface inclined at the same tilt angle
10-stage centrifugal surface pump driven by a

brushed PM dc motor
31 Jan 2012
Experimental Set Up
Step-down dc-dc converter
470F link capacitance and 10kHz PWM frequency
Texas Instruments DSP based eZdsp kit used for

control and data acquisition
DSP used to provide flexibility
In a commercial product, a low cost microcontroller would
be more than adequate
Array installed on the roof of the New and

Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) in
Northumberland.
31 Jan 2012
Experimental System
31 Jan 2012
Experimental System
31 Jan 2012
Experimental System
31 Jan 2012
Experimental System
31 Jan 2012
Circuit Diagram
ia Ra
iPV
SS
La
PWM
vPV
iPV
DSP Based
vPV
MPPT
CL
470F
va
II I
1080 Wp Selector Step Down DC-DC
PV Array Switch
Converter
eb
Te
TP
Motor-Pump
Set
Equivalent circuit of the PV pumping system setup
31 Jan 2012
System Description
Mismatch between motor-pump load and PV generator when pump is

connected directly to PV array; current-voltage curves
31 Jan 2012
System Description
Mismatch between motor-pump load and PV generator when pump is

connected directly to PV array; power-voltage curves
31 Jan 2012
Directly Connected DC PV pumping system

220
200
Array/Motor Current
180
6
5
140
Array/Motor Voltage
120
100
80
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
160
60
= 736 W/m , TC = 22.1 C
40
20
0
0
0
Time (sec)
Experimental results showing array/motor voltage and current waveforms

31 Jan 2012

300
60
Flow Rate
250
50
200
40
150
30
= 736 W/m2, TC = 22.1 C
100
20
50
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Flow Rate (l/min)
Speed (rad/sec)
Motor Speed
Time (sec)
Motor speed and flow rate waveforms
31 Jan 2012
Influence of solar irradiance and cell temperature on MPP location
31 Jan 2012
Influence of solar irradiance and cell temperature on the energy utilization
31 Jan 2012
62.7%
Experimental system performance under slow changing irradiance

31 Jan 2012
51.3%
Experimental system performance under rapidly changing irradiance

31 Jan 2012
Outline
Introduction
System Description

Conclusions
31 Jan 2012

The system performance is affected by:
Vref
KP and KI
Block Diagram of Constant Voltage MPPT Algorithm
31 Jan 2012
Influence of solar irradiance and cell temperature on the energy utilization
31 Jan 2012
=8625W/m2 and TC=28.6C
Experimental results showing array voltage, current, and power waveforms

31 Jan 2012
91.3%
Experimental performance at nearly constant irradiance

31 Jan 2012
91.1%
Experimental performance at rapidly changing irradiance

31 Jan 2012
Conclusions I
Directly connected PV pumping systems eliminate
the use of power electronics converters but suffer
from low energy utilization efficiency.
Simple constant voltage MPPT algorithm offers
significantly higher energy utilization efficiencies
(about 91%).
For more significant improvements in energy
utilization, more efficient MPPT control algorithms
that take into account the effects of insolation and
temperature variations on the MPP voltage would be
required.
31 Jan 2012
Outline
Introduction
System Description

Conclusions
31 Jan 2012
Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
Flowchart of P&O MPPT Algorithm

31 Jan 2012

Reference voltage control
iPV
vPV
MPPT
Control
vref
iPV
-
PI
Controller
PV
System
vPV
vPV
Block diagram of MPPT with reference voltage control
Direct duty ratio control

iPV
iPV
vPV
MPPT
Control
PV
System
vPV
Block diagram of MPPT with direct duty ratio control

31 Jan 2012

System performance is affected by:
Step Size (d or Vref)
Perturbation Frequency (fMPPT)
31 Jan 2012
P&O Algorithm Parameters

Voltge (V)
200
160
120
80
=857.1W/m2, Tc=27.9oC
Measured Array Voltage

Calculated MPP Voltage
40
Power (W)
Current (A)
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1000
Measured Array Current

Calculated MPP Current
800
600
400
Vref =10V, fMPPT=1Hz

Measured Array Power
Calculated Maximum Power
200
0
0
10
15
Time (sec)
20
25
30
Three-level operation with reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012

