10

Dispersion Strengthening and

Eutectic Phase Diagrams
1022 A hypothetical phase diagram is shown in Figure 1032. (a) Are any intermetallic
compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system. Is
either material A or B allotropic? Explain. (c) Identify the three-phase reactions by
writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of
each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction.
Solution: (a) u  non-stoichiometric intermetallic compound.
(b) a, h, g, and b; material B is allotropic, existing in three different forms at
different temperatures
(c) 1100C:

g  L S b;

peritectic;

L: 82% B
g: 97% B b: 90% B

900C:

L1 S L2  a; monotectic; L1: 28% B

L 2: 50% B a: 5% B

680C:

L S a  b;

eutectic;

L: 60% B
a: 5% B b: 90% B

600C:

a  b S u;

peritectoid;

a: 5% B
b: 80% B u: 37% B

eutectoid;

b: 90% B
u: 40% B h: 95% B

300C: b S u  h;

1023 The CuZn phase diagram is shown in Figure 1033. (a) Are any intermetallic
compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system.
(c) Identify the three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction
in equation form, and the name of the reaction.

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Solution: (a) b, b, g, d, e: all nonstoichiometric.

(b) a, u
a  L S b;

peritectic

830C: b  L S g;

peritectic

700C:

g  L S d;

peritectic

600C:

d  L S e;

peritectic

550C:

d S g  e;

eutectoid

420C:

e  L S u;

peritectic

(c) 900C:

250C: b S a  g; eutectoid
1024 A portion of the AlCu phase diagram is shown in Figure 1034. (a) Determine the
formula for the u compound. (b) Identify the three-phase reaction by writing down
the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of each phase in the
reaction, and the name of the reaction.

Solution: (a) u at 54% Cu;

54 g 63.54 g/mol
 33 at% Cu; CuAl2
54 63.54  4626.981

(b) 548C; L S a  u; eutectic; L: 33.2% Cu,

a: 5.65% Cu, u: 52.5% Cu.
1025 The AlLi phase diagram is shown in Figure 1035. (a) Are any intermetallic compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric
or nonstoichiometric. Determine the formula for each compound. (b) Identify the
three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation
form, the composition of each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction.
Solution: (a) b is non-stoichiometric @ 21 wt% Li:
at% Li 

21 g 6.94 g/mol
 100%  50 at% Li AlLi
21 6.94  79 26.981

g, is stoichiometric @ 34 wt% Li:

at% Li 

34 g 6.94 g/mol
 100%  66.7% Li AlLi2
34 6.94  66 26.981

(b) 600C: L S a  b

eutectic

L: 9.9% Li
a: 4% Li b: 20.4% Li

510C: b  L S g

peritectic

b: 25% Li
L: 47% Li g: 34% Li

170C: L S g  a 1Li2

eutectic

L: 98% Li
g: 34% Li a 1Li2: 99% Li

1026 An intermetallic compound is found for 10 wt% Si in the CuSi phase diagram.
Determine the formula for the compound.

Solution:

at% Si 

10 g 28.08 g/mol
 0.20 or SiCu4
10 28.08  90 63.54

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Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

113

1027 Using the phase rule, predict and explain how many solid phases will form in an
eutectic reaction in a ternary (three-component) phase diagram, assuming that the
pressure is fixed.
Solution:

FCP1
At the eutectic, F  0, C  3 0  3  P  1 or P  4
Therefore, L S a  b  g and 3 solid phases form.

