12.

1 INTRODUCTION

odes engineering sciences are a compromise between

The reality and simplifications necessary for the

mathematical calculations. In this text,
Many simplifying idealizations. A flow will now be studied
highly idealized, affordable and mathematical treatment
At the same time it is useful to understand certain flows. The following
Assumptions are key in the analysis that follows:
Incompresibilidad. Density and specific gravity are considered
Constant.
Zrrotacionalidud. This involves a non-viscous fluid whose
Particles initially move without rotation. Therefore,
rot V = 0.
Permanent flow. It means that all properties and
The flow parameters are independent of time.
To do this analysis, the chapter will be divided into six parts.
Part A. Mathematical Considerations.
Part B. Two-dimensional current function and relations
Important. Here important concepts are established
Which are useful for elementary and necessary studies
For advanced analysis.
Part C. Basic analysis of two - dimensional flows, perma nent,
Irrotational and incompressible. examines
The four basic laws each separately
For this flow and the main equations are developed
On the basis of the quantities given in part
A. Border conditions are introduced.
Part D. Simple two-dimensional flows. Using equations
Of part C, simple flows are introduced and
They notice their different characteristics. These flows are important
In the sense that they are useful in shaping
More complex flows through overlap.
Part E. Overlap of two - dimensional flows: z, z.,: ..,: .. 'J.. (I.e.
Simple. Serving two analyzes are carried out; 'i ~~~~~
To illustrate the most of the overlap. As in: (1): +: ~:
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS

A by-product, these examples demonstrate one of the most important equations in aerodynamics:
The basic equation of support.
Part E Three-dimensional flows colt symmetric axial.

PART A
MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS
12.2 CIRCULATION: CONNECTIVITY OF REGIONS
IA circz & tion is defined as the line integral around a closed path at time t of the
Tangential component of velocity along the path. If r denotes the circulation, we have:
Where c is the closed path. Figure 12.1 illustrates the terms included in the integral.
Figure 12.1
Closed trajectory c to determine the circulation.
-+
-t--t
-w

+
L
-

Figure 12.2
Simply connected domain.
C
".

,I

@
'.

--- f. ,,
Pear 12.4
Multiple related domain.
: ~~ F '
H 12.3
Multiple domain connected.
(12.1)
POTENTIAL FLOW

In analyzes involving circulation it is useful to classify the regions of the flow into simply connected regions
And multiple related regions. Conexu simply a region is one in which any
Closed path forms the edge of a family of hypothetical surfaces known as surfaces
The solvents that do not cut the physