mqrdK YS% ,xldf uen`ka Nd;h

^ft;sydisl miqu yd ksIamdok ;dlaIKh ms<sn| uiqula&

ye`kau
merKs udkj ixialD;Ska m%;sksudKh lrk jHd;aul idOlhla f,i ue n`ka y`kd .;
yelsh' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isg kQ;kh olajdu ksiqkaf.a ixialD;sl phdjka yd
tajdfhys fjkial fukau ;dCIKsl l%ufo tu.ska ms<sUq lrhs' mqrdoHd;aul idol
wkqj wka jir 4000l muK ld,hl isg ,xldf ue n`ka Nd; lr we;s w;r tu ue
n`ka wOHhkfha ksudKfha yd Nd;fha iajrEmh" w;S; udkj ckdjdihkays jHdma;h
s "
>k;ajh ms<sn`o ks.ukhkag t<ug wojk g mqrdoHd{hka iu;aj ;sf' tfukau merKs
iudcfha wd.l foaYmd,ksl" wdl" iudh rgdj wOHhkhg;a ue n`ka m%fhdackj;a
f' j<x ludka;h wdYs%;j j;udkfha ue weTu" ilfmdarej ls%hdlru wdh i`oyd
kQ;k ;dCIKsl l%fudamdhka Nd;hg f.k ;snqK o ;ju;a fkdkeiS mj;sk idm%odhsl
l%ufohka w;S; j<x ludka;h judk lrjhs' fuu ,smsfhka wfmACId lrkqfha YS%
,xldf uen`ka Nd;fha b;sydih yd ;dlaIKh ms<sn`o ixCIsma; wOHhkhla islsug h'
YS% ,xldf uen`ka Nd;fha ft;sydisl miqu
udkj ixialD;ssl b;sydifha iqfYaI ixia:dkhla f,i ue n`ka Nd;h y`kd .;
yelsh' mqrdoHd;aul idol wkqj ue n`ka Nd;fha b;sydih wka jir ,shk 20'000
;r wE; w;S;hlg Wreu l lshhs'1 ;uka iskau .,a wdhqOhla ksujdf.k th yeisr
fuka i;=ka fu,a, lsu" urd u wdh u`.ska ovh hq.h miq lrk udkjhd ue n`ka
Nd;hg fyj;a l=U,a ludka;hg m%fY u iqfYaIs f'
YSS% ,xldf merKs udkjhd o b;d > ld,hl isg ue n`ka Nd; lr ;sf' ta wkqj YSS%
,xldf ue n`ka Nd;fha b;sydih o jir 3000 la ;r merKs njg kg is lr we;s
mqrdoHd mfhaIK j,ska wkdjrKh fldg f.k ;ssf'2 f,dalfha wfkl=;a rgj, fuka
,xldf ue n`ka Nd;fha b;sydih wOHhkh lsug o m%Odk jYfhka idys;Hh yd
mqrdoHd uq,dY%h mdol lr .; yelsh' tfyhska uq,dY% .; f;dr;=re j,ska merKs ,xldf
wLKav ue n`ka Nd;fha b;sydihla f.dvk.d .; yels h'
idys;Hh uQ,dY%hj,ska fy<sjk Y%S ,xldf ue nka Nd;h
Y%S ,xldf ishjia .Kkdjl wLKav b;sydihla wOHhkh lsug idys;Hd;aul uq,dY%h
m%dudKsl

f'

,dxlSh

idys;Hd;aul

uq,dY%hka

w;r

uydjxYh"

uydjxY

ldj

iyiaij;a:qmlrKh" iuka;mdidldj" iSy,j;a:qmlrkh" iqoau.a.h jeks uQ,dY% ishjia

.Kkdjl ue nq`ka Nd;h ms<sn`oj ,s; idOl imhhs' f w;ka fYa%IaG;u uQ,dY%hla
jk uydjxYh msCId n,k g ,xldf l=U,a ludka;h ls%ia;= mQj wjfha isg u mej;s
nj ikd: lrh's Ys% uyd fndah furgg jevujk wjia:df furgg meKs oy wg l=,hl

