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Chapter 1 Methods
Chapter 1 Methods
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Automated Teller Machine was first introduced in 1960 by City Bank of New York
on a trial basis with the concept of this machine was for customers to pay utility bills and get a
receipt without a teller .Today, the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) has made daily business
transaction fast and easy. Employers deposit their employees salary to their individual bank
account and employees can conveniently withdraw their hard earned salary in any ATM using
their bank card and Personal Identification Number (PIN). However, recent reports of thieves
using lost or stolen ATM card of other people have been causing concern among users because it
causes devastating financial lost as the owner may lose entire months salary or years of hard
earned savings. The proponents would like to conceptualize a biometric solution to uniquely
identify the real card owner in order to reduce cases of ATM fraud. Biometric identification can
be obtained from eye pattern, fingerprint, facial geometry and even voice. The most common
mode of biometric is through fingerprint scanning because it is easy to use and has cheaper
hardware compared to other biometric sources. However, the fingerprint technology is an easy
target to fraud because people leave their fingerprints on virtually everything they touch and can
be duplicated by the thief.
Our proposal will be using a relatively new way of sourcing biometric by using the hand
vein of an individual. According to Anne Marie Nadort last May 2007, the inter-variability of
individual vascular structures is high and no resource has reported the existence of similar hand
vein patterns, not in the right and left hand of one person, not in fingers of the same hand, and
even not between identical twins. Her research suggests that hand vein pattern of each individual
is unique and can be used for identification. Unlike the fingerprint, vein patterns are internal to
the body which makes it difficult method to forge or duplicate. The proponents would like to
significantly reduce the rampant ATM fraud by virtually limiting the access of thieves to the use
of stolen ATM cards or credit cards because the ATM account can only be accessed through the
users unique hand vein pattern.
system?
What digital signal processing techniques will be used to process scanned hand
vein
ATM
If the system for hand vein pattern extraction to be used in ATM is determined, the
implementation of our proposal will have a significant impact on the security of business
transactions involving the use of banking card as it will greatly reduce monetary losses due to the
occurrence of ATM fraud involving identity theft. With this in mind, the proposal will have far
reaching effect on the following entities:
ATM card owners
The ATM card owners are the victims of ATM fraud which may occur if
thief gains possession of the ATM card by stealing and at the same time
hacked the PIN of the victim. Our proposal will remove
in possession in order to transact with the
to steal because the hand vein
time it will result to ease
regarding
the
have knowledge or
pattern will serve as ATM card for the user. At the same
and convenience because the user will have no more problems
misplaced or lost ATM card because the hand itself serves as the ATM card.
identification.
industrial,
domestic,
Unlike
difficulty in accessing users monetary account because the hand vein pattern is internal to the
body and cannot be easily duplicated unlike the fingerprint. The proponents will also be
developing defense mechanisms to consider different circumstances in which the thief may resort
to ingenious technical skills to hack and infiltrate the system. In this way, the system will prevent
the evil doers from grabbing the hard earned money of other people.
Biometric sources tend to be altered as human age progresses because it is directly
affected by cellular growth, damage and aging process. According to Anna Marie Nadort last
May 2007, the human skeleton grows in the first phases and shrinks in the last phases. The
vascular network will extend and evolve throughout life, with major changes before 20 and
minor changes during the ageing process from 20 years on. This piece of information limits the
applicability of our proposal. It means that the scope of the proposal as a biometric identification
is applicable only for users of age bracket 20 years and older. The proponents still find the
system practical because bank accounts are not usually issued to minors with ages below 18
years old. However, there is limited literature concerning the upper age limit that can still use
this biometric identification system for ATM. Another important limiting factor considered are
the cases of physical hand deformation due to accident which includes but not limited to hand
amputation.