YIELD LINE ANALYSIS
Energy Method
1. Determine the ultimate moment of a square isotropic slab simply
supported on three sides and subjected to a uniform load q per unit
area.
Solution:
l
Part-1
1
m
Part-3
Part-2
l/2
b
1
l/2
m
2
l/2
l/2
I =
Internal work done
=External work done
I = E
For part 1,
Tan 1
1
x
, For small deflection Tan is equal (Small-angle
approximation)
1
= x
1
l
2
2
l
Page 1 of 25
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I=( m+m' ) l
l
= Projected length of yield line on axis of rotation of that region
(m)
= Angle of rotation of slab panel (rad)
I1
I 3 =I 2
1
x
ml
x
xlx
2
l
m1 x l x
m2
Internal work done,
2m
1
ml
x
E1 + E2 + E3
4m
1
l
= m[ x + 4]
External work done,
It is equal to resultant on each part multiplied by the vertical
displacement of its point of application.
External work done (
E1
) for part-1
1
1
E1=q x x x x l x
2
3
qxl
6
External work done (
E3E 2
) for part-3 or part-2
E3=E 2= One Triangle +One Rectangle
1
l 1
l
1
E3=E 2=q x x x x x +q x x ( lx ) x
2
2 3
2
2
qxl ql(lx )
= 12 +
4
Page 2 of 25
External work done,
qxl
6
qxl
+ 6
q l2
2
q l2
2
qxl
6
2[
qxl ql ( lx )
+
]
12
4
qxl
2
qxl
6
1 x
ql 2 ( )
2 6l
I = E
l
m[ + 4] =
x
1 x
ql 2 ( )
2 6l
q l 2( 3l x)
= 6l( l + 4)
x
q l (3l x) x
6 l (l +4 x )
ql(3l x) x
6(l+ 4 x)
The maximum value of m is obtained when
dm
=0,
dx
( 6 l+ 24 x )( 3 l2 x )=( 3lx x 2)(24)
18 l2 12lx+72 lx48 x 2=72lx24 x 2
2
18 l 12lx24 x =0
x=
(12 l) (12l)24 (24)(18 l 2)
2(24)
= 1.15 l0.65l , Value of
cant be negative
Page 3 of 25
m=
ql (3 l0.65 l)(0.65l)
6 {l+4 ( 0.65 l ) }
ql 2
14.1
2. Consider the isotropic slab with an opening which is simply supported
along the edge AB, built-in along edge BC and CD and supported on a
column at E as shown in figure below. The edges DE, EF and AF are free
and the effect of column size can be ignored. The slab is subjected to a
uniformly distributed load q (KN/m 2) throughout and a live load intensity
p=0.9 qb (KN/m) acting on the free edge AF. Assume that m=2m (KNm/m). Where m and m are the sagging (positive) and hogging (negative)
ultimate moments of resistance per unit length respectively. If a yield line
pattern during collapse is proposed as shown in figure, apply the virtual
work method to determine the optimum value and hence the ultimate
moment m of the slab for b=2.5m and q=12 KN/m2 .
B
UDL=q
Part-2
3b
p=0.9 bq
Part-1
P
Part-3
I F
G
Part-4
E
1.5b
m'=2 m
b=2.5 m
Part-5
H
b
q=12 KN /m
4b
Solution:
EH=b
Page 4 of 25
KJ=1.5b-b=b(1.5-)
JC=4b
BK=b
HD=3b
Assume max displacement of 1 unit along IF
1
Part-1
1
b
tan 2
Part-2
1
3b
1
3b
3
Similarly
4 5
1
1
HD 3b
1
1
1
EH EF b
m=2m
I (m m' )l
Internal work done
m = Sagging ultimate moment (+ve)
m= Hogging ultimate moment (-ve)
i.e on fixed support only.
