Response of RL & RC CKT PDF

RESPONSE OF
FIRST-ORDER RC
AND RL CIRCUITS
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7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit
7.3 Singularity Functions
7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuit
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Resistive Circuit
=> RC Circuit
algebraic equations => differential equations

Same Solution Methods (a) Nodal Analysis
(b) Mesh Analysis
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The solution of a linear circuit, called dynamic
response, can be decomposed into
Natural Response + Forced Response
or in the form of
Steady Response + Transient Response
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The natural response is due to the initial
condition of the storage component ( C or L).
nThe forced response is resulted from external
input ( or force).
nIn this chapter, a constant input (DC input) will
be considered and the forced response is called
step response.
n
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Example 1 : Two forms of the first order circuit for
natural response
Find v(t)
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Find i(t)
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Example 1 : (cont.) Four forms of the first order
circuit for step response
V
R
TH
TH
A capacitor connected to
a Thevenin equivalent
A capacitor connected to
a Norton equivalent
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Example 1 : (cont.)
V
R
TH
TH
An inductor connected
to a Thevenin equivalent
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An inductor connected
to a Norton equivalent
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Example 2
t0
nodal analysis
ic + iR = 0
C
dv 1
+ v=0
dt R
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Example 2 (cont.)
characteristic root S,
1
CS + = 0
R
1
S=
RC
v (t ) = Ke
1
t
RC
,t 0
t0
v
ic
v
iR
R
From the initial condition

v (0 + ) = v (0 - ) = V0
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v ( t ) = V0 e
t
RC
10

Example 2 (cont.)
= RC
time constant
v(t) = V0 e , t 0
t = ,
v(t )
= 0.36788
V0
t = 3 ,
4.979% < 5%
t = 5 ,
0.674% < 1%
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Example 2 (cont.)
It is customary to assume that the capacitor is fully
discharged after five time constants.
t
v(t ) V0
iR (t ) =
= e ,t 0
R
R
The power dissipated in R is
2t
V0 2
p (t ) = viR =
e
R
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Example 2 (cont.)
The energy dissipated in R is
t
2t
wR (t ) = pdt = CV0 2 (1 e )
2
0
1
wR () = CV0 2
2
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Example 3 : Find vc , vx , and ix for t > 0
This circuit contains only one energy storage element.

Step 1. Use Thevenin theorem to find the equivalent RTH
looking into a-b terminals.
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Example 3 : Find vc , vx , and ix for t > 0
Step 2. Find vc(t)

Step 3. Replace vc(t) as a voltage source in the original
circuit and solve the resistive circuit.
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Step 1. RTH = (8 + 12) P 5 = 4
Step 2. vc (0) = 15V
0.1
dvc vc
+ =0
dt 4
= RC = 0.4 s
vc (t) = 15e
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2.5 t
V, t 0
16

Step 3.
By using voltage divider principle

vx (t ) =
12
vc (t )
8 + 12
= 9 e
ix (t ) =
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2.5 t
V ,t 0
2.5 t
vx (t )
= 0.75e A
12
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Example 4
iL
Remember that vc(t) and iL(t) are continuous functions

for bounded inputs.
V
t 0 , i = S = i (0 ) @ I0
RS
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t0
mesh analysis
v L + vR = 0
L
di
+ Ri = 0
dt
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characteristic equation
LS + R = 0
R
L
S =
i (t ) = Ke
R
t
L
,t 0
i (0 + ) = i (0 ) = I 0
i (t ) = I 0 e , t 0
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L
, time constant
R
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vR (t ) = Ri = I0 Re
pR = vR i = I0 Re
2
wR (t ) =
wR () =
2 t
2 t
pR (t )dt = LI0 2 (1 e )
2
1
LI 0 2
2
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Example 5 : i(0)=10A , find i(t) and ix(t)
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Step 1. Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit looking
into a-b terminals.
Apply is , find e. Then RTH = e / is
i = is
e 3i e
+ = is
4
2
e 3
e
+ is + = is
4 4
2
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3
1
e = is
4
4
e 1
=
is 3
mesh equation
Step 2.
di 1
+ i=0
dt 3
L 0.5
= =
= 1.5 S
R 1/ 3
0.5
1
3
2
- t
3
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i (t)=10e A , t 0
24

Step 3 Replace the inductor with an equivalent
current source with i(t) and solve the
resistive circuit.
i (t) = 10 e
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-2
t
3
25