Ys,amSka iu`. zzl=UldrZZYs,amSka meKs nj uyd jxYfha i`oyka f' 3tlS f;dr;=re ikd:
lrk wNsf,aLk idOl o yuqf' ls%ia;= mqj ;=kajk ishjfia fi,a,smsj, zzl=UlrZZ hkqfjka
i`oykaj ;sf' l=Ulr hkq tl< l=U,a ludka;h ye`ka jQ kduhhs' ta wkqj furg ckdjdi
jQ uq,a wjj,u l=U,a ludka;h ;snq nj;a l=U,a ludka;fha kshkq l=U,a Ys,amSka is
njo wkqudk l< yelsh' tmuKla fkdj l=U,a ludka;fha kshkq ksiqka Wfoid
Tjqkgu wdfksl jQ l=U,a .udk ;snq njo i`oyka f'4 fulS l=U,a .udk ms<sn`oj
yska;f,a mqjre ,smshlskao ;yjqre f'5
mqrdK ,xldf j<x .fvd,a W iEug .kakd ue miska hqla; jQ m%foaY ;snQ nj o i`oyka
f'6 tfukau ys` yshka iska wkqrdOmqr uyfujqkd Whfkys iSudjka k lsf
zzl=U,a f.dfydrejZZ kka ia:dkhla k l< njo th k.rfha wjYH;d i`oyd l=U,a
lrejka iska ue ,nd.;a u,aj;= Th winv ia:dkhla h yels nj o wkqudk lrhs' 7 w;S;
l=U,a .udk i`oyka lrk g gq.euqKq iufha wkqrdOmqrhg ol=fKka l=Uldr .ula ;snQ
njo ioyka f'8;sid jefjka c,h f.k tAug Yd, n`kla ,nd .ekSug f iquk
weu;shd fuu .ug .sh njo i`oyka f'9 nqoaOf>daI yshkaf.a ld,h olajd fuu .u l=U,a
.ula jYfhka mej; we;'10 iqoau.a.fha i`oykajk wkaoug

wkqrdOmqr ol=Kq jdi,ska

l=Uldr .%duhg hk ud.fha NsCIqjla .uka .;a ud.h hkqfjka i`oyka jkafka fuu
l=U,a .%duhg hk ud.h nj meye,s f' ta wkqj fuu .%ka: foflau lshjKqfha tlu
l=U,a .ula ms<sn`oj nj Yajdi l< yelsh' v kdhlfhl= is ;j;a l=U,a .%duhla .eko
11

ioaOd;siai rc iufha frdayKfha l=Uldr .%duhla jQ njo ikd: f'12 ;jo fmdf<dkakre

hq.hg wh;a we;e idys;H lD;sj, zzl=U,ay,a ZZ hk moh fh ;sfnk nj;a th j<x
ksIamdokh lrk fyda fj<od lrk ia:dkhka ye`ka jqkduhla nj;a fmkS hhs' tfiau jev
ji l%uh jvd;a ia:dms; jQ uykqjr wjfhyso l=U,a ludka;h w;HjYH fiajdjla f,i
mj;ajdf.k .sh njo fmfka'13
fuf,i idys;Hd;aul f;dr;=re= uid n,k g ls%ia;= mQj f;jk ishjfia isg ,xldf
ue n`ka Nd; ;sf' tk uyskaod.ukfha isg h yelsh' tu ksid l=U,a ludka;h
,xldjg bkahdfjka ,efnkakg we;s nj Yajdi lrhs'14 f wkqj n,k l< ls%ia;= mqj
ishjig fmr furg ue n`ka Nd;h ms<sn`o i`oyka idys;Hd;aul f;dr;=re w,amjk nj
fmkShhs' kuq uyskaod.ukfhka miq i`oykajk f;dr;=rej, ue n`ka Nd;h ms<sn`o
f;dr;=re nyq,h' tu ksid uyskaod.ukh;a iu`. furg ue n`ka Nd;fha m%.ukhla we;s
jQ nj Yajdi l< yelsh'
YS% ,xldf uen`ka Nd;h ms<sn| mqrdoHd;aul idOl
YS% ,xldf merKS ue n`ka Nd;h ms<sn`o mqrdHd{hka /ilf.a wjOdkh fhduq ;sf'
wdkkao l=udriajd" ta't fydald" ms't,a fm%au;s,l" frda,kav o is,ajd" Ysrdka rKsh.,"
fiakl nKavdrkdhl" fld,ska lla" udka l=kd wd mqrd oHd{hska ta w;r m%Odk f' YS%
,xldf ,CI follg wl merKs ia:dkj,ska je m%udKhlska ue n`ka idOl yuqf'15

