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Tenses PDF
Tenses PDF
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HE
SHE
IT
like hamburger.
likes hamburger.
Rule 1: After I, you, we, and they simple form of verb is used.
Rule 2: After he, she it (3rd person singular) a final -(e)s is added to the simple form of the verb.
b) Negative Sentences
I
YOU
WE THEY
HE
SHE
IT
In the negative form of simple present tense, helping verbs (auxiliary verbs DO and DOES are necessary to
use. After I, You, We They the helping verb DO NOT (DONT) is used with the simple form of the verb. After
He, She, It the helping verb DOES NOT (DOESNT) is used with the simple form of the verb; -(e)s is never
used. It is only used in affirmative sentences.
DO
DOES
I
YOU
WE
THEY
HE
SHE
IT
like hamburger ?
like hamburger ?
In question sentences, the helping verbs DO and DOES are used in the beginning of the sentences.
The simple forms of the verbs are used: -(e)s is never used.
talk talks
suggest suggests
believe believes
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
love
Prefer
know
understand
hate
see
need
hear
Want
Taste
believe
smell
remember
look
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
To start the machine, press the yellow button and turn the arrow to the right.
h) Newspaper Headlines
i) Ceremonial Use
of time
a) Frequency adverbs
John
always _________100%
usually ( generally)
very often
often (frequently)
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
hardly
never___________0%
On Wednesdays
Every Wednesday
Once a week
Twice a month
Every summer
Etc.
1.5
Ted
On Wednesdays
Every Wednesday.
Once a week
Twice a month
Every summer
Etc.
Is
always _________100%
usually ( generally)
very often
often (frequently)
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
hardly
never___________0%
am eating hamburger
am having breakfast
am playing football
HE
SHE
IT
is eating hamburger
s having breakfast
is playing football
YOU
WE
THEY
b) Negative Sentences
am not eating hamburger
I
HE
SHE
IT
YOU
WE
THEY
In the negative form of present continuous tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb BE
( am, is, are).
I am not dancing.
She is not writing a letter at the moment.
My mother is not making a cake today.
We are not working today. Its holiday.
c) Question Sentences
Am
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?
Is
he
she
it
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?
Are
we
you
they
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?
In question sentences, the helping verbs AM, IS, ARE are used in the beginning of the sentences.
ING is added to the main verb.
RULE 1:
RULE 2:
RULE 3:
RULE 4:
Two vowels + One Consonant ---------- ADD ing ; do not double the consonant
keep --------- keeping
read --------- reading
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" "constantly" or forever expresses the idea that
something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present but with
negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" forever or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing."
at present
My father will buy a new car soon. For the time being he is using mine.
for the time being
UNESCO is currently holding its annual assembly in Paris.
currently
While the children are playing in the garden, I will wash the car.
While / When
Look! Somebody is following us.
Look! , Listen! Etc.
MENTAL STATE
EMOTIONAL STATE
POSSESSION
SENSE PERCEPTION
The verbs written in blue can be used in both progressive and non-progressive form with a change in meaning.
See the examples:
THINK
(a)
(b)
What do you think about the new English teacher? I think he is a nice man !
I am thinking about the exam tomorrow. It will be a difficult one.
In (a) think is a stative verb which shows opinion. In (b) on the other hand, think is a continious
action which is physical and visible. You can sometimes see people thinking and understand that
they are doing this activity.
HAVE
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
In (e) smell is a stative verb.Flowers are not doing any activity of smelling phsically. In(f) the verb
smell has an active meaning . You can see the girl doing this activity ,therefore it is used in
progressive form.
Shut up Tom! You shouldnt shout at your mother.You are being very rude.
Mary is being very funny today. She must be very happy about the coming holiday.
Please note that adjectives angry, beautiful, handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, nervous,
old,sick, tall, thirsty, young doesnt describe temporary behaviour , and cannot be used am/is/are + being .
INCORRECT: My grandmother is being old
CORRECT : My grandmother is old.