1000
D
900
Array Power (W)
800
700
C O A
=857.1W/m2, Tc=27.9oC
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Array Voltage (V)
140
160
180
200
Behavior with reference voltage perturbation in thee-level operation
31 Jan 2012
200
160
120
80
40
0
8
Current (A)
Voltage (V)

=946.3W/m2, Tc=43oC

6
4
Measured Array Current

Calculated MPP Current
1000
800
600
400
200
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
Measured Array Power

Calculated Maximum Power
Duty Ratio (%)
Power (W)
d=5%, fMPPT=1Hz
5
10
15
Time (sec)
Duty Ratio
Optimum Duty Ratio
20
25
30
Three-level operation with direct duty ratio perturbation
31 Jan 2012
Effect of P&O Algorithm Parameters

200
Voltage (V)
160
120
80
d=2%, fMPPT=1Hz
=973.2W/m2, Tc=42.5oC

40
0
200
Voltage(V)
160
120
80
d=2%, fMPPT=10Hz
=860.1W/m2, Tc=31.8oC
40
0
0

5
10
15
Time (sec)
20
25
30
The effect of algorithm parameters on the array voltage; P&O MPPT

algorithm with direct duty ratio perturbation
31 Jan 2012

200
Voltage (V)
160
120
80
Vref =2V, fMPPT=1Hz
=760.3W/m2, Tc=26oC

40
0
200
Voltage (V)
160
120
80
=938.6W/m , Tc=27.6 C
Vref =2V, fMPPT=10Hz

40
0
0
10
15
Time (sec)
20
25
30
Experimental results showing the effect of algorithm parameters on the

array voltage; P&O MPPT algorithm with reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
Array Voltage (V)

160
140
120
=889.1W/m2, Tc=41.3oC
100
Array Current (A)
8
d=5%, fMPPT=4Hz
6
4
Duty Ratio (%)
2
95
Confusion due to system
dynamics
85
75
Confusion due to branch
disconnection
65
55
0
3
4
Time (sec)
Experimental results showing the system responses to a PV array

branch disconnection (d=5%, fMPPT=4Hz)
31 Jan 2012
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
160
120
97.2%
Vref =2V, fMPPT=5Hz
80
40
Array Current (A)
Array Voltage (V)
Solar Irradiance (W/m 2)
Energy Utilization with P&O Algorithm
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
1200
Experimental system performance under slow changing irradiance; P&O

algorithm with reference voltage perturbation (V=2V and fMPPT=5Hz)
31 Jan 2012
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
Array Voltage (V)
160
120
80
97%
Vref =5V, fMPPT=5Hz
40
Array Current (A)
0
10
0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
1200
Experimental system performance under rapidly changing irradiance;

P&O algorithm with reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
Array Voltage (V)
150
100
50
170
99%
160
150
200
400
600
800
1000
Array Current (A)
0
8
6
4
d=2%, fMPPT=10Hz
2
0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
1200
Experimental system performance under slow changing irradiance;

direct duty ratio perturbation
31 Jan 2012
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
Array Voltage (V)
150
100
97.9%
d=2%, fMPPT=10Hz
50
Array Current (A)
0
8
6
4
2
0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
1200

31 Jan 2012
Conclusions II
The P&O MPPT algorithm is a simple algorithm that
does not require previous knowledge of the PV
generator characteristics or the measurement of
solar intensity and cell temperature.
Two approaches for implementing the P&O

algorithm have been investigated; reference voltage
perturbation and direct duty ratio perturbation.
31 Jan 2012
Conclusions II
With reference voltage perturbation, the system has a faster
transient response to irradiance and temperature
transients.
However, stability is lost if the MPPT algorithm is operated at
high perturbation rates or if low pass filters are used to reject
noise from the array current and voltage feedback signals.
31 Jan 2012
Conclusions II
Direct duty ratio control offers better stability characteristics
and higher energy utilization efficiency at a slower transient
response and worse performance at rapidly changing
irradiance.
Noise has significant impact on the algorithm
performance, especially with low step sizes where
the system response to noise is comparable to that
of MPPT perturbations.
31 Jan 2012
Outline
Introduction
System Description

Conclusions
31 Jan 2012
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm

1000
1000 W/m2, 60C
Power (W)
800
600
dP
0
dV
dP
0
dV
400
dP
0
dV
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Voltage (V)
Power-Voltage Curve of a PV Generator
31 Jan 2012

1000
1000 W/m2, 60C
Power (W)
800
600
dIdP
I
0
dVdV V
dI dP I
0
dVdV V
400
dI
I
dP