,xldf mqrdoHd ia:dk i,ld n,k g l=U,a ludka;fha kshkqka jhsfka fkdfhla
m%foaYj, me;s is nj Yajdi l< yelsh'16 ta wkqj ,xldf l=U,a ludka;h w;S;fha
hKq ludka;hlaj mej; ;sfnkakg we;' j;udkfhyso idm%odhsl l=U,a ludka;fha
kshf,kakka fuu m%foaY wdYs%;j l .; yelsh'17
YS% ,xld is lrk ,o mqrdoHd;aul lghq;= wkqj ue n`ka Nd;h ms<sn`oj m%n,;u idCIs
imhk ia:dk f,i wkqrdOmqr f.f.a" lE.,a, fodrnlkao f,k" bnkalgqj" fmdmmamqj
rxpduvu hk ia:dkhkays islrk ,o leKS fmkajd h yelsh' ,xldf h<s l,dmfha
is lrk ,o mqrdK ckdjdi yd iqidk wOHhk fukau f;;a l,dmfha m%d.a ft;sydisl .=yd
leKS j,skao Yd, jYfhka ue n`ka yd len,s yuqf'18 fYaIfhkau wkqrdOmqr f.f.a
leKSfuka yuq jq ue n`ka u`.ska kd.l jk ffY,shla ms<sUq lrhs' tfiau fuu ue
n`ka w;r ;s n%dya wCIr l,djla ykd .eksug yelsj ;sf' tu wCIr l,dj ls%ia;= mqj
oyjk ishji olajd wE; w;S;hg wh;a njg wkqudk lrhs'19 tfiau wkqrdOmqr f.f.a
leKsu ;=<ska n%dyah wCIr iys; ue n`ka o fjk;a ixfla;j,ska hq;a ue n`ka len,s o
Yd, jYfhka yuqjk nj o fmkajd h yelsh'20
fyka mdl ^1952& ;siaiuydrdufha is lrk ,o leKsul wl=ref.dvg kqre ia:dkhl
;snq l=U,a .ula wkdjrKh lrf.k ;sf'21 fujeKs wkdjrKh lr .ekS ksid
m%d.aft;sydisl wjfha isg wkqrdOmqr hq.h olajdu l=U,a ludka;h .Dy ludka;hlaj
fyda wju jYfhka .udk fol ;=klg tla l=U,a .ula ne.skaj;a ;sfnkakg we;s nj
wkqudk l< yelsh' th furg hg;a ;hlajk f;lau mej; ;sfnkakg we;' fu.,s;sl
iqidk weiqka lrk ,o mfhaIKj,g wkqj o fu.,s;sl hq.fha isg furg ue n`ka
Nd;d lr ;sf' fmdmmamqj yd bnkalgqj leKsj,ska yuq jq ue n`ka ta w;r iqfYaI
f' fYaIfhkau fmdmmamqj iqidk leKsfuka u<KS nyd,k ue n`ka 14 la yuqj
;sf'22 ls%ia;= mQj hq.hg wh;a hlv hq.fha iqidk ia:dkj,ska o O ud,sfha j<x
yuqf'23 tfiau wka jir 6300 lg muK ld,hlg wh;a ue n`ka ms<sn`oj fodrjl
leKsfuka wkdjrKh lr f.k we;s w;r ls%ia;= mqj 900 g muK ld, ksKh lrk ,o
ue n`ka wkqrdOmqr we;= kqjr leKSfukao ls%ia;= mqj 700 g ld, ksKh lrk ,o ue
n`ka bnkalgqj leKSfukao yuqj ;ssf'24
fuf,i ,xldf O m%foaYj, mqrdoHd ia:dk mdol fldgf.k lr we;s mqrdoHd
mfhaIKj,g wkqj tu mqrdoHd;aul ia:dkj,ska je jYfhka ,efnk idOl ue n`ka
nj fmkajd h yelsh' tu ue n`ka mdol fldgf.k ,xldf ue n`ka Nd;h ms<sn`o
> b;sydihla f.dv ke.sh yels f' ta wkqj mqrdoHd;aul idOl mok fldg f.k
,xldf ue n`ka Nd;h fu.,s;sl hq.h olajd wE; w;S;hg Wreu l lshhs' tfiau
l=U,a ludka;h j;udkfha o ,dxlSh ck iudcfha ludka;hlaj mj;S' th ;j;a ishjia
.Kkdjlg o Wreul lshkq we;'

hf:dala; idys;Hd;aul yd mqrdoHd;aul idOl yereKq g furg ue n`ka Nd;fha

b;sydih wOHhkh lsug wNsf,aLko mdol lr.; yelsh' tjeks wNsf,aLk idOl f,i
yska;,d mqjre ,smsh ls%ia;= mqj wjhg wh;a uQ, n%dyah Ys,d f,aLkhlajk l=reKE.,
ia;s%lalfha ydr n%dyah Ys,d ,smsh o fmkajd h yelsh' fuu Ys,d f,aLk u`.ska o ,xldf
l=U,a ludka;h inkao jeo.;a f;dr;=re Io lrjhs' ish idOl uid n,k g
.Dyia; ludka;" wd.l hd;=lu" jdia;=oHd;aul yd lS%vd lghq;= i`oyd merKakka
uefhka fuj, ksudKh fldg we;'
ksIamdok ;dCIKh
w;S;fha isgu ue n`ka ksmof wkq.ukh

lrk ,o ksYA; ;dCIKsl l%ufohka

ykd .; yelsh',xldf ue n`ka ksIamdok ;dCIKh wkqj w;ska iE yd ilfmdarej

Nd;fhka yd tu l%ufo

folu Nd;fhka iE ue n`ka yuqf' 25 fuu ;dCIKsl

l%ufohka m%Odk ldrKd ;=kla hgf;a uYkhg ,la l< yelsh'