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
I =( m+m' ) l
I 1 =m x 3 b x
1
b
Page 5 of 25
3m
m
( ' ) (5.5 b ) x
1
1
+m x ( 4 + ) b x
3b
3b
I 2 =
11 m 4 m m
+
+
3
3
3
15 m+ m
3
m+m
1
3b
( ' ) ( 4 b ) x
I 3=
12 m
3
m+m
1
b
I 4=I 5=
( ' ) x b x
3m
Internal work done,
=
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
3m
15 m+m
12 m
3m + 3m
+
+
3
3 +
3
15+
= +
+10]
3
m
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4 + E 5
1
1
1
E1=q x x b x 3 b x +0.9 qb x b x +0.9 qb(1.5) b
2
3
2
Page 6 of 25
3 q b
+0.45 q b 2+1.35 q b20.9 q b 2
6
0.05 q b +1.35 q b
1
1
1
1
E2=0.5 q b 2+ q x ( 1.5 ) b x 3 b x +q x b x 3 bx + q x x 3 b x 3 b x
2
2
2
3
=
0.5 q b2 +2.25 q b 21.5 q b2 +1.5 q b2 +1.5 q b 2
5.25 q b2 q b2
E3=1.5 q b2 +q x 3 b x b x
2
1
2
= 1 .5 q b +1 .5 q b
2b/3
2
= 3 qb
b/3
CG
a
a/3
2a/3
Axis of rotation pass through column
Page 7 of 25
1/3
2/3
Part-2
CG
Part-3
CG
F
G
Part-4
E
Part-5
H
2/3
1/3
1
2
E4 =E5=q x x b x b x
2
3
2
= 0.33 q b
External work done,
=
qb
0.05 q b +1.35 q b
E1 + E2 + E3
2
+
2
+ 5.25 q b q b
E4 + E 5
+3 q b
+0.33 q b
+0.33
2
2
= 10.27 q b 0.95 q b
q b 2 [10.270.95 ]
I = E
3
15+
+
+10] =
3
m
m=
q b 2 [10.270.95 ]
q b2 [10.270.95 ]
3 15+
+
+10
Page 8 of 25
The maximum value of m is obtained when
3 15+
( +
+10)(0.95) =
(10.270.95 )(
dm
=0,
d
3 1
+ )
2
3
2.85
30.81
2.85
4.75.32 9.5=
+ 3.42+
0.32
2
30.81 5.7
17.67=0
2
30.815.7 17.67 2=0
=
5.7 (5.7)24(30.81)(17.67)
2(17.67)
= -1.49 or 1.17, Value of
cant be negative
12(2.5)2 [10.270.95(1.17)]
m=
3 15+1.17
+
+10
1.17
3
= 38.26 KN-m/m
3. Determine the ultimate moment and find out the optimum value of
for the given pattern of yield line as shown in Fig. 2
m' =2 m
UDL=q
Part-3
Part-4
Part-2
0.75b
Solution:
b
Fig. 2
Part-1
Part-5
H
b
D
b
Page 9 of 25
Assume maximum vertical displacement=1 along MN
Then find deflections at F and E (
Displacement at E and F ,
1= 5=
2 4
F E
E = F =
) by similar triangles method
b
1
=
b+ b 1+
F
0.75b
1
1
b b (1 )b
1
b
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
I =( m+m' ) l
I 1 =I 5=m x b x
mxbx
F
0.75b
1
0.75 b(1+ )
m
0.75(1+ )
1.33 m
1+
m+m
1
b ( 1+ )
I 2=I 4=
( ' ) x 1.75 b x
5.25 m
1+
Page 10 of 25
I 3 =m x 2(b+b) x
1
b
2 (1+ ) m
Internal work done,
2
= 2
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
1.33 m 5.25 m
+
+2 ( 1+ ) m
1+
1+
2
1.33 m+5.25 m 2(1+ ) m
+
1+
(1+ )
2
6.58 m 2(1+ 2 + ) m
2
+
=
1+
(1+ )
13.16 m+2 m+ 4 m +2 m 2
=
1+
( 15.16+4 +2 2 ) m
1+
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4 + E 5
1
1
1
E1=E 5=q x x 0.75 b x b x
x
2
1+ 3
0.125 q b2
1+
1
1
1
1
1
E2=E 4=q x x 0.75 b x b x
x +q x x b x (1+ ) b x
2
1+ 3
2
3
2
0.125 q b
+ 0.17 q b2 +0.17 q b 2
1+
1
1
1
E3=2 q x x b x (1+ ) b x +q x (12 ) b xbx
2
3
2
Page 11 of 25
( 1+ ) q b2 (12 ) q b 2
+
=
3
2
2
= 0.33 q b + 0.33 q b +0.5 q b q b
2
2
= 0.83 q b 0.67 q b
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4 + E 5
