LEVEL i QUESTIONS - RT 41) Low voltage X ray tubes are generaly fitted with windows made of a) plastic By borytium ©) gjass d) lead 2) Amonochromatic X ray beam: a) is a narrow beam used to produce high contrast radiographs b) is also refered to as a heterogeneous X ray beams a i's a beam containing only characteristic X radation is a beam consisting of a single wave length 3) The general method of producing X ray involves the sudden decelaraton of high velocity electron in @ solid body called a) focus cup b) filament target 4) cathode 4) Ifitwere necessary to radiograph a T'thick steel product, which ofthe following gamma ray source would most likely be used? )] Cobalt - 60 B) Thullum - 170 ©) ridium - 192 ¢) Cesium - 137 5) cobalt - 60 gamma - ray has an approximate practical thickness limit of: a) 2 1/2%of steel or its equivalent "of steel or its equivalent of steel or its equivalent "of steel or its equivalent ©) Tp absorton of gana rosa a en buco when poss hough mater epee [a fiw somate nent dona ana tse on mater By Te Youngs modelo Ne mato ©) tpl ato va ofthe moter @} te oui ectnty vst source 7) The fact that gases, when bombarded by radation, ionize and become electrical conductors make them Use ful in: a) X-ray transformers b) X-ray tubes maska radation detection equipments 8) The velocity of eloctrons striking the target in an X ray tube isa function of 2) the alomic number of cathode materia ) the atomic number of flament material 2) the voltage diferent between the cathode & anode d) the current flow in the rectifier circuit 9) The uneven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion of a processed X - ray fim causes the lective impression of: b) streaks ©) spots 4) white scum 10) Cobalt - 60 is reported to have a half life of 5.3 years. By how much should exposer time be increased Used intially to produce excellent radiographs when the cobalt - 60 source was new. When the source old? 2) No change in exposer ime is needed. 1) Exposer time should be about 11% longer Exposor time should be about 31% longer d) Exposer time should be about 62 to 100% longer GUC AL1) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 72 18) 19) 20) LEVEL II QUESTIONS - RT ‘A source of Iridium - 192, whose half Ife is 75 days, provides an optimum exposer of a given test to a Period of 20 minutes. Five month from now , what exposer time would be required for the same densith, Under similar exposer conditions? a) 10 Minutes b) 20 Minutes 4) 6 hours Ofthe following, the source providing the most penetrating radation is: a) Cobalt - 60 b)_ 220 kVp X-ray tube 15 Me V X-ray botatron ) electron from iridium - 192 ‘The gamma - ray intensity at one foot from a one curies source of radioactive cobalt - 60 is nearst: fa)] 15 roentgens per hour ®) 1,000 roentgens per hour ©) 1 roentgens per hour 4d) 10 mill roentgens per hour “The focal spot in an X ry tube a) i incined at angel of 39De9 trom the norma to the te ans ®) is maintained at ahigh negative voltage during operations 6). shouldbe a large 9 possible to ensure a narrow beam of primary ration, [a] shouldbe as smal a possible without unduly shortening theif ofthe tbe, Inan X.- ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential part ofthe: , anode b)] cathode ¢) rectifer 4d) X-ray transformer The quantity of radiation which will produce, by means of ionization. One electrostatic unit of 0.001293grams of dry aris known as: a) amilicurie ») agamma o)] a roentgen ) acurie ‘The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: a) milion electron volts [bp] curie per grams ©) roentgens per hour 4) counts per minutes. Which of the following isotopes has the longest half life? a) Thullum - 170 b) Cobalt - 60 ©). Iridium - 192 a] Cesium - 137 ‘The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X.- ray tube results in the production a) Primary X--m rays b) Secondary X-rays ), Short wavelength X-rays )] heat ‘The slope ofa straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the a) Speed of the curve ‘b) Latitude [c}] average gradients ) density. Page 2 of 1721) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) LEVEL | QUESTIONS - RT ‘An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: a) Poor definition b)] Low contrast ‘T) High speed d) none of the above The purpose for citculating oil in some type of X-ray tube is: 2) to lubricate moving parts, ) to absorb secondary radiation Cc) to decrease the need for high current 1] to dissipate heat ‘An X- ray tube with a small focal spot is considerded better than one with a large foc! spot when It is esired to obtain: @) areater penetrating power [B]] better definition ©} less contrast. 