wuqjH f;dard .ekSu yd f;dard.;a wuqjH NdKav ksIAmdokhg iqiq m ilia

lr .ekSu

yev .eiaf ;dCIKsl l%u

ms<siaiSu

fuys fYaIfhkau i`oyka l< hq;= lreKla jkqfha ue n`ka ieliSf tla l%ufohlao
W .fvd,a iy ue rEm iEfos o l=U,a lrejd fjk;a l%ufohla Wmfhda.s lr .kakd
njh' fYaIfhkau fuys wOHhkhg ,lafjk ue n`ka ksudK ieliSf l=U,alrejd
m%:uj is lrkq ,nkafka iqiq ueg f;dard f.k tajd wjYH m ilia lr .ekSuhs'26ta
wkqj ue NdKav ksIAmdokfha iqfYaI ldh jkafka kshu ueg f;dard .ekSuhs'
ue ksudKh jkqfha wjid; mdIdK jir ,shk .Kkdjla K ls%hdj,shlg ,la
fuka miqjh' wjid; mdIdK .skak c,h wj iq<`. wd uq,sl mdil ;;ajhka hgf;a
Kh ue ksudKh f' fufia Kh fuka u mdIKfha ;snqk f*ria" weksh"
ue.akSish" le,aish" ldnfka jeks jHo uef ;ekam;a f' fuu ;ekam;a jH wkqj
ueg ms<siaiSf O meyehka .kshs'

r;= meyeh - f*ria wvx.= ksid

iq meyeh - weksh wvx.= ksid

l meyeh - ue.akSish wvx.= ksid

ue n`ka ksIamdokfha m%Odk wuqjHjk ue m%Odk jYfhka fldgia fyj;a j. folla

hgf;a y`kd.; yelsh'

m%d:l ue ^Primary Clay&

oa;Shsl ue ^ Secondary Clay&

m%d:l ue hkq u mdIdKfhka Kh tu ia:dkfhau ;ekam;aj ksudKh jQ ueg'

fjdfha wmjH ;ekam;au wvq ksid msis nka jeh' fmdaIsf,aka ksIAmdok i`oyd fuu
ueg fnfyka fhdod.kq ,nhs' fuu ue merKs ,xldf Nd;h b;d r,h'
oa;Shsl ue hkq u mdIdKh Kh ksudKhjk ueg iq<`." jIdj" we<" fod<" .x`.d
wdh u`.ska my;a m%foaYjk .x`.d bjqrej," j.=rej," je fmdl=Kq jeks c,dYm;a,j,
;ekam;afuka ksudKhjk uegh' fuu ueg mirfha ;sfnk O wmjh uqiqu ksid
w`re jKhla .kS ue n`ka ksmou i`oyd fnfyka fhdodf.k ;sfnKqfha o fuu
uegh'oa;Sshsl ueg .x`.d" we<" fod<" m;a,j, ;ekam;a f nrje ue wxY= m;af,ao
nka wvq ishq ue wxY= Wkao ;ekam;a f' W`ka fldaj ieliSug fuu ishq ueg iqiq
nj me/kakka k isfhah'
j<x iEug iqiq ueg f;dard .ekSfuka miq tajd yev .ekaug yels m ilia lr .ekSu
B<. jeo.;au lh hhs' f;dard .;a ueg tA wdldrfhkau ;sh l=U,a ludka;hg ,nd
.; fkdyel' thg wjYH m%udKhg c,h tlalrf.k ksh; kuHYS,s;ajhg m;ajk
wdldrhg ueg wkd.; hq;=h' fuh idm%odhsl l=U,alrejd ue mE.Sfuka l<y' ue
f.dvg ksh; m%udKhg c,h ouka lSm j;djlau b;d ishqj md.d wmjH bj;alrka
ilia lr .khs' fufia ue md.k wjia:df ;j;a jH lSmhla thg tl;= lr .kshs' tAjd
k

je,s

;sjdKd .,a wUrd ,nd.;a l=vq

oyhshd

mqiaik ,o j<x len,s wUrd ,nd.;a ishq l=vq h'

fuf,i uej,g wu;r tl;= ls islrKqfha"

j<x ms<siaiSf isjk yels,Su je<elaug

wf h,k g isjk b;e,S je<elaug

j<x ieliSu myiq lsu i`oyd h'

uej, we;s jr iys; fldgia by; jH tl;= fuka mshhs' tf,i tl;= ls lr md.d
ksh; wdldrfhka ilid .;a ue f.dv Clay Body f,i ykajk w;r th ;jrg;a mo
u i`oyd meh 24" 48 isg 72 olajd ld,hla f.dv .id ;nhs' fuh ueg ;eu f,io
ykajhs' fuu ls%hdj,sfha tlsfkl wxY= fyd`ka noaO Yla;su;a Ndjho je f' ueg
mo fkdlr j<x iEf tu j<x b ;e,S wdhg uqyqKmdhs' fuh w;S; l=U,alrejd b;d

fydka wjfndaOlrf.k ;sf' tu ksid Tyq yeugu by; ;dCIKsl l%ufohka wkq.ukh
lr ;sf'
fufia mo lr.;a ue WK m;=rla fyda tjeks iqiq m ilia lr.;a WmlrKhlsska
kej; b;d ishq ;Sre jYfhka lmka tu uef wmjH bj;a lr.kshs' fufia ilia
lr.;a