2( 0.125 q b2 )
0.125 q b2
+2
+ 0.17 q b 2+0.17 q b2 +0.83 q b 20.67 q b 2
1+
1+
0.5 q b2
+1.17 q b20.33 q b 2
1+
q b2
= 1+ [0.5+1.17 ( 1+ ) 0.33 ( 1+ ) ]
2
qb
2
= 1+ [1.67 +0.84 0.33 ]
I = E
( 15.16+4 +2 2 ) m
1+
Therefore,
m=
qb
[1.67+0.84 0.33 2 ]
1+
q b2 [1.67+0.84 0.33 2]
( 15.16+4 +2 2 )
The maximum value of m is obtained when
dm
=0,
d
( 15.16+ 4 + 2 2 ) ( 0.840.66 )=[1.67+ 0.84 0.33 2](4 +4 )
12.7310.01 + 3.36 2.64 2+1.68 21.32 3=6.68+6.68 +3.36 +3.36 21.32 21.32 3
6.0516.69 3 2=0
Page 12 of 25
16.69 (16.69)24 (6.05)(3)
=
2(3)
= -5.9 or 0.34, Value of
m=
cant be negative
q b2 [1.67+0.84 (0.34)0.33(0.34)2 ]
2
[15.16+ 4(0.34)+2 ( 0.34 ) ]
=0.1145 q b
KN m/m
4. Consider an isotropic slab with opening as shown in figure 1. The slab is
simply supported along edge CD, fixed support along edges AB and BC
and supported by a column at F. Edges AF, EF and DE are free. The slab is
subjected to uniformly distributed load q KN/m2 and line load along edge
DE with intensity, P=1.5qb (KN/m). Assume that m'= 2m (KN m/m) where
m and m' are positive and negative ultimate moments respectively. If the
proposed yield line fracture pattern is as shown below, determine the
ultimate moment resistance, m per unit length for the slab.
m'
Part-3
UDL=q
2.5b
m
m'
Part-2
E
m
Part-1
m L
m' Part-5
m Part-4
K
2b
m' =2 m
P=1.5 qb
q=10 KN /m2
C
3.5b
1.5b
b=2 m
Page 13 of 25
Solution:
Assume maximum displacement of 1 unit along line JK
Displacement at E
(5-2)b
3.5b
From similar triangles approach
1
E
3.5b
1 (5 - 2 )b
3.5
(5 - 2 )
E
3.5
b (5 - 2 )b
Rotations,
JK
1
2
(5 - 2 )b (5 - 2 )b
JK
1
3
(2.5b - b) (2.5 - )b
1
4
2b
1
5
b
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
I =( m+m' ) l
I 1 =m x 3.5 b x
E
b
m x 3.5 b x
3.5
(52 ) b
12.25 m
52
Page 14 of 25
m+ m
1
(
b 52 )
I 2=
( ') x 3.5 b x
10.5 m
52
'
I 3 =( m+m ) x 5 bx
15 m
2.5
I 4=( m+m ' ) xbx
1
( 2.5 ) b
1
2 b
3m
2
I 5 =( m+m ' ) x 2 bx
1
b
= 6m
Internal work done,
=
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I 4 + I5
12.25 m 10.5 m 30 m 3 m
+
+
+
+6 m
52 52 52 2
52.75 m 15 m
+
52
2
105.5 m+15 m(52 )
=
2(52 )
m
[90.2515 ]
= (52 )
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4 + E 5
Page 15 of 25
1
3.5
1
1
3.5
E1=q x x 3.5 b x b x
x +1.5 qb x b x x
2
52 3
2 52
2
2.04 q b 2.625 q b
+
52
52
4.67 q b 2
52
E2=
2.04 q b2
1
1
1
+q x ( 52 ) b x b x + q x x (2.5 ) b x(52 ) b x
52
2
2
3
( 12.510 +2 2 ) q b 2
2.04 q b2
+2.5 q b2 2 q b2 +
52
6
2.04 q b
+2.08 q b2 +0.833 q b 20.67 2 q b2
52
E 3=
( 12.510 +2 2 ) q b2
6
2
+ q x 2 bx ( 2.5 ) b x
1
2
2
= 2.08 q b 1.67 q b +0.33 q b + 2.5 q b q b
=
2.08 q b2 +0.833 q b 20.67 2 q b2
1
2
E4 =q x x 2 b x b x
2
3
0.67 2 q b2
1
2
E5=q x x 2 b x b x
2
3
2
0.67 q b
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4 + E 5
=
4.67 q b 2 2.04 q b2
+
+2.08 q b2 +0.833 q b 20.67 2 q b2 +2.08 q b2 +0.833 q b 20.67 2 q b2 +0.67 2 q b2 +0.