1030 Consider a Pb15% Sn alloy. During solidification, determine (a) the composition
of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, solvus
temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts and compositions of
each phase at 260C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 183C, and
(e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) 8% Sn
(b) liquidus  290C, solidus  240C,
solvus  170C, freezing range  50C
(c) L: 30% Sn a: 12% Sn;
15  12
%L 
 100%  17%
30  12

%a  83%

(d) a: 15% Sn 100% a

(e) a: 2% Pb b: 100% Sn
100  15
%a 
 100  87%
100  2

%b  13%

1031 Consider an Al12% Mg alloy (Figure 1036). During solidification, determine

(a) the composition of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus
temperature, solvus temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts
and compositions of each phase at 525C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each
phase at 450C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) 2.5% Mg
(b) liquidus  600C, solidus  470C,
solvus  400C, freezing range  130C
(c) L: 26% Mg a: 7% Mg;
26  12
%a 
 100%  74%
26  7

%L  26%

(d) a: 12% Mg 100% a

(e) a: 1% Mg b: 34% Mg
34  12
 100%  67%
%a 
34  1

%b  33%

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1032 Consider a Pb35% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) hypoeutectic

(b) 14% Sn

(c) a: 19% Sn L: 61.9% Sn

61.9  35
%a 
 100%  63%
61.9  19

%L  37%

(d) a: 19% Sn b: 97.5% Sn

97.5  35
%a 
 100%  80%
97.5  19

%b  20%

(e) primary a: 19% Sn

%primary a  63%
eutectic: 61.9% Sn
%eutectic  37%
(f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn
100  35
%a 
 100%  66%
100  2

%b  34%

1033 Consider a Pb70% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) hypereutectic

(b) 98% Sn

L: 61.9% Sn
(c) b: 97.5% Sn
70  61.9
%b 
 100%  22.8%
97.5  61.9
(d) a: 19% Sn b: 97.5% Sn
97.5  70
%a 
 100%  35%
97.5  19

%L  77.2%

%b  65%

(e) primary b: 97.5% Sn %primary b  22.8%

eutectic: 61.9% Sn
%eutectic  77.2%
(f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn
100  70
 100%  30%
%a 
100  2

%b  70%

1034 Calculate the total % b and the % eutectic microconstituent at room temperature for
the following lead-tin alloys: 10% Sn, 20% Sn, 50% Sn, 60% Sn, 80% Sn, and 95%
Sn. Using Figure 1022, plot the strength of the alloys versus the % b and the
% eutectic and explain your graphs.

CHAPTER 10

Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

Solution:

%b
10% Sn
20% Sn
50% Sn
60% Sn
80% Sn

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

%eutectic

 8.2%
 18.6%
 49.5%
 59.8%
 80.4%
 95.9%

8000

8000

7000

7000

Tensile strength (psi)

Tensile strength (psi)

95% Sn

10
99
20
99
50
99
60
99
80
99
95
99

6000

5000

115

0%
20  19
61.9  19
50  19
61.9  19
60  19
61.9  19
97.5  80
97.5  61.9
97.5  95
97.5  61.9

 2.3%
 72.3%
 95.6%
 49.2%
 7.0%

oHyp
6000

Hy

pe

r-

5000

4000
20

40

60

80

100

20

40
60
% eutectic

80

1035 Consider an Al4% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is
hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during
solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, the amounts and compositions
of each microconstituent at 576C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each
phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) hypoeutectic
(b) 1% Si
(c) a: 1.65% Si L: 12.6% Si
12.6  4
%a 
 78.5%
12.6  1.65

%L  21.5%

(d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si

99.83  4
 97.6%
%a 
99.83  1.65

%b  2.4%

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%primary a  78.5%
%eutectic  21.5%

(e) primary a: 1.65% Si

eutectic: 12.6% Si
a: 0% Si b: 100% Si

%a 

100  4
 96%
100  0

%b  4%

1036 Consider a Al25% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is
hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during
solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 576C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of
each phase at 25C.
Solution: (a) hypereutectic
(b) 100% Si
(c) b: 99.83% Si L: 12.6% Si
99.83  25
%L 
 85.8%
99.83  12.6

%b  14.2%

(d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si

99.83  25
%a 
 76.2%
99.83  1.65

%b  23.8%

(e) primary b: 99.83% Si %primary b  14.2%

eutectic: 12.6% Si
%eutectic  85.8%
(f) a: 0% Si b: 100% Si

%a 

100  25
 75%
100  0

%b  25%

1037 A PbSn alloy contains 45% a and 55% b at 100C. Determine the composition of
the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic?
Solution:

%a  45 

98.0  x
 100
98.0  5

or x  56.15% Sn Hypoeutectic

1038 An AlSi alloy contains 85% a and 15% b at 500C. Determine the composition of
the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic?
Solution:

%a  85 

100  x
 100
100  1

or x  15.85% Si Hypereutectic

1039 A PbSn alloy contains 23% primary a and 77% eutectic microconstituent.
Determine the composition of the alloy.
Solution:

%primary a  23 

61.9  x
 100
61.9  19

or x  52% Sn

1040 An AlSi alloy contains 15% primary b and 85% eutectic microconstituent.
Determine the composition of the alloy.

CHAPTER 10

Solution:

Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

%eutectic  85 

100  x
 100
100  12.6

117

or x  25.71% Si

1041 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

lithium in aluminum (Figure 1035),

aluminum in magnesium (Figure 1037),
copper in zinc (Figure 1033), and
carbon in g-iron (Figure 1038)

Solution: (a) 4% Li dissolves in aluminum

(b) 12.7% Al dissolves in magnesium
(c) 3% Cu dissolves in zinc
(d) 2.11% C dissolves in g-iron
1042 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

magnesium in aluminum (Figure 1036),

zinc in copper (Figure 1033),
beryllium in copper (Figure 1033), and
Al2O3 in MgO (Figure 1039)

Solution: (a) 14.9% Mg dissolves in aluminum

(b) 40% Zn dissolves in copper
(c) 2.5% Be dissolves in copper
(d) 18% Al2O3 dissolves in MgO
1043 Observation of a microstructure shows that there is 28% eutectic and 72% primary
b in an AlLi alloy (Figure 1035). (a) Determine the composition of the alloy and
whether it is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. (b) How much a and b are in the eutectic microconstituent?
Solution: (a) 28 

20.4  x
 100
20.4  9.9

(b) %aEut 

or x  17.46% Li

20.4  9.9
 100%  64%
20.4  4

and

Hypereutectic
%bEut  36%

1044 Write the eutectic reaction that occurs, including the compositions of the three
phases in equilibrium, and calculate the amount of a and b in the eutectic microconstituent in the MgAl system, (Figure 1036).
Solution:

L32.3 S a12.7  g40.2

%aEut 

40.2  32.3
 100%  28.7%
40.2  12.7

and

%gEut  71.3%

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1045 Calculate the total amount of a and b and the amount of each microconstituent in a
Pb50% Sn alloy at 182C. What fraction of the total a in the alloy is contained in
the eutectic microconstituent?
Solution:

atotal 

97.5  50
 100%  60.5%
97.5  19

bTotal  39.5%

aPrimary 

61.9  50
 100%  27.7%
61.9  19

Eutectic  72.3%

ain eutectic  60.5  27.7  32.8%

f  32.860.5  0.54
1046 Figure 1040 shows a cooling curve for a PbSn alloy. Determine (a) the pouring
temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic temperature, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidification time, and (h) the composition of the alloy.
Solution: (a) pouring temperature  360C
(b) superheat  360  250  110C
(c) liquidus temperature  250C
(d) eutectic temperature  183C
(e) freezing range  250  183  67C
(f) local solidification time  600  110  490 s
(g) total solidification time  600 s
(h) approximately 32% Sn
1047 Figure 1041 shows a cooling curve for an AlSi alloy. Determine (a) the pouring
temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic temperature, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidification time, and (h) the composition of the alloy.
Solution: (a) pouring temperature  1150C
(b) superheat  1150  1000  150C
(c) liquidus temperature  1000C
(d) eutectic temperature  577C
(e) freezing range  1000  577  423C
(f) local solidification time  11.5  1  10.5 min
(g) total solidification time  11.5 min
(h) approximately 45% Si

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Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

