Animals.

The possessor of an animal or whoever may make use of the same is responsible for the
damage which it may cause, although it may escape or be lost. Unless otherwise, (1) when
damage should come from force majeure; or (2) fault of the person who has suffered damage
(Article 2183, CIVIL CODE).

Violation of Traffic Regulation.

Unless there is proof to the contrary, it is presumed that a person driving a motor vehicle has
been negligent if at the time of the mishap, he was violating any traffic regulation (Art. 2185,
CIVIL CODE).

Registered Owner Rule.

The registered owner of a vehicle is primarily responsible to the public for whatever damage or
injury the vehicle may cause even if he had already sold it to someone else (Erezo v Jepte, G.R.
No. L-9605, September 30, 1957).
The Registered Owner should be held liable to the public for the injuries occasioned to the latter
because of the negligence of the driver, even if the registered owner was no longer the owner of
the vehicle at the time of the damage because he had previously sold it to another (Villanueva v.
Domingo, G.R. No. 144274, September 20, 2004).
Benefit of Excussion or Exhaustion.
The guarantor cannot be compelled to pay the creditor unless the latter has exhausted all the
property of the debtor and resorted to all the legal remedies against the debtor (JN Dev. Corp.
vs. Phil. Export & Foreign Guarantee Corp., G.R. No. 151060, August 31, 2005).