4) greater film density ‘One methode of reducing radiographic contract isto: 2) Increase the distance between the radiation source and the object ) decrease the distance between the object and the fim docrese the wave length of the radiation from fogging the fim increase development time within manufacturer’ recommendations “Trin shoos of ead olin intimate contacto wth X-ray lm dung exposure Increase fim densty because 2) The furesce an ent visbe ght which helps expose te fim b) thay absorb the seater raiaton c) they prevent back scattered radiation from fogging the film they emi elacrons when exposed o X= and gamma racaton which help darken he fm X- ray tubes or offen enclosed ina shockproof casing in order to: 2) disspate heat [B] protect the operator from high - voltage shocks ©) shield the tube from secondary radiation 4) increase the efficiency of the rectiier [AX- ray tube is rated for a maximum of 250 kVp. This tube may be operated at maximum of 250,000 volts peak voltage ) 250 ky effective voltage «), 250,000,000 volts rms voltage d) 250 kv average voltage ‘A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding having series of taps at various points on the winding is called: 2) a high - voltage transformer b) a flament transformer ©}] an autotransformer @} a power transformer In.X-- ray radiography, altemating current must be changed to pulsating direct current in order toso need {for unidirectional current. This change may be accomplished by: a) transformer rectifiers ©) anodes: 4) cathodes ‘When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASMT penetrameter for 2.5"steel has a thicnness: a) one- inch. b) 25 mils e) Smis a eae Page 3 of 1731) 32) 33) 34) 38) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) LEVEL lI QUESTIONS. \Valve tubes are used in X ray equipment to: [I] provide necessary rectification b) activate and deactivate the X - ray tube. ©) heat the filments in the X - ray tube 4) adjust the size ofthe target ‘A good cobalt - 60 radiograph is made on a 3"steel casting an exposer time of 10 minutes souce - to ~ {lm distance of 36”. Itit is necessary to change the source- to-film distance to 24’exposer time would produce a smilar radiograph i all other condition remains the same a) 1.6 minutes b) 4.4 minutes ©) 6.4 minutes 4) 88 minutes When sharp, black, bird foot sdaped marks which are known not to correspond with any discontinuties at random on radiographs, they are probably caused by a) prolonged development in old developer _b)_exposer ofthe film by natural cosmic ray showers during storage. ¢) | static charge caused by friction TF inadequate rinsing ater fing “The adjustment of tube current in conventional X - ray tube circuits is made by: 2) J agjustng the filament heating current B) adjusting the target - to - cathode distance ©) inserting resistance in the anode lead 4) opening the shutter on the X-ray tube port In comarision with lower - voltage radiograph, High - energy radiographs shows a) greater contrast )] greater latitude ©). greater amount of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity. 4) none of the above Fiiter used at the port of the X-ray tubs: €) intensity the X - ray beam by contributing secondary radiation ») iter short wavelength X - ray beams to provide “softer” radiation provide the most readily adjusted means of modifying X - ray intensity fiter out :soft"radiation to provide a more homogeneous x-ray beam. ‘An ASTm penetrameter for use when inspecting a one - half inch thick stee! plate tothe 2 2T quality leta 15 - inch source - to- film distance would be made of: a) milthich Aluminium 50 mil thich Aluminium or steo! 10 mil thick stee! 4) 2 mil stip of any metallic material The kilovoltage applied to an X-ray tube affects: a) the quality of the beam b) the intensity of the beam both A and B above 4d) neither A nor B above Filters placed between the X ray tube and specimen tend to reduce scatter radiation undercutting the specimen: [2] by absorbing the longer wavelengeth componentents of the primary beam 'b) by absorbing the shorter wavelength componentes of the primary beam. ©) by absorbing the back scatter radiation 4) dectease the graininess in a radiograph Besides serving as a fiter, screens of high atomic number, such as lead antominy, also Page 4 of 17 1) decrease the source to film distance needed for a proper radiograph Sa4) 42) 43) “) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) LEVEL QUESTIONS -RT Bi] provide some image itensying acon €) perm the use of higher speed fim d) decrease the graininess in a radiograph ‘The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a measure of the: 2). subject contact ofthe radiograph b). sensitivity of a radiograph ©)] latitude of a radiograph defination of a radiograph ‘Almost all gamma radiograph is performed with 2) natural isotopes B] iridium - 192 or cobat - 60 ©) radium ¢) thulum-170 ‘The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is: 2) directly proporational to the object - to - film distance and inversely proporational to the size of ths focal spot B]] directly proporational tothe size of the focal spot and inversely proporational to the source to object. distance ©) inversely proporational to the object - to - film distance and directly proporational to the source to object distance 4) inversely proporational to the size of ths focal spot and object to film distance Image of discontinuties close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined a a) source to object to distance increases b)] the thickness of the specimen increases ¢) the size ofthe focal spot decreases d) the thickness of the speicemen decreases ‘The inherent fiteration of an X ray tube is a function of. a) | the thickness and composition of the X - ray tube port ) the voltage setting of the instrument ©) the source to object distance ) the material used as a target X-ray films with large grain size: ) will produce radiograph with better defination than film with small grain size ») have slower speeds than those with relatively small grain size [have higher speeds than those with relatively small grain size 4) will take longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grainsize the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250 kv flm graininess increases {lm graininess decreases ©) radiographic definition increases 4) film speed decreases The specific activity of cobalt - 60 depends on the time the material has been in the reactor. ) the atomic number of the material ©) the gamma ray flux to which it was exposed. 4) the young's modulus valve of the material ‘The most commenly used target material in an X.- ray tube is a) copper ) carbon ©) carbide @)] tungsten Page 5 of 17LEVEL I QUESTIONS - RT “The purpose for including adise- shaped targot tat rotates rapidly during operatonin some X yays 2), increase the intensity of X-raation 1b) decrease the voltage needed fora specie quality of radiation increase tho permissible load d) none of the above answer is correct 51) A dovice which is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accleratons ina circular orbit to very high energies is called a: a) electrostatic belt generator b) linear accelerator [ betatron @) toroidal electro magnetio type tube 52) Two isotopic source of a given strength have two specific activity value wil: ‘| be a smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity ®) Have a shorter half life than than the source with a lower specific activity ©) produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activity 4) bea larger physical size than the source with a lower specific activity fenent specific activity values. The source with 53) A.gas- filed region located in an electrical field created by electrodes across which a potential diference ‘applied forms the major portion of 2) allow voltage X- ray tube b) amogger «)_ ahot- cathode X - ray tube [g]] an tonization chamber 54) Two serious obstacles to high sensitivity fluoroscopy are: 1) the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of screens [hotter bighiness ado grasa af uvoscape scone ©) cost and slow speed 4) the need for using long wave length X- rays and intensity associated with this method 55) In general, the qualtyof fluoroscopic equipment is best determined by: 2). denstometer reading penetrameter senstvty measurements c) discontinuity area measurements €) teferance standards 58) In oroscopic testing, a fundamental cifclt is the relative lw brightness level of the images for increasing brightness utlizes one of the following which converts light energy from the initial plan face to loctonswhich are aovelerated and focused into a smaller fuorescent screen a) Betatron Electron ampitfer Image ampiifer or intensin {Electrostatic bok gonorator 87) a) b) ° 4) 58) In order to utilize the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at a distance from the specimen) )_ the source to fim distance should be one half the source to film distance ) Jthe source of the radiation should be extermely small ‘c)_ a magnetic focusing coil must be used near the port of the X - ray tube, 4), the specimen must be of uniform thickness 59) The X - ray absorbation of a specimen depend on: a) the thickness and density of the matoral Page 6 of 17 b) the atomic number of the material60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) LEVEL 11 QUESTIONS - RT [e) both A and B above d) neither A nor B ‘The radiographic absorbation of a material will tend to become less dependent upon the composition of the material when: {a} the kilovotage is increased b) the source to fim distance is decreased €) the kilovoitage is decreased 4) afiteris used Tho formuta (milliamperes X time) divided distance square is: ) used to calculate the flm gradient. b) the eciproalty law }_used to determine radiographic contract }) Ithe exposer factor. 4d) a fiteris used ‘The load that can be handelled by an X ray tube focal spot is governed by: a) the composition of cathode. [b} the size of focal spot and the efficency of the cooling system of the anode. ) the distance from the anode and cathode 4) the high voltage wave forms. X-ray exposer holders and cassettes often incroporate a sheet of lead fol in the black which is not in intimate contact with fim. The purpose of this sheet of lead fol is: a) to act as an intensifying screen [hl to protect the flm from the backscatter ©) both Aand B above 4) neither A nor B above ‘Alead sheet containing a pin hole may be placed half way between the X ray tube and the film in order to: [a)] determine the approximate size of the focal spot ) measure the intensity of the central ray 6) filter scatter radiation d) soften the X radiation. ‘The most comman way of cooling the anode of a high power X ray tube is ) cooling by radiation, in which a solid tungesten anode attains such high temperature that it radiates ‘an appreciable amount of heat ) cooling by means of circulating cooled air cooling by circulating of water or olin the anode. 