119

1048 Draw the cooling curves, including appropriate temperatures, expected for the
following AlSi alloys.
(a) Al4% Si

(b) Al12.6% Si

(c) Al25% Si

(d) Al65% Si

Solution:

780

630
577

577

Al 4% Si
t

1200
577

T
Al 12.6% Si
t

Al 25% Si
t

577
Al 65% Si
t

1049 Based on the following observations, construct a phase diagram. Element A melts at
850C and element B melts at 1200C. Element B has a maximum solubility of 5%
in element A, and element A has a maximum solubility of 15% in element B. The
number of degrees of freedom from the phase rule is zero when the temperature is
725C and there is 35% B present. At room temperature 1% B is soluble in A and
7% A is soluble in B.
Solution:

1200

Temperature (C)

1000

800
a

b+L

a+L

600
a+b

400
200

A 5

20

40

60
%B

80 85

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1050 Cooling curves are obtained for a series of CuAg alloys, (Figure 1042). Use this
data to produce the CuAg phase diagram. The maximum solubility of Ag in Cu is
7.9% and the maximum solubility of Cu in Ag is 8.8%. The solubilities at room
temperature are near zero.
Solution:

Tsol

Tliq
0% Ag
8% Ag
20% Ag
50% Ag
71.9% Ag
90% Ag
100% Ag

S 1085C
S 1030C
S 975C
S 860C
S 780C
S 870C
S 961C

950C
780C
780C
780C
780C

1100

Temperature (C)

120

1000

900

L
a+L

b+L

800

b
a+b

700
Cu

29

40

60

80

Ag

%Ag

1051 The SiO2 Al2O3 phase diagram is included in Figure 1027(b). A refractory is
required to contain molten metal at 1900C. (a) Will pure Al2O3 be a potential candidate? Explain. (b) Will Al2O3 contaminated with 1% SiO2 be a candidate? Explain.
Solution: (a) Yes. Tm  2040C  1900C

No liquid will form.

(b) No. Some liquid will form.

%L 

100  99
 100%  5% L
100  80

This liquid will weaken the refractory.

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Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

121

1066 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine
the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room temperature for the following compositions.
(a) 30% B20% C, balance A
(c) 60% B10% C, balance A

(b) 10% B25% C, balance A

Solution: (a) TLiq  220C; b; a  g  b

(b) TLiq  330C; a; a  g
(c) TLiq  390C; b; a  b
1067 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine
the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room temperature for the following compositions.
(a) 5% B80% C, balance A
(c) 30% B35% C, balance A

(b) 50% B5% C, balance A

Solution: (a) TLiq  390C; g; a  g

(b) TLiq  330C; b; a  b
(c) TLiq  290C; b; a  b  g
1068 Consider the liquidus plot in Figure 1030. (a) For a constant 20% B, draw a graph
showing how the liquidus temperature changes from 20% B0% C, balance A to
20% B80% C, balance A, (b) What is the composition of the ternary eutectic in this
system? (c) Estimate the temperature at which the ternary eutectic reaction occurs.
%A %B %C

Tliquidus

80200
702010
602020
502030
402040
302050
202060
102070
02080

390 C
355C
300C
210C
150C
210C
270C
320C
400C

400
Temperature (C)

Solution:

L
300

a+L
g+L

200
100

B = 20%
0

20

40
%C

60

80

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Instructors Solution Manual

(b) The composition of the ternary eutectic is about 40% 20% B40% C,
balance A
(c) The ternary eutectic temperature is about 150C
1069 From the liquidus plot in Figure 1030, prepare a graph of liquidus temperature
versus percent B for a constant ratio of materials A and C (that is, from pure B to
50% A50% C on the liquidus plot). Material B melts at 600C.
Solution:

A B C
50 050
451045
402040
353035
304030
255025
206020
157015
01000

200C
180C
150C
280C
330C
375C
415C
485C
580C

600
500
Temperature (C)

122

400

b+L

300
200
a+L

%A=%C

100

20

40

60
%B

80

100