Circuits Electronics: Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
ADMINISTRIVIA
Lecturer: Prof. Anant Agarwal
Textbook: Agarwal and Lang (A&L)
Readings are important!
Handout no. 3
Web site
http://web.mit.edu/6.002/www/fall00
Assignments
Homework exercises
Labs
Quizzes
Final exam
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Two homework assignments can

be missed (except HW11).
Collaboration policy
Homework
You may collaborate with
others, but do your own
write-up.
Lab
You may work in a team of
two, but do you own write-up.
Info handout
Reading for today
Chapter 1 of the book
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What is engineering?
Purposeful use of science
What is 6.002 about?

Gainful employment of
Maxwells equations
From electrons to digital gates
and op-amps
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
6.002
Nature as observed in experiments

V
12
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Physics laws or abstractions

Maxwells
abstraction for
Ohms
tables of data
V=RI
Lumped circuit abstraction
+
R
V
C
L
M
Simple amplifier abstraction
Digital abstraction
Operational
amplifier abstraction
abstraction
Combinational logic
+
Filters
Clocked digital abstraction
Analog system
components:
Modulators,
oscillators,
RF amps,
power supplies 6.061
Instruction set abstraction

Pentium, MIPS 6.004
Programming languages
Java, C++, Matlab 6.001
Software systems 6.033
Operating systems, Browsers
Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle

6.455
6.170
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Lumped Circuit Abstraction
Consider
The Big Jump

from physics
to EECS
I
?
Suppose we wish to answer this question:
What is the current through the bulb?
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
We could do it the Hard Way

Apply Maxwells
Differential form
B
Faradays
E =
t
Continuity J =
t
Others
E =
0
Integral form
B
E dl = t
q
J
dS
=
t
q
E
dS
=
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight:
Analogy
F
a?
I ask you: What is the acceleration?

You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you:
F
You respond: a =
m
Done !! !
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight:
Analogy
F
a?
In doing so, you ignored
the objects shape
its temperature
its color
point of force application
Point-mass discretization
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way

Consider the filament of the light bulb.
A
B
We do not care about
how current flows inside the filament
its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.
Then, we can replace the bulb with a
discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way

A
B
Replace the bulb with a
discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.

A
I
V
+
and I =
V R
R
In EE, we do things
the easy way
R represents the only property of interest!

Like with point-mass: replace objects
F
with their mass m to find a =
m
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way
A
+
V
I
R
and
I=
V
R
In EE, we do things
the easy way
R represents the only property of interest!

R relates element v and i
V
I=
R
called element v-i relationship
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.
Not so fast, though
I
A
+ S
A
V
B
SB
black box
Although we will take the easy way
using lumped abstractions for the rest
of this course, we must make sure (at
least the first time) that our
abstraction is reasonable. In this case,
ensuring that
V I
are defined
for the element
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
I
SA
V
B
must be defined
for the element
SB
black box
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
must be defined. True when
=
I out of S B
q
True only when
= 0 in the filament!
t
J dS
I into S A
SA
J dS
SB
J dS J dS =
SA
from ell
w
x
a
M
SB
IA
q
t
IB
q
=0
I A = I B only if
t
So lets assume this
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Must also be defined.

see
A&L
So lets assume this too
B
=0
t
outside elements
VAB defined when
So
VAB = AB E dl
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)

Or self imposed constraints:
More in
Chapter 1
of A & L
B
= 0 outside
t
q
= 0 inside elements
t
bulb, wire, battery
Lumped circuit abstraction applies when

elements adhere to the lumped matter
discipline.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Demo
only for the
sorts of
questions we
as EEs would
like to ask!
Demo
Lumped element examples

whose behavior is completely
captured by their VI
relationship.
Exploding resistor demo

cant predict that!
Pickle demo
cant predict light, smell
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
So, what does this buy us?

Replace the differential equations
with simple algebra using lumped
circuit abstraction (LCA).
For example
a
R1
R3
R4
d
R2
R5
c
What can we say about voltages in a loop
under the lumped matter discipline?
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about voltages in a loop

under LMD?
a
R1
R4
R3
d
R2
R5
c
B
under DMD
E dl = t
0
E dl + E dl + E dl = 0
ca
ab
bc
+ Vca + Vab + Vbc
= 0
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about currents?

Consider
I ca
S
a
I da
I ba
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about currents?

I ca
S
a
I da
I ba
q
S J dS = t
under LMD
0
I ca + I da + I ba = 0
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):
The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:
j j = 0
loop
KCL:
jij = 0
node
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1

Circuits Electronics: Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

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6.

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Two homework assignments can

6.002 Fall 2000

What is 6.002 about?

6.002 Fall 2000

Nature as observed in experiments

Physics laws or abstractions

Clocked digital abstraction

Instruction set abstraction

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped Circuit Abstraction

The Big Jump

6.002 Fall 2000

We could do it the Hard Way

6.002 Fall 2000

Instead, there is an Easy Way

I ask you: What is the acceleration?

6.002 Fall 2000

Instead, there is an Easy Way

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

for the purpose of calculating the current.

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

for the purpose of calculating the current.

R represents the only property of interest!

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

R represents the only property of interest!

called element v-i relationship

6.002 Fall 2000

R is a lumped element abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

R is a lumped element abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

must be defined. True when

6.002 Fall 2000

Must also be defined.

So lets assume this too

VAB defined when

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)

Lumped circuit abstraction applies when

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped element examples

Exploding resistor demo

6.002 Fall 2000

So, what does this buy us?

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about voltages in a loop

+ Vca + Vab + Vbc

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about currents?

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about currents?

6.002 Fall 2000

KVL and KCL Summary