0
dV
dV
V
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Voltage (V)
Power-Voltage Curve of a PV Generator
31 Jan 2012

Reference voltage for the array output voltage
iPV
vPV
MPPT
Control
vref
iPV
-
PI
Controller
PV
System
vPV
vPV
Block diagram of MPPT with reference voltage control
Converter duty ratio

iPV
iPV
vPV
MPPT
Control
PV
System
vPV
Block diagram of MPPT with direct duty ratio control

31 Jan 2012
The system performance is affected by:

Step Size (d or Vref)
Perturbation Frequency (fMPPT)
31 Jan 2012
INC Algorithm Parameters
Three-level operation with reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
Three-level operation with direct duty ratio perturbation
31 Jan 2012
The effect of algorithm parameters on the array voltage; INC MPPT

algorithm with direct duty ratio perturbation
31 Jan 2012
The effect of algorithm parameters on the array voltage; INC MPPT

algorithm with reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
The effect of noise on the decision of the INC algorithm; reference

voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
Experimental results showing the system responses to a PV array

branch disconnection (d=2%, fMPPT=10Hz)
31 Jan 2012
Energy Utilization with INC Algorithm
Vref=5V and fMPPT=5Hz
97.6%

reference voltage perturbation (V=2V and fMPPT=5Hz)
31 Jan 2012
Vref=5V and fMPPT=5Hz
94.9%

reference voltage perturbation
31 Jan 2012
d=2% and fMPPT=10Hz
98.5%

31 Jan 2012
d=2% and fMPPT=10Hz
96.8%

31 Jan 2012
Conclusions III
The INC algorithm is less confused by noise and system
dynamics compared to the P&O algorithm. However, contrary
to general perceptions, it was found to exhibit worse confusion
than the P&O algorithm in rapidly changing weather
conditions.
Both algorithms offer high energy utilization
efficiencies of up to 99% depending on weather
conditions. The efficiency is marginally lower for
rapidly changing irradiance due to the energy loss
during the confusion and recovery periods.
31 Jan 2012
More Details
M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi and D. J. Atkinson,
Comparison of Directly Connected and Constant
Voltage Controlled Photovoltaic Pumping Systems,
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 1, No.
3, pp. 184-192, Oct. 2010
M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi and D. J. Atkinson,
Assessment of Perturb and Observe MPPT
Algorithm Implementation Techniques for PV
Pumping Applications, IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 21-33, Jan. 2012
31 Jan 2012
Thank you
Bashar Zahawi
E-mail: bashar.zahawi@ncl.ac.uk
31 Jan 2012

Low Cost MPPT Algorithms For PV Application: PV Pumping Case Study

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Low Cost MPPT Algorithms for PV Application: PV

Pumping Case Study

M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi and D. J. Atkinson

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Experimental system description

Incremental Conductance (INC) MPPT Algorithm

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Most commonly used motor is the PM brushed dc

The dc motor/pump set is connected directly to the

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Maximum Power Point Tracking

Directly connected systems do not operate at the

A pump controller (dc-dc converter) is required to

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

PV Array Current-Voltage Curves

Mismatch between resistive load and PV Source; currentvoltage curves

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

PV Array Power-Voltage Curves

Mismatch between resistive load and PV Source; powervoltage curves

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

DSP, interface, and driver circuits

Circuit diagram for PV system with MPPT control

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

More complex models require significant computational

Constant voltage algorithm

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Hill Climbing MPPT

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Weather station installed at the same roof

10-stage centrifugal surface pump driven by a

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Texas Instruments DSP based eZdsp kit used for

Array installed on the roof of the New and

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Equivalent circuit of the PV pumping system setup

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Mismatch between motor-pump load and PV generator when pump is

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Mismatch between motor-pump load and PV generator when pump is

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Directly Connected DC PV pumping system

= 736 W/m , TC = 22.1 C

Experimental results showing array/motor voltage and current waveforms

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Directly Connected DC PV pumping system

Flow Rate (l/min)

Motor speed and flow rate waveforms

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Directly Connected DC PV pumping system

Influence of solar irradiance and cell temperature on MPP location

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Directly Connected DC PV pumping system

Influence of solar irradiance and cell temperature on the energy utilization

Power Electronics, Drives and Machines Research Group

Directly Connected DC PV pumping system