Clay Bodytl tys we;s ue m%;sY;h wkqj kej; fldgia ;=klg fnod lah

yelsh'

b;d by< ue m%;sY;hla iys; mo l< Clay Body tys ue m%;sY;h 90] la j;a f
b;s 10] wmjH f'fuu m%;sY;h O NdKAvj, wjYH;dj wkqj ilidf.k we;'
,xldf merKs l=U,alrejd Nd; lr we;af;a o fuu ue j.hhs'

uOHhu m%udKfha ue m%;sY;hla iys; ueg' tys ue m%;sY;h 60]jk w;r 40] la
wfkl=;a foaj,a f' fuu ueg fmdaisf,Aka jeks NdKav ksIamdokhg fhda.H f'

wvq m%;sY;hla iys; mo l< ueg' fuys 50] la ue;a 50] la ue fkdjk foa;a
wvx.= f'

fuu fojk yd ;=kajk j.fha ueg ,xldf Nd;d lr fkdue; kh yd mishdj jeks
rgj, tu ueg Nd; lr ;sf' ue m%;sY;h jejk g wvq WIaK;ajhl NdKav mqiaid
.; yelsh' ue m%;sY;h wvqjk g by< WIaK;ajhl fjd mqiaid .ekSug isf'fojk
yd ;=kajk j.fha ueg WIaK;ajh r`ojd .ekSug wmyiq f,i ilia we;' ue fkdjk
jH f,i f*,aiamd ^Feldspar&" is,sld" weksh iys; jH Nd; lr ;sf'f*,aiamd
jemqr iakh u i`oyd Nd; lr we;' fuu ue fkdjk jH ue iu`. Y% u ue wxY=
w;r nkaOkhla we;s lsug myiqjla f' ue NdKav mqiaik g fuu ue fkdjk jH
WKq ue wxY= w;r .,d f.dia nkaOkhla we;s lrhs' iakh" jKh .ekSugo fjd
Nd;d lrhs' ueg mo lsf tl;= lrk wu;r jH u`.skao f fohu isf' fuu ue
fkdjk jH ms<siaiSf uej,g l,ska r;af' miqj fjd WKq ue wxY+ w;rg tl;=
tAldnoaO;dj we;slrhs' ;jo uej, we;s jemqr c, m%udKho fuu ue fkdjk jH u`.ska
Wrd .kshs'
fuf,i iqiq m ueg ilia lr .ekSfuka miq islrKqfha iqiq m n`ka ksmojd
.ekSuhs' merKs ue n`ka wOHhk lrk g tajd ksmojQ ;dCIKSl l%ufo lSmhla y`kd
.; yelsh' tajd k"

wx.=,s mSvk l%uh ^ Finger Presure Method &

fj l%uh ^ Coiling Method &

m;=re l%uh ^ Slab Method &

;e l%uh ^ Beating Method &

wef l%uh ^w;ska Wvg weu& ^ Drawing Method &

wpqjla wdOdrfhka ksudKh lsf l%uh ^ Moulding Method &

ilfmdarej Nd;fhka ksudKh lsf l%uh ^ Potter Wheel Method &

wx.=,s mSvk l%uh (-wx.=,s mSvk l%uhhkq ue .=,shla f.k w;ska mSvkh fhdod th
Ndckhl yevhg m;a lr .ekSuhs'fuu Ndckj, ;a;s >klu taldld njla fkd.kakd
w;r l=vd m%udKfha Ndck muKla iEug fuu l%uh fhdodf.k we;s whqre lsh yel'
;a;s we;=<; yd msg; we`.s,s i<l=Kq" fuu l%uh Nd; lr ksudKh lrk ,o ue
n`kaj, ia f'
W (- je ckhdf.a iuyr ue n`ka
fj l%uh (-fj l%uh hgf;a is lrKq ,nkafka ue frda,la fyda fjjla ilid f.k
tu frda, fyda fjj Ndckfha yevh .kakd wdldrhg tlu; tl isk whqka ;nka
n`kaa ilid .ekSuhs' wjidkfha m;=rlska j<o we;=<; yd msg;