For this problem, since 2 is in parallel with the
inductor, it is trivial to get
vL (t) = L
di
dt
-2
= 0.5
t
d
(10 e 3 )
dt
-2
= 0.5 10 (
-2 3 t
)e
3
-2
-10 3 t
e
V
3
-2
v
-5 3 t
ix = L =
e
V, t0
2
3
=
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Example 6 : The switch has been closed for a long
time. At t=0, it is opened. Find ix .
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t=0-
i1 (0- ) =
40V
=8A
2+(12//4)
ix (0- ) = 0
12
3
= 8 = 6 A
12+4
4
+
Initial codition i (0 ) = i (0- ) = 6 A
i (0- ) = i1 (0- )
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t 0+
Step 1 RTH = (4+12) // 16 = 8
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Step 2 mesh analysis
di
+ 8i = 0
dt
i (t) = K e-4t , t 0
2
i (0+ ) = 6 A
i (t) = 6 e-4t A , t 0
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Step 3 Replace L with an equivalent current source,
and find ix solve the resistive circuit.
4+12
i (t)
12+4+16
= 3e-4t A , t 0
ix (t) =
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Switching functions are convenient for describing
the switching actions in circuit analysis.
They serve as good approximations to the switching
signals.
unit step function

unit impulse function
unit ramp function
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u(t)
(t)
r(t)
32

Definition
Example 7
0 , t<0
u(t) =
1 , t>0
undefined at t=0
or more general
0 , t<t 0
u(t-t 0 ) =
1 , t>t 0
V0 u(t-t0) is applied
to a-b terminals
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Definition
d
(t) = u(t) =
dt
, t<0
0
undefined , t=0
0
, t>0
Also known as the delta function

or
or
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0+
0-
(t) dt = 1
t 0+
t 0-
(t-t 0 ) dt = 1
34

The unit impulse function is not physically
realizable but is a very useful mathematical tool.
1
2d
1
d
An approximation as d 0
Another approximation as d 0
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Shifting property, if t 0 [a , b]
a f(t) (t-t 0 )dt = f(t 0 )

b
Q a f(t) (t-t 0 )dt = a f(t 0 ) (t-t 0 )dt

b
= f(t 0 )a (t-t 0 )dt

b
= f(t 0 )
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Definition
t
r(t) = - u(t)dt = t u(t)

or
0 ,
r(t) =
t ,
t0
t0
Note that
d u(t)
dt
d r(t)
u(t) =
dt
(t) =
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u(t) = (t)dt
r(t) = u(t)dt
37

Example 8
(a)
v(t) = 10 [u(t-2) - u(t-5)]
(b )
dv(t)
= 10 (t-2) - 10 (t-5)
dt
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(c )
i(t) = 10 u(t) -20 u(t-2)+10u(t-4)
(d )
v(t) = 5r (t)-5r (t-2)-10u(t-2)
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7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

When a dc voltage (current) source is suddenly
applied to a circuit , it can be modeled as a step
function , and the resulting response is called
step response .
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Example 9
V ( 0 ) = V0 , i = C
Step 1
dv
, choose v as unknown
dt
Mesh Analysis
dv
RC + v = VS , t 0
dt
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41

Step 2
Solving the differential equation

( a ) homogeneous solution
RC
dv h
+ vh = 0
dt
v h ( t ) = Ke
t
RC
, t0
( b ) particular solution
RC
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dv p
dt
v p = VS
+ v p = VS
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(c) co m p lete so lu tio n + In itial co n d itio n
v ( t ) = vh + v p
= Ke
t
RC
+ Vs
v (0 + ) = v (0 ) = V0
K = V0 Vs
V 0 , t < 0
v (t ) =
t
V s + (V 0 V s ) e , t 0
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Vs
R
i(t)
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dv
1 RCt
i(t ) = C = C(Vo Vs )( )e
dt
RC
Vs Vo RCt
=
e
, t 0
R
V
For Vo = 0 , then i(o+ ) = S
R
C is initially short circuited.
44

Example 10
Before t=0 , the circuit is
under steady state . At t=0 ,
the switch is moved to B .
Find v(t) , t > 0
For t<0 , the circuit shown:
v ( 0 ) =
5
24V = 15V
3+5
4k
3k
5k
3k
v(0 )
5k
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For t>0
mesh
analysis
4k
dv
4 10 3 ( 0.5 10 3 )
+ v = 30V
dt
v ( t ) = v p + vh
= 30 + Ke
, t>0
= RC = 4 10 0.5 10 3 = 2 second
3
v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 ) = 15V
v ( t ) = 30 + (15 30 ) e
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,t0
46

Example 11
Before the switch is open at
t=0, the circuit is in steady
state.
Find i(t) & v(t) for all t.
For t<0 , then
10
20
1
F
4
10
v ( t ) = 10V , t < 0
20
10
i ( t ) = A = 1A , t < 0
10
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For t>0
1
F
4
Thevenin equivalent circuit

20
1
F
4
v ( 0+ ) = v ( 0 ) = 10V
dv 1 dv
=
dt 4 dt
20 1 dv
+ v = 20V , t > 0
3 4 dt
ic ( t ) = C
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v ( t ) = 20 + Ke
3
t
5
= 20 + (10 20 ) e
3
t
5
,t > 0
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From the original circuit
v
dv
+C
KCL : i (t ) =
dt
20
0.6 t
= 1+ e
,t > 0
10V , t < 0
v (t ) =
0.6 t
)V , t 0
( 20 10 e
1 A, t < 0
i (t ) =
0.6 t
) A, t 0
(1 + e
Note that
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i (0 ) = 1 A i (0 + ) = 2 A
49

