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8 SeismicVelocity PDF
8 SeismicVelocity PDF
73
Type of formation
P wave
velocity
(m/s)
S wave
velocity
(m/s)
Density
(g/cm3)
300-700
100-300
1.7-2.4
Density of
constituent
crystal
(g/cm3)
-
Dry sands
400-1200
100-500
1.5-1.7
2.65 quartz
Wet sands
Saturated shales and clays
Marls
Saturated shale and sand sections
Porous and saturated sandstones
Limestones
1500-2000
1100-2500
2000-3000
1500-2200
2000-3500
3500-6000
400-600
200-800
750-1500
500-750
800-1800
2000-3300
1.9-2.1
2.0-2.4
2.1-2.6
2.1-2.4
2.1-2.4
2.4-2.7
2.65 quartz
2.65 quartz
2.71 calcite
Chalk
Salt
2300-2600
4500-5500
1100-1300
2500-3100
1.8-3.1
2.1-2.3
2.71 calcite
2.1 halite
Anhydrite
Dolomite
4000-5500
3500-6500
2200-3100
1900-3600
2.9-3.0
2.5-2.9
Granite
Basalt
4500-6000
5000-6000
2500-3300
2800-3400
2.5-2.7
2.7-3.1
(Ca, Mg)
CO32.8-2.9
-
Gneiss
Coal
Water
Ice
Oil
4400-5200
2200-2700
1450-1500
3400-3800
1200-1250
2700-3200
1000-1400
1700-1900
-
2.5-2.7
1.3-1.8
1.0
0.9
0.6-0.9
Flat asymptote
VP
Dry
Number
of cracks
Crack shape
Dry
Sat.
S
Saturated
Westerly
Granite
Westerly Granite
Sat.
Velocity
Velocity (km/s)
(km/s)
Water-saturated
Sat.
5
Velocity (km/s)
Velocity
(km/s)
Bedford
Bedford Limestone
Limestone
5
4
Dry
Sat.
3
2
1
0
100
200
300
Dry
6
5
4
300
Solenhofen Limestone
Webatuck Dolomite
dolomite
Webatuck
Sat.
200
Solenhofen limestone
Velocity
(km/s)
Velocity (km/s)
100
Sat.
7
Velocity
Velocity(km/s)
(km/s)
Dry
Dry
5
4
Sat. and Dry
2
0
100
200
300
100
Effective Pressure (bars)
200
F.1
Pressure-Dependence of Velocities
Vs
= 1.0 0.38* exp(Peff /12)
Vs(40)
Vp
= 1.0 0.40 *exp(Peff /11)
Vp(40)
F29
Gas
Water Difference
Small
impedance
increase from
fluids
Modest
impedance
decrease
from pressure
Increasing Pp
F32
78
Increasing Sw
Gas
Water Difference
Large
impedance
increase
Small
impedance
decrease
Increasing Sw
F32
Increasing Pp
79
lmp = V = modulus
Fontainebleau Sandstone
15% porosity
F.4
81
82
Velocity (km/s)
5.4
Increasing pore
pressure
5.2
5
4.8
water
4.6
oil
dry
4.4
0
10 15 20 25 30
Pore Pressure (MPa)
35
F.6
40
83
84
85
86
Curves on the left show the typical increase of velocity with effective
pressure. For each sample the velocity change is associated with the
opening and closing of cracks and flaws. These are typical when rapid
changes in effective pressure occur, such as during production.
Curves on the right show the same data projected on the velocity- porosity
plane. Younger, high porosity sediments tend to fall on the lower right.
Diagenesis and cementation tend to move samples to the upper left
(lower porosity, higher velocity). One effect of over- pressure is to inhibit
diagenesis, preserving porosity and slowing progress from lower right to
upper left. This is called loading type overpressure. Rapid, late stage
development of overpressure can open cracks and grain boundaries,
resembling the curves on the left. This is sometimes called transient or
unloading overpressure. In both cases, high pressure leads to lower
velocities, but along different trends.
89
F31
Velocity (km/s)
p =80 MPa
c
4.5
VP
p =0
p
4
St. Peter sandstone
3.5
p =80 MPa
VS
p =0
2.5
20
40
60
80
Velocity (km/s)
3.6
p =80 MPa
3.4
3.2
VS
p =0
p
2.8
2.6
0
20
40
60
80
F.9
Experiments that illustrate the effective pressure law. In the first part of
the experiment, effective pressure is increased by increasing confining
pressure from 0 to 80 MPa, while keeping pore pressure zero (solid dots).
Then, effective pressure is decreased by keeping confining pressure fixed
at 80 MPa, but pumping up the pore pressure from 0 to nearly 80 MPa
(open circles). (Jones,1983.)
The curves trace approximately (but not exactly) the same trend. There is
some hysteresis, probably associated with frictional adjustment of crack
faces and grain boundaries. For most purposes, the hysteresis is small
compared to more serious difficulties measuring velocities, so we assume
that the effective pressure law can be applied. This is a tremendous
convenience, since most laboratory measurements are made with pore
pressure equal 0.
91
4
Sat.
3.5
p p=1MPa
p =41 MPa
Velocity (km/s)
Velocity
VP
pp=0
3
Dry
2.5
Dry
p =0
p
p p=1MPa
1.5
Sat.
VS
p =41 MPa
p
1
0.5
F.11
50
100
150
Confining
(MPa)
Confining Pressure
Pressure (MPa)
200
Pore
pressure
Confining
pressure
transducer
Rock
sample
transducer
Jacket
Concept of
Induced Pore Pressure
= 1bar
transducer
We expect a small
induced pressure
in stiff pores
transducer
93
Pp ~ 0.2bar
Stiff Pore
Pp ~ 1bar
Soft Pore
Chalk
3.5
Velocity
Velocity (km/s)
(km/s)
= 30.6%
VP
Sw
100
0
80
5
10
20
40
60
2.5
VS
2
5
1.5
10
20
30
Effective Pressure (MPa)
40
F.12
50
F.16
F30
Traveltime increase in
steamed interval after a few
months of steam injection.
96
V/Vo
Bedford limestone
Vp
0.9
Vs
0.8
0.7
-4
-2
10
Temperature
1.1
1
/
Barre granite
0.9
0.8
0.7
Bedford limestone
0.6
0.5
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Log viscosity (poise)
10
F.17
Temperature
F.18
98
F.19
99
F30
100
API = 141.5
131.5
O
F30
F30
102
F30
103
Soft
Deepwater
Sands
104
Fluid Properties
T
K =K
C P
1
S
1
T
105
Axial Stress
P and S waves
F.20
Fr
ac
tur
e
SII
Source
S II
Source
S IIA
1.2
P
Source
1.1
V/Vo
1
0.9
P
S
SII
SIIA
0.8
0.7
0.6
20
40
60
80
100
F.21
90
horizontal (c1 1)
V p 2
80
70
60
vertical (c3 3)
50
40
30
20
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
fabric anisotropy
0.8
1
layered
Isotropic mixture
slight alignment
Virtually any rock that has a visual layering or fabric at a scale finer
than the seismic wavelength will be elastically and seismically
anisotropic. Sources can include elongated and aligned grains and
pores, cracks, and fine scale layering. Velocities are usually faster
for propagation along the layering.
108
110
F.23
111
F.24