4) cooling by means of external finned radiators. In certain case, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this is ) to prevent movement of the specimen ) to increase the subject contract, ©). to generate smaller wavelength X - radiation. [Bo decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen ‘The motting caused by diffraction when radiographing fairly large grained metallic specimans can and in some case eliminated by: 2) raising the Kilovoltage and using fluorescent screens ) lowering the kilovoltage and using lead foil screens raising the kilovoltage and using lead foil soreens «d) lowering the kilovoltage and using fluoresent screens. When radiographing steel with a thickness than one inch: ‘cobalt - 60 would be graeter radiographic sensitivity than a 250 ky x- ray machine, ‘4.250 kv x- ray machine would give greater radiographic sensitivity than cobalt - 60 ©) the use of fluorescent screens would results in a radiograph of better quality than would lead foll screens 4) the use of lead foll screens will required a shorter exposer time than will fluorescent screens Page 7 of 17LEVEL II QUESTIONS. 69) A radiograph made with an exposer of 12mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the region of mainly intrest. Itis desired to increase tho density to 2.0 in this area. By referenco to a characteristic curve of it is found that the difference in log E between a density of 0.8 is 0.76.The antilogarthm of log E. What must the new exposer time to be produced a radiograph with adensity of 2.07 a) 9.12 mA per minute b) 21.12 mA per minute ©) 69.6 mA per minute 4) 16 mA por minute 70) The absoration of radiation by a material varies: a) direct with the square of tho distance from the source b) directly with the thickness of the material <) inversely withthe amount of scattering in the material E] in an approximately exponential manner with the thickness ofthe material 71) Inthe microradiographic technique: a) soft X-ray are usually omployed. b)_akilovoltage range of 5 to 50 kVis usually employed. ‘)_the photographic material is often finger grained than an ordinary X - ray film } Jail throe above choices are correct 72) In order for a radiographic to have a penetrameter sensitivity of 2-2T or better a) The radiographic procdure has to be able to difereniate a 2% difference in specimen thickness 1] the radiographic procdure must be abo to define the 2T hole in a penetrameter which is 2% of tho thickness of the specimen ©) the radiographic procdure must be able to distingush a discontinuty wth a length ‘equilant to 2% of the specimen thickness. 4) none of the above choices are correc. 73) For the partcal purposes, the shape ofthe characterstc curve ofan X - ray film: a) is independent ofthe type of film used. [DB] is independent ofthe quality of X- or gamma raciation. ¢) is drastically changed when the quality of X-ray radiations is changed. 4) is primarily determined by the subject contact. 74) The term which describes th total absorption ofthe useful beam caused by the Xray tube wal the a) stray absorption b) source absorption c) characteristic filtration. [a] inherent fitration 75) The interval between the time a film is placed in a fixer solution and the time when the orginal diffuse miikiness dis appears is known as: La} clearing time b) fixing time ©) hardening time 4) oxidation time 76) Excossive subject contract caused when the thickness range in the test specimen si too greate for the radiation quality used may be correct by: 42) increasing the kilovoltage using a filter at X ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X- radiation both A and B are miethods for correcting excessive subject contract, 4d) decrease the exposer time 77) Improper geometric factors poor contract between fim and lead foll screens, and graininess of flm aro possible causes of a) high film density 1B) poor definition ©) fogged fim 4) low fm density Page 8 of 1778) 79) 80) at) 82) 83) 64) 85) 86) 87) EVE!, ! QUESTIONS - RT tn huoscopy tn mos conmnom means fr irl pertr aloe i 2) equip operates wh opel gascs 3) place ter over te vionng sn ‘vary the intensity of the backgraund light. [3] Shenge oper potdealy Which of the following x - ray generator would produce the narrowest cone of X - radation? a) 10 MeV b) 15 Mev 25MeV 9) 1 Mev A radiograph fs taken at a voltage of SO0KY. f the voltage is increased with a resultant increses in the energy of radiation while all other conditions remain the same: a) the graininess of the film will increase signficanty ia high - speed film is usod, 1) the graininess of the fim wil decrease significantly fa low - speed flm is used. Cc). the graininess of the fim will increase significant if class | film is used, [a]] there wit be little significant change in the graininess of the film. ‘A radiograph of a sieel weldmont is made using 15 Mev botatron. When the radiograph is developed, there isan over all film mottling. A possible cause for such motting is: 8) Jn correct exposer time 'b) excessive object film distance o)] failure to use a lead screen during exposer. 