Example 12
Mesh analysis
di
L + RTH i = VTH , t 0
dt
i ( 0) = 0
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50
Solution:
i(t ) = ih (t ) + i p (t )
characteristic equation
LS + RTH = 0
R
1
S = TH =
L
ih (t ) = Ke
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i p (t ) =
VTH
RTH
VTH
+ Ke
RTH
+
i(0 ) = i(0 ) = 0
Note : L is equivalent to open circuit
t
V
i(t ) = TH (1 e ) , t 0
RTH
t
di
V (t ) = L = VTH e u(t )
dt
i(t ) =
51

t
VTH
i (t ) =
(1 e ) , t 0
RTH
V (t ) = L
VTH
RTH
VTH
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di
= VTH e u (t )
dt
52

Example 13
t0 , steady state
1
H
3
t0 , switch is opened
For t<0
i (0) =
10
= 5A
2
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53

For t 0
1
H
3
Mesh Analysis
1 di
+ 5i = 10V , t 0
3 dt
s = 15
ih (t ) = Ke
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1
H
3
i (t ) = ih + i p
= Ke
i p (t ) = 2 A
, =
+ 2A , t 0
1
15
54

initial condition
i (0+ ) = i (0 ) = 5 A
i (t ) = 2 + 3e
,t0
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Note that if V is chosen for solution :
V ( 0 ) = 0V
KVL : V (0+ ) = 10V (2 + 3)5 = 15V
t
di 1 d
or V = L =
(2 + 3e )
dt 3 dt
1 t
= e , t 0+
+
V (0 ) = 15V , same answer.
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56

Example 14 : S1 is closed at t=0
S2 is closed at t=4
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Find i(2)=
i(5)=?
57

For t < 0
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t < 0 , i=0 , open circuit
58

For 0+ t 4S
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59

For 0+ t 4S
di
+ 10i = 40V ,
0+ t 4S
dt
i (0 + ) = i (0 ) = 0 A
L 5 1
=
=
R 10 2
i (t ) = 4(1 e 2 t ) A , 0 + t 4 S
=
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i (4 ) = 4(1 e 8t ) 4 A
60

For t 4+
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61

For t 4+
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i (4 ) = 4 A
40 10
VTH =
2 + 10 = 20V
4+2
4
22
RTH = 4 P 2 + 6 = + 6 =
3
3
L
5
15
=
=
=
S
RTH 22 / 3 22
62

For t 4+
22
i (4 + ) = i ( 4 ) = 4 A
di 22
+
i = 20V
dT
3
where T = t 4
ih (t ) = Ke
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i p (t ) =
22
(t 4 )
15
, t 4+
20
60 30
=
=
= 2.727
22 / 3 22 11
22
(t 4)
30
+ Ke 15
, t 4+
11
30
i (4 + ) = 4 A =
+K
11
30 14
K = 4
=
11 11 22
30 14 15 ( t 4 )
i (t ) =
+ e
, t 4+
11 11
i (t ) =
63

In Summary
0 , t 0
i (t ) = 4(1 e 2t ) , 0 t 4
30 14
+ e 22(t 4) , t 4
11 11
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64
Summary
n
Objective 1 : Be able to determine the natural response

of both RC and RL circuits.
Objective 2 : Be able to find the step response of both
RC and RL circuits.
Objective 3 : Know and be able to use the singularity
functions.
Objective 4 : Be able to analyze circuits with sequential
switching.
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65
Summary
Chapter Problems : 7.7
7.14
7.23
7.32
7.47
7.63
Due within one week.
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66

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RESPONSE OF

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

algebraic equations => differential equations

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

From the initial condition

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

This circuit contains only one energy storage element.

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

Step 2. Find vc(t)

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

By using voltage divider principle

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

Remember that vc(t) and iL(t) are continuous functions

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

Step 1 RTH = (4+12) // 16 = 8

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.3 Singularity Functions

unit step function

7.3 Singularity Functions

7.3 Singularity Functions

Also known as the delta function

7.3 Singularity Functions

7.3 Singularity Functions

a f(t) (t-t 0 )dt = f(t 0 )

Q a f(t) (t-t 0 )dt = a f(t 0 ) (t-t 0 )dt

= f(t 0 )a (t-t 0 )dt

7.3 Singularity Functions

r(t) = - u(t)dt = t u(t)

7.3 Singularity Functions

v(t) = 10 [u(t-2) - u(t-5)]

7.3 Singularity Functions

i(t) = 10 u(t) -20 u(t-2)+10u(t-4)

v(t) = 5r (t)-5r (t-2)-10u(t-2)

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

Solving the differential equation

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits

7.4 The Step Response of RC and RL Circuits