/,s .;sh Tmug

lr.ksh's
m;=re l%uh (- fuys islrKqfha ue f.k f,dl= ue ;e lsysmhla w;ska ;kd f.k
tlsfklg ;nd n`ka ksudKh lr .ekSuhs'
W (- fu.,s;sl nrKs
;e l%uh (- ., yd m;a; fhdod f.k ue ;e,Su u`.ska n`ka ksudKh lr .ekSuhs'
wef l%uh (- ue f.k ;ehl ;nd w;ska Wvg weo n`ka ilia lr .ekSuhs'
wpqjla wdOdrfhka ksudKh lsf l%uh (- hlsis jHhlska Ndckfha yevhg wpqjla
ilidf.k tu wpqjg ue .idf.k h,d wpqj;a iu`. ue NdKav mqiaid.kS wpqj
imqKfhkau ms<siaiS ue NdKavh b;s f' w;S;fha ngm;=re" WK m;=re wdfhka
fuf,i wpqj ilid f.k we;'
ilfmdarej Nd;fhka ksudKh lsf l%uh (- flAJ wmid n,h msysgqjka Ndckfha
yevh ,nd .ekSu' fuys ilfmdarej Nd; lr ue n`ka ieliSfuka miq n`fka ;a;s
wNHka;rfha ;sh yels jdhq isre bj;a lsu i`oyd ;<k m;a; yd ;<k ., fhdod f.k
tu n`fka ;a;s b;d fydka ;e<Sug ,lalr jdhq isre bj;a lrhs' n`ka ilid bkamiqj
tys mDIaGh uv hr u`.ska msueo mDIaGhg iqug njla ,nd fohs'27tfiau ilfmdaref j<x
ieliSf j<xj,g msg;ska tl;= lrk fldgia ^wdOdrl" flKa" ll=,a & uq,a Ndckh
hKq miqj tl;= lrhs' we;=<; yd msg; islrk legh ke;fyd;a iS islrkq
,nkafka tu n`k fydka hk miqjh'
W (-kE,shl wNHka;rh ilia lsu i`oyd b m;a; fhdod .ekSu'

wjidkfhys j<`o ms<siaiSug fmr tys jev wjika lsu isl< hq;=h' wjidkfhys ;e .,
f.k Bg j;=r iaj,amhla oud u;=msg i<l=Kq ulka ;e,Su " iSu" yev .ekau kej;
islrka n`fka ksudj ,nd .kS' tfiau ms<siaiSug fmr islrk jK .eka fjf;d;a
tajdo fyd`ka hkdg miqj islr.kS'
h<Su yd ms<siaiSu
fuh b;du l,amkdldj isl< hq;= ldhhla f' fkdtfiak uykaisfhka yev .kajd
ilia l< ue n`ka m%fhdackhg fkdf.ku kdY hd yelsh ' NdKAv ilid ms<siaiSug
fmr fyd`ka h,d .kq ,ef' th tlajru is fkdlr l%udkql+,j islrhs' th l<hq;=
wdldrh l=U,alrejd w;alSfuka wjfndaO lrf.k ;sf' Tyq ta i`oyd O ;dCIKsl l%u
Wmfhda.s lr.kS' ue NdKAv wf f<k g th ;o ysre rYahg tljru jD;
fkdlrhs' ;o wjg ksrdjrKh fuka NdKAv msms b;e,S wdhg ,lajk ksidfjks' tu
ksid ojfia f;dard.;a f,djkaj, muKla ue n`ka f<d .kshs'
fufia h<d f.dv.id ;enQ NdKav ms<siaiSug fmr kej; f<df.k fmdarKqf fyda
mqiaik ia:dkfha ;ekam;a lrhs' th perheating wjia;dj f,i y`kajhs' h<d .;a ue
n`ka ms<siaiSuo b;d ixlSK ls%hdj,shls' merKs l=U,alrejd fuu ixlSK ls%hdj,sho b;d
fyd`ka chf.k ;sf' ue n`ka ms<siaiSu b;du m%d:l l%uhkaf.a isg wo mj;sk hqKq
l%u olajd l%udKql+,j jOkh we;'ta wkqj m%Odk l%u folla hgf;a ue n`ka
mqiaidf.k ;sf'

W`K Nd; fkdlr ms<siaiSu

W`K Nd; lr ms<siaiSu

W`K Nd;fhka f;drj l< l%u lSmhla f'

jD; .sks ;ef l%uh(- fuu l%uhg wkqj t<s uyfka NdKav ms<siaiSu islrhs' N=h u;=
msg bkaOk ;ekam;a lr ta u; ue n`ka f.dv .ikq ,ef'h,s;a tu ue n`ka u; yd ta
jgd bkaOk f.dv .id .sks o,ajhs' .sks o,ajd w .sksh jQ miq ue n`ka bj;a lr .ekSu
fhda.H f' fuys bkaOk f,i Nd;d lrKqfha or" .j fyda tjkaf.a f.du" fmd;=" m;=re"
WK m;=re wdhhs' fuu l%uh hg .eiSf l%uh f,io y`kajhs' fuu l%ufha ue n`ka
bkaOk iu`. fyda WIaK;ajh iu`. fydka md,kh ula is fkdf' isjk Tlaisldrl
;;ajhka hgf;a n`ka l meye .ekaf' WIaK;ajh fjkiau ksid myiqfjka b ;e,S"
m j,g ,la f' fjd f;are f.k l=U,alrejka .sks ,au Wfoa ld,fha yd ijia
ld,fha islr we;'
fkd.eUqre j, l%uh (- idudkH m%udKfha iqiq j,la idodf.k tu jf,yss bkaOk iu`.
ue n`ka wiqrd .sks o,ajd mqiaid .ksh's jD; l%uhg jvd fuu l%uh ;rula fyd`o f'f
;=< ms<siafik j<xj, ueo yd by< tajd l meyeu yd b ;e,Sug ,lau isf'