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I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
ll write a letter
In the positive sentence form, the helping verb will is used with the simple forms of the verbs (V1)
after all subjects.
b) Negative Sentences
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
In the negative form of simple future tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb will.
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Will
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
eat hamburger?
write a letter?
In question sentences, the helping verb will is used just before the subject of the sentences. Simple
form of the verbs ( V1) are used after the subject.
I
am going to
He
She
It
is going to
We
You
They
are going to
write a letter.
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Negative Sentences
I
am not going to
He
She
It
is not going to
We
You
They
write a letter.
I didnt study last night, and I am not going to study tonight either.
They are not going to play football this afternoon.
John is sick. He isnt going to be in class tomorrow.
I have changed my plans. I am not going to fly to Istanbul this weekend.
c) Question Sentences
Am
I
He
She
it
Is
going to
write a letter?
We
You
they
Are
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I am tired of taking the bus to work. I am going to buy a car as soon as possible.
I bought some paint this morning. I am going to paint the garage tomorrow.
I am going to start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today.
We are going to wait here until Jessica comes.
When they get to the hotel, they are going to jump into the swimming pool.
Bill is coming to the meeting tomorrow. (= Bill is going to come to the meeting tomorrow.)
We are flying to Istanbul tonight. (= We are going to fly to Istanbul tomorrow.)
They are playing football this afternoon. (=They are going to play football this afternoon.)
I am leaving home tomorrow morning. (= I am going to leave home tomorrow morning.)
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CORRECT: Before Mary goes to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.
INCORRECT: Before Mary will go to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.
CORRECT: I will get some fresh fruit when I go to the market tomorrow.
INCORRECT: I will get some fresh fruit when I will go to the market tomorrow.
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1 . PAST FORM OF BE
POSITIVE SENTENCE
I
He
She
It
We
You were at home last night.
They
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
I
He
She
It
We
You werent at home last night.
They
QUESTION SENTENCES
I
he
Was she
it
we
Were you at home last night?
they
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
In positive sentence form of the Simple Past tense, V2 (Simple Past Form of the verbs) is used after the subject.
I watched TV last night.
The snow stopped a few minutes ago. Now the weather is nice.
Linda came home very late last night.
Last year I traveled to Japan.
Hasan studied hard all year. He passed all his exams last week.
Sally called the police yesterday because someone stole her car while she was at the supermarket.
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b) Negative Sentences
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did not
didnt
In the negative form of the simple past tense, helping verb didnt and simple form of the verbs is used. Please
note that V2 is only used affirmative (positive) sentences.
c) Question Sentences
Did
you
he
she
t
we
you
they
While making question sentences, the helping verb did is used in the beginning of the sentence. The verb
is used in its simple form.
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RULE 1:
RULE 2:
One vowel + One consonant ----------- Double the consonant and ADD ed
plan ----------- planned
stop ------------ stopped
RULE 3:
Two vowels + One Consonant ---------- ADD -ed ; do not double the consonant
rain --------- rained
need --------- needed
RULE 4:
RULE 5:
RULE 6:
I finished work, went home, had a shower and went to bed early.
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The Simple Past can be used with a duration that starts and stops in the past. A duration is a long action often
used with expressions like "for two years," "for five minutes," "all day" or "all year."
I lived in Istanbul for 5 years, from 1990 to 1995. ( I dont live there anymore)
Jane studied Chinese for 3 years.
We talked on the phone for 30 minutes.
How long did they wait for the bus?
Some clauses begin with a time adverbs such as after, before or when. These clauses are not complete
sentences and dont have a complete meaning. They are just used to give a time reference in a sentence form.
Such clauses are called time clauses. For example;
As stated above, time clauses cannot be used alone because they are not complete sentences that
have a complete meaning. Therefore, are used as an addition to the main clause. A time clause can come in
front of a main clause. There is no difference in meaning.
or,
or,
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After the children got home from school, they watched TV.