52
52
Page 16 of 25
2
= qb
6.71
+ 4.16+1.66 ]
52
qb
2
= 52 [6.71+20.88.32 +8.35 3.32 ]
q b2
2
= 52 [27.51+0.03 3.32 ]
I = E
m
[90.2515 ]=
(52 )
q b2
[27.51+0.03 3.32 2 ]
52
Therefore,
m=
q b [ 27.51+0.03 3.32 ]
[90.2515 ]
The maximum value of m is obtained when
dm
=0,
d
[90.2515 ] ( 0.036.64 )=[27.51+ 0.03 3.32 2 ](15)
2
1.805599.26 0.3 +99.6 =412.650.3 + 49.8
49.8 599.26 + 414.46=0
212.03 +8.32=0
=0.74
or 11.29,
Therefore
=0.74
10(2)2 [27.51+0.03( 0.74)3.32 ( 0.74 )2 ]
m=
[90.2515( 0.74)]
=13.0 KN m/m
5. Find the ultimate moment resistance, m per unit length for the slab
shown in figure.
Page 17 of 25
Find if m=2m, =0.2, b=2.0 m and q=20 KN/m2.
m'
Given,
1.5b
Part-3
m m'
Part-4
UDL=q
P=0.5 qb
(line load)
Part-2
m'
Part-1
(point load)
W =1.5 q b
m' =2 m
3b
1.5b
=0.2 m
b=2.0 m
q=20 KN /m2
Solution:
3
Assume maximum vertical displacement=1 along apex of part
Angle of rotation of each panel is
1
b
1
3b
1
1.5b
1
b
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I4
I =( m+m' ) l
Page 18 of 25
I 1 =(m+m' ) x 3 b x
1
b
9m
I 2 =m x (1.5+ )b x
1
3b
0.5 m+ 0.33 m
I 3 =m ( 3+ ) b x
1
1
+ m' (4.5 b)
1.5 b
1.5 b
2 m+0.67 m+ 6 m
8 m+ 0.67 m
I 4=(m+ m') x 1.5 b x
1
b
4.5 m
Internal work done,
=
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I4
9m
4.5 m
+0.5 m+ 0.33 m+8 m+ 0.67 m+
9 4.5
= m[ + +0.33 +0.67 + 8.5]
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4
1
1
1
E1=q x x 3 b x b x + 0.5 qbx b x +0.5 qb x (1 ) bx 1+ 1.5q b2 x 1
2
3
2
=
0.5 q b2+ 0.25 q b 2+ 0.5 q b20.5 q b2 +1.5 q b 2
0.25 q b 2+ 2.0 q b2
Page 19 of 25
1
1
1
E2=0.5 q b2 +qx ( 1 ) bx 3 b x + q x x 3 b x 1.5b x
2
2
3
2
0.5 q b +1.5 q b 1.5 q b +0.75 q b
2
2
=2 .25 q b q b
1
1
1
2
E3=0.75 q b +q x (1.5 ) b x 1.5 bx + q x x 1.5 bx bx
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
= 0.75 q b +1.125 q b 0.75 q b +0.25 q b
2
1.875 q b 0.5 q b
E4 =0.25 q b2
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4
0.25 q b 2+ 2.0 q b2 +2.25 q b 2q b2 +1.875 q b20.5 q b2 +0.25 q b2
6.125 q b2 0.75 q b 20.25 q b2
2
= q b [6.1250.75 0.25 ]
I = E
9 4.5
m[ +
+0.33 +0.67 + 8.5]=q b2 [6.1250.75 0.25 ]
2
Therefore,
m=
q b [ 6.1250.75 0.25 ]
4.5
[ 53.57+
+0.67 ]
q b [5.9750.25 ]
2
53.57 + 4.5+0.67
The maximum value of m is obtained when
dm
=0,
d
( 53.57 + 4.5+0.67 2 ) ( 5.9750.5 )=[5.975 0.25 2 ](53.57+1.34 )
Page 20 of 25