.eUqre j, l%uh(- jf,ys m;=, .,a m;=re w,a,d ilia lr j<x w;rg ms<siaiqKq ue nka
len,s" .,a m;=re tl;= lr .kska j, imQKfhka u Wka jid .skaor u is lrhs'j<x
len,s".,a m;=re r;a j, we;=<; W!IaK;ajh iEfyk f,djla ia:dhSj mj;S' by; l%u
follg jvd jdisodhsl f' fuysoS oby; l%u fol moafoka u Wvu we;s NdKav Tlaisldrl
;;ajhg yiq Nd;hg kqiqiq ;;ajhlg m;af' miqj by; l%uj, j,;d ksid bkaOk
fjku;a NdKav fjku;a h yels fjk;a l%u flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ;sf' fujeks
W`kl uq,au idOl wekfgda,shdfjka yuqj ;sf'tys mia lKahla ^ Bank & Wkl
wdldrhlg lmd bkaOk ug fjk ia:dkhl=;a ^ Fire Box & ue NdKav ;ekam;a lsug yd
fjku wkjYH ;dmh msgug isria kshl=;a ^ Verticle Chimney & ksudKh lr we;'
lKah lmd ieliq Wkla ksid fuh ^ Bank Kiln & hk kka ykajhs'
fuys .sKs ,afuka miqj bjqre ms<siaiS mqiaik ,o .fvd,a iys; ldurhla njg m;af'
we;=<; ;dmh fydka wdrCId ug fuh fya;= f'
fuys hqKq wjia:dj bkaOk .nvd lsu fjku;a ^ Fire box & NdKav weisu fjku;a isk
fia fuu Wk je hqKq we;' Ksfha lg jvd mq,aj idod we;' ue nka by< isg
^ Oploaring & wiqrd we;' ms<siaiqKq ue Ndck lene<s ue yd msre jeks jH iu Y% lr
ue nkaj,g by<ska wiqrhs' fjd r;a we;=<; WIAK;ajh fydka wdrCId ug Wmldr
lrhs' fuh ueis fmhl wdldrfhka hqKq ;sf' th Beehive Shape Kiln f,i
y`kajhs'miqj .%Sl yd frdau hq. j, fuu Wka ^ Pottery Kilns & ;j;a je hqKq ;sf'
hqKq jD;a;dldr wdrelal= yeve;s Wka ksudh' tajdfha my< isg by<g j<x wiqrd
my;ska we;s bkaOk oykfhka WIaaK;ajh by<g u .uka fldg Ksfhka msg j hhs' fuu
l%ufha o tla wjdishla f,i bkaOk ldurh wi,u we;s j<x wl oykhg miqj md
l< fkdyels ;;ajhg m;af'
bkaOk .nvd lr we;s ia:dkfha isg W`kg mefKk ;dmh W`k we;=<; r|jd .ekSug
l=U,alrejd k k ishy' th fikaf.a% wxYl 9000 - 1300 olajd jqjo ia:dhSj ;nd f.k
wjYH m%;sls%hdjkag Ndckh fldgkshudldrfhka mqiaid .ekSf ;dCIK {dkh Tjqka
i;=j ;snqKs'f wdldrhg fmdarKqjla ;=< ^ ;dCIKh hqKq wjia:djl & NdKav ms<siaiSf
miq lrk ,o wjka lsym
s hla we;'
c,jdIam msgjk wjia:dj ^ Watter Smoking &
fuh NdKav ms<siaiSf miq lrk ,o m<uq wjia:djhs' fikaf.%a wxYl 120 fufia
Ndck j, we;s c,h jdIam ula f,i msgf' fuu WIaK;ajh l%udkQl+,j ,nd h hq;h
= '
WIaK;ajh tlajru je jqjfyd;a NdKav b;e,s hd yel'
wvq WIaK;aj ;;ajhl ldnksl jH fhdackh ^ Low T emperature Decomposition &