Before we entered the cinema, we bought the tickets.
I cleaned my room before my mother came home.
After Sally ate dinner, she went to the library,
Sally went to the library after she ate dinner.
When clauses" are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. For
example:
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I
YOU
WE
THEY
In the positive sentence form of the Present Perfect Tense, helping verbs have / has + V3 are used
after the subject.
b) Negative Sentences
HE
SHE
IT
I
YOU
WE
THEY
In the negative form of present perfect tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verbs has /
have.
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c) Question Sentences
Has
he
she
it
Have
we
you
they
eaten hamburger?
In question sentences, the helping verbs have / has are used in the beginning of the sentences. V3 is
used after the subject.
a)
The Present Perfect Tense expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before
the present time, at an indefinite time in the past. When the action happened is not important. If the
definite time is given, the simple past tense is used.
They have moved to a new apartment. They moved there last week.
I have washed the car. (It is clean now!)
I have never seen such a big building. (All my life)
I have met Bills wife. I met her at a party last night.
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant yet?
I think I have seen that girl before.
b) When used with for , since, so far, up till now, untill now the present perfect tense refers to an
action which began in the past and continues up to the present.
c)
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d) The
present perfect
is usedSchool
when the
time period has not finished.
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e)
The present perfect tense refers to the actions completed in a very recent past .
When for is used with the present perfect tense, it also means that the action began in the past and continues
to the present. For is followed by the mention of a length of time : two minutes, three hours, four days, five years
etc...
FOR +
A LENGTH OF TIME
ten minutes.
three hours
ten days
about eight years
several weeks
many years
a long time
years
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in negative questions
Havent they ever been to Turkey?
Hasnt she ever met John?
NEVER means at no time before. It is important to note that , never is a negative adverb, and
used with not in a sentence.
it shouldnt be
CORRECT:
I have never eaten caviar.
CORRECT:
She has never failed any exams.
INCORRECT: I havent never eaten caviar. Or She hasnt never failed any exams.
ALREADY expresses the idea that something has happened before now, sooner than expected and there is
no need for repetition.
You dont need to go to the post office. I have already posted the letters.
Dont take the car to the mechanic.I have already fixed it.
Have you already finished your homework?
I have seen that movie already.
YET expresses the idea that something has not happened untill now ( up to this time), but it may happen in the
future. It is used in the end of a sentence.
JUST expresses the idea that something happened a very short time ago, and it is a very recent event.
No, thanks. I have just eaten a sandwich.
They have just gone out.
Mr. Green has just called you.
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I
HE
SHE
IT
YOU
WE
THEY
b) Negative Sentences
I
HE
SHE
IT
YOU
WE
THEY
In the negative form of past continuous tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb BE
(was / were).
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c) Question Sentences
I
he
she
it
Was
we
you
they
Were
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?
In question sentences, the helping verbs WAS, WERE are used in the beginning of the sentences.
ING is added to the main verb.
b) Past continuous is very often used with the past simple to say that something happened in the middle of another activity.
In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous).
When - While As
b)
Never use while and as in the time clause if the verb is simple past
INCORRECT: While I came home, my sister was talking on the phone.
INCORRECT: As I came home, my sister was talking on the phone.
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HE
SHE
IT
I
YOU
WE
THEY
In the positive sentence form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense, helping verbs
have been / has been + VING are used after the subject.
b) Negative Sentences
HE
SHE
IT
I
YOU
WE
THEY
In the negative form of Present Perfect Continuous Tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping
verbs has been / have been.
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Has
he
she
it
Have
we
you
they
In question sentences, the helping verbs have / has are used in the beginning of the sentences.
BEEN + VING is used after the subject.
b) When the present perfect continuous tense is used without any specific mention of time, it indicates a
general activity in progress recently, lately.
c) My wife has been thinking about changing her car.
a. The students have been studying hard. The final exams start next week.
b. Toms clothes look very dirty. He has been painting the house.