4) excessive exposer to ultraviolet rays. A\assic difference between a radiograph and fuarascopic image is: a) the fluorascopic image is more sensitive Bi] the fuoroscopic image is a positive whoreas the radiogranh is a negative transparency. ©) the fluoroscopic image fs bnighir, d) there is no basic difference betwaen the to The quantity of radiation striking 4 unit area of filrn: isthe product of radiation intonsity and timo b) is the intensity per unit of time ¢} fs directly aroportional fo intensity and inversely proportional to time d) varies exponentially wilh time and directly with intensity. Which is the Sollowing factor will not materially influence the image density of radiagragh? 2} the type of flm used ©) the total amount of radiation emitted by the X ray or gammaray sauree 4) the intensifying action of the screen, A1,00k Vp X - ray machine used in conjunction with 2 Jead foil screen has an approximate practical thickness limit of: a) 1112 “of stool or its equivalent 1b) 3*Gf steo! or its equivalent Srof steel oF its equivalent 1d} 16°0f stea! or ts equivalent Because of geometrical factors such as source size, sourced to specimen distance and specimen to fim distance there can be a lack of prefect sharpness at the edge of indications. The unsharpness caused by geomatrical factors may be refered to as the: 2) astigmatic effect. [Bipenumbral shadow. ©) facus varation, 8) none of the above “Two factors which greatly affect the suitability of the target material in an X- ray tube are a} tensile strength and yield strength. b)_ meting paint ane magnetic strength. C}_eecrica resistance and tensile strength, [Gi atomic number and meting point Page 9 of 1788) 89) LEVEL Il QUESTIONS - RT ‘The reason the exposer time must be increased by a factor of four when the source to film distance is double is: 8) the intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential rate when the source to film distance is. Increased b) the qualiy of radiation is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the source to film, ©] the intensity of radiation is invearsely proportaional to the square of the distance from "the source to film, 4) the scattered radiation effect is greater as the source to film distance increases. ‘The most important factor for dotormining the amount of X - ray absorption of a specimen Is tho: a) thicknoss of the specimen, bb), density of the specimen. )] atomic number of the material 20 91) 92) 93) 94) 95) 96) ) tho distance between the radation source and the material examined should bo as small as practical. €)_the fim should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. [@)] the contral ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the fim as possible, to preserve spatial relationships. 159)_An dium - 192 gamma - ray source has an approximate practical thickness mit of of steel ots equivalent b) 4"of steel or its equivalent ) 7 1/2 "of steel or ts equivalents €) 117of steel ois equivalent 154) The half fe radioactive cesium - 137 is nearest a) 36 days b) 6years 30 years ) 526 days 155) The slope of the H & D curve of a radiographic fim is called: a) speed b) latitude [e)] gamma or gradient 'd) density 156) An x ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: 2) poor definetion [Bi] low contrast ©) high speed Page 16 of 17LEVEL II QUESTIONS - RT 4) none of the above 187) The projected area of the target of an X - ray tube is called: a) focal spot b) focus ¢)| effective focal spot ‘@) geometric unsharpness 158) The relation ship between frequency, velocity, and wave length ofan electromagnetic wave is normally a) b) Where f= frequency 3 = speed of ght 0 wavelength 159) The correct equation for determining geometric unsharpness Ug is: 2) Up=f/td b) fugue Where d= source fo fim distance c) Ug=dt/t »bject to film distance B]us=n/6 = size of radiaton source 160) An exposure technique is established to obtain a 2.0 density using type “D"fim and automatic 2), reduce by approximately 30% \creased by approximately 99% ©) increased by approximately 30% ) reduce by approximately 09% Page 17 of 17D>Q00B>OS>OBOF S002 02000 B0BOFQ00>00>0>00B LEVEL Il QUESTIONS - RT ANSWERS LEVEL II SOUROFOBZI00BO0OR BBUF OBDOBBO>OOU>>O>O0B0 at 82 83 84 a5, a6 87 88, 89 90 o1 92 93, 94 95 96 or 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 108 107 108 109 110 "1 112 113, 114 115 116 17 118, 119 120 o0R0m>00 O> BO>OMMO0O>0B02O0000FB0000000> 124 122 123 124 128 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 138 137 138 139 140 “1 142 143, 144 145, 146 147 148, 149 150 151 182 153 154 185 156 187 158 159 160 BOPOPDOFOB>FOOB0O>OBE>OT DO BBDOUBDUBO>B000B Page 1 of 1