fuu wjia:dj Ys; WIaK;ajh lD;s ldrl wji:dj f,i ykajhs' WKqiqu je lrhs' th
fia'f.%a wxYl 250 - 300 olajd je f' f wjia:dj jk g Ndckj, c,h jdIam f.dia
we;' kuq;a iuyr Lksc jHj, we;s c, jdIam msgu wdrN jkafka f wjia:df h' f
wjia:df Lksc jHj, O ridhksl m%;l
s s%hd we;s f' tu ksid WIaK;ajh ukdj
md,kh lr.; hq;=h' Clay Body tl ieliSf fuu ;;ajhkag .e,fmk m ilid
.ekSug l=U,alrejka mqrej ishy'
uej, Lksc fhdackh ^ Clay Minerad Decomposition &
fuys WIaK;ajh fiakaf.%a 400 - 850 w;r w.hlg mefKa' f wjia:df ;dmh md,kh
lr.; fkdyels jqjfyd;a WKqiqu ksid we;sjk b;e,S ^Fire Cracking& we;s f' fuh
,s fldgk wdldrhg mDIagh mqrd tljr we;s f' Lksc jH m%idrKh u yd uej, we;s
iaMl iu taldnoaO u fuu wjia:df isf'
ldnksl oykh^ Organic Combusstion &
uej, we;s ldnksl oE uqukska u ms<siaiSu is lrhs' fiakaf.%a wxYl 500 muK g
ldnksl oykh wdrN u fuys .skaor lrd ldnksl jH we taug mgka .ks' imQK
ldnksl oykhla is fkdjQjfyd;a NdKavj, l meye;s me,a, uska tajd olakg ,ef'
re njg yeru ^ Vitrification &
fuu wjia:dj miq lrkqfha re jeks NdKav ksmoug f' fuys islrKqfha re jeks
NdKav i|yd iE Clay Body tl ilia lsf tl;jk= wmjH mqiaid WKqlr je.sfrk
;;ajhlg m;a lsuhs'
isis,a lrk wjia:dj ^ Cooling &
NdKavhla mqiaid wjika lsf b;du jeo.;a u wjia:dj fuhhs' isis,a lsu l=U,alreg
wjYH m l< hq;=h' Tlaisldrl wjia:djla Wodjqjfyd;a NdKavfha ksh; m%;sh ,nd.;
fkdyel' Tlaisldrl wjia:djl isis,a lsu tlajru fkdl< hq;= w;r th l%lj ;dmh
wvqjk wldrhlg l< hq;=h' Tlaisldrl ;;ajhg uqyqKq kag NdKav l wj,iaik f'

iudf,dapkh
;dCIKsl l%u fohka Wmfhda.sfldgf.k O ldhhka i`oyd l=U,alrejd ue n`ka
ksIamdokh lr.kS' merKs udkjhd m%d:l l%ufohka Tiafia werUq ue n`ka ksudKh
wojk g ixlSK ls%hdj,shlg ,laj ;sf' ku merKs l=U,a lrejd by; i`oyka ishu

lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrka wjYH;djhg .e,fmk m ue n`ka ksmojdf.k

;sf'
1

fld;=jlal'= l=iqis" ue n`ka yd ck ;h" ue n`kl Wreuh" 2014" msg 08

tu
3
uyd jxYh" 19 mfoh" 1-3 .d:dj
4
iyiaij;a:qmlrKh" msg 85" ioa u.a.h" 66-67 .d:d
5
Epigraphiya Zaylanica "1912 ; 28
6
uyd jxYh" 07 mfoh" 39 .d:dj
7
nKavdr idkdhl' rx;a" Ys% ,xldf ue n`ka Nd;fha yd ksudKfha jOkSh b;sydih" ue n`kl
Wreuh" 2014" msg 02
8
uyd jxY ldj" msg 483
9
iyiaij;a:qmlrKh" msg 85
10
iqoa u.a.h" msg 66-67
11
uyd jxYh" 15 mfoh" 14 .d:dj.
12
iSy,j;a:qmlrKh" msg 12
13
nKavdr idkdhl' rx;a" Ys% ,xldf ue n`ka Nd;fha yd ksudKfha jOkSh b;sydih" ue n`kl
Wreuh 2014 msg 02
14
u, jxY ys" " 2000" msg 84
15
iS,u, ys' rkafka" 2013 msg 39
16
nKavdr idkdhl' rx;a" Ys% ,xldf ue n`ka Nd;fha yd ksudKfha jOkSh b;sydih" ue n`kl
Wreuh" 2014" msg 02
17
tu
18
tu
19
iS,u, ys' rkafka" 2013" msg 40
20
iS,u, ys' rkafk"a 2013" msg 40
21
nKavdr idkdhl" rx;a Ys% ,xldf ue n`ka nd;fha yd ksudKfha jOkSh b;sydih" ue n`kl
Wreuh" 2014 "msg 03
22
iS,u, ys rkafka 2013 msg 41
23
oUfoKswdr' ;%d" Ys% ,xldf mqrdK ue n`ka wOHhkfha we;;sjk kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl .eg" ue
n`kl Wreuh" 2014" msg 15
24
iS,u, ys' rkafka "2013" msg 43
25
nKavdr idkdhl' rx;a" Ys% ,xldf ue n`ka nd;fha yd ksudKfha jOkSh b;s ydih" ue n`kl
Wreuh" 2014" msg 04
26
iS,u, ys' rkafka "2013" msg 125
27
iS,u, ys' rkafka" 2013" msg 126
2

ku

( fla't'is,d,a

;;a;ajh

( Wmd wfmaCIl ^mqroHd fYaIf" f;jk jir&

YAjoHd,h

( Ys% ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s YAjoHd,h

oHq;a ,smskh ( sirilalkonara@gmail.com

rl;kh

( 0711205884/0715107688