Chapter 1

Chemical bond types

Ionic
Covalent
o
Polar Covalent
Hydrogen
Van der Waals
Water. Slight charge on O and H allow H-bond.
Solvent like dissolves like
Polar & charged molecules / polar solvents
Non-polar molecules / non-polar solvent
Water as solvent
Ionic compounds: Water surrounds ions. Combined H-bond of water molecules and ions >> ionic bond
Polar molecules: Polar molecule/water interaction >> Polar molecules. Molecules dissolve.
Non-polar molecules (oils): Can not form H-bonds. (Usually only C-H bonds, no charge)
o
Water H-bonds itself, forms highly ordered cages around non-polar molecule.

Cages coalesce to surround two non-polar molecules.

Reducing two cages to one cage decreases order, increases entropy.

Amphiphilic molecules: Charged heads H-bond with water. Non-polar tail to cluster to avoid water.
Results in formation of micelles/bilayer vesicle.
o
Polar and non-polar components
o
Fatty acids charged carboxylic acid end and tail with only C-H bonds
Ionization of Water
Always small amount of water molecules ionized ( H2O H+ + OH-)
Forms hydronium ion (H+ + H2O H3O+)
At equilibrium concentrations: H+ and OH- is 10-7 M, H2O is 55.5 M