320.08 26.79 +26.892.25 + 4 .34 =320.08 +8.01 13.39 0.34
17.41 22.25 +26.89=0
=
2.25 (2.25)24 (26.89)(17.41)
2(17.41)
= 1.17 or -1.31, Value of
cant be negative
m=
20(2) [ 5.9750.25 ( 1.17 ) ] 1.17
2
53.57(1.17)+ 4.5+0.67(1.17)
=7.81 KN m/m
6 Determine optimum value of moment resistance and , if =1, b=2.5m
and q=15 KN/m2
C
B
Part-3
1.8b
UDL=q
P=0.8 qb
(line load)
Part-4
Part-2
W
E
(point
Part-1
F
2.5b
W =1.5 q b
D
b
load)
A
1.5b
m' =2 m
Solution
Assume point E has a virtual downward displacement of =1 along apex
of part 3
Page 21 of 25
1
b
1
2.5b
1
1.8b
1
b
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I4
I =( m+m' ) l
I 1 =m x 2.5b x
1
b
2.5 m
I 2 =m x (1.8+ ) b x
1
1
+m' (2.8 b) x
2.5 b
2.5 b
0.72 m+
m
+2.24 m
2.5
2.96 m+
m
2.5
I 3 =m ( 2.5+ ) b x
1
1
+ m' (4.0 b)
1.8 b
1.8 b
1.39 m+
m
+ 4.44 m
1.8
5.83 m+
m
1.8
Page 22 of 25
I 4=m x 1.8 b x
1
b
1.8 m
Internal work done,
I 1 + I 2+ I 3
I4
2.5 m
m
m 1.8 m
+ 2.96 m+
+5.83 m+
+
=
2.5
1.8
2.5
1.8
m[
+
+
+
+8.79]
=
2.5 1.8
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4
1
1
1
2
E1=q x x 2.5 b x b x + 0.8 qbx b x +0.8 qb x (1 ) bx 1+ 1.5 q b x 1
2
3
2
=
0.42 q b 2+ 0.4 q b2+ 0.8 q b2 0.8 q b 2+1.5 q b2
0.02 q b +2.3 q b
1
1
1
E2=0.42 q b2 +qx ( 1 ) bx 2.5 b x + q x x 2.5 b x 1.8 b x
2
2
3
=
0.42 q b 2+1.25 q b21.25 q b2 +0.75 q b 2
2
2
=2 .0 q b 0.83 q b
1
1
1
2
E3=0.75 q b +q x (1.5 ) b x 1.8 bx + q x x 1.8 bx bx
2
2
3
2
= 0.75 q b +1.35 q b 0.9 q b +0.3 q b
=
2.1 q b20.6 q b2
E3=0.3 q b2
External work done,
E1 + E2 + E3
E4
Page 23 of 25
0.02 q b +2.3 q b + 2 .0 q b 0.83 qb
6.4 q b 20.81 q b20.3 q b 2
+ 2.1 q b 0.6 q b +0.3 q b
2
= q b [6.40.81 0.3 ]
I = E
2.5
1.8
2
+
+
+
+8.79]=q b [ 6.40.81 0.3 ]
2.5 1.8
m[
Therefore ultimate moment resistance,
2
m=
q b [6.40.81 0.3 ]
2.5
1.8
[
+
+
+
+8.79]
2.5 1.8
For, =1, b=2.5m and q= 15 KN/m2
m=
q b2 [6.40.81 0.3 ]
2.5
1.8
[
+
+
+
+8.79]
2.5 1.8
2
q b [5.590.3 ]
1.8
+11.69+
1.8
q b [10.060.54 ]
2 +21.04 +3.24
The maximum value of m is obtained when
dm
=0,
d
( 21.04 +3.24+ 2 ) ( 10.061.08 )=[10.06 0.54 2] (21.04+2 )
211.66 22.72 2+32.593.50 + 10.06 21.08 3=211.66 +20.12 211.36 21.08 3
21.42 23.5 + 32.59=0
3.5 (3.5)24 (32.59)(21.42)
2(21.42)
Page 24 of 25
= 1.15 or -1.32, Value of
cant be negative
m=
15(2.5) [ 10.060.54 ( 1.15 ) ] 1.15
2
21.04 (1.15)+ 3.24+( 1.15)
=35.39 KN m/m
Page 25 of 25