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With certain verbs such as live, work, and teach, there is little or no difference in meaning between the
two tenses when since or for is used
I have lived here since 1990. or I have been living here since 1990.
She has worked at the same company for five years. / She has been working at the same
company for five years.
Be careful about the non-progressive verbs, which cannot be used in continuous tenses.
CORRECT : I have known Jim for ten years.
INCORRECT: I have been knowing Jim for ten years.
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8- FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
NEGATIVE FORM
QUESTION FORM
S + will be + Ving + O
Will + S + be + Ving + O
Dont call me between five and seven. I will be studying for an exam tomorrow.
This is my last month in this city. This time next month , I will be living in Paris.
I will be watching my favourite TV program this time tomorrow evening.
When your plane arrives at the airport tonight, I will be waiting for you.
At 8:00 this morning, I will be washing the car.
Our plane will be taking off in a few minutes.
At this time next week, we will be lying on the beach.
When I get up tomorrow morning , the sun will be shining.
This is my last year at this university. This time next year, I will be working at a bank.
Dont call me between seven and eight. I will be having dinner then.
We will be playing football at this time tomorrow evening.
When you are in Australia, will you be staying with friends?
At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract
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NEGATIVE FORM
QUESTION FORM
S + had + V3 + O
S + had not + V3 + O
Had + S + V3 + O
When I got to the garage, the mechanic had fixed the car.
My sister had just left by the time I arrived home.
The meeting had already started by the time the press came.
We had just sat down to dinner when the phone rang.
I had just left the elevator when the electricity went out.
I was sure that I had never seen that man before.
When I got home yesterday, my mother had already cooked the dinner.
By the time we got to the theatre, the play had already started.
When Sam was born, I had been a doctor for 10 years.
My son had already learnt how to read by the time he started the primary school.
The hotel had just been robbed by the time the police arrived.
I had read a lot about Scotland before I went there.
b. When before or after is used in a sentence, the past perfect is not necessary because the time
relationship is already clear; therefore, simple past may be used instead, without any change in the
meaning.
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NEGATIVE FORM
QUESTION FORM
The passengers at the bus stop were very angry. They had been waiting for the bus for 45 minutes.
The detectives had been searching for the murderer for a long time before they arrested him.
He had only been studying French for two years before he got the job
My father had been working for that company before it finally went bankrupt.
b. Past perfect continuous is also used to express an activity in progress close in time to another activity
or time in the past.
John was out of breath when he came in. He had been jogging.
When I saw Mary, her eyes were red. She had been crying.
Brian gained overweight because he had been overeating.
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NEGATIVE FORM
QUESTION FORM
S + will have + V3 + O
Will + S + have + V3 + O
I will have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter.
They will have completed the bridge by the end of the year.
I save $500 a month. This is February. By next July I will have saved $3000
We got married in 1980. Its 2000 now. By 2010 we will have been married for 30 years.
I hope I will have finished this report by the end of the day.
We will have already eaten dinner by the time you join us.
NEGATIVE FORM
QUESTION FORM
He will have been working for this company for 35 years by next October.
By the time we get to Istanbul, I will have been driving for more than 8 hours.
By the end of this week, I will have been waiting for seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired.
We will have been flying non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Hawaii.
I will graduate in May. I will see you in September. By the time I see you in September, I will
have graduated.
I will have finished the project by the time you arrive at the office tomorrow morning.
She will have prepared the dinner by the time we get home.
The scientists will have found the cure for cancer by 2030.
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I will start working at 10am. Pam will get to the office at 2 pm. I will have been working for four
hours by the time Pam gets to the office.
a. They will have been watching the film for 30 minutes by the time we arrive at the cinema.
b. I was born in 1975 and its 2001 now. By 2040, I will have been living for 65 years.
c.
Sometimes the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous have the same meaning as in below
examples. Also notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.
When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have worked for our company for 40 years.
When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have been working for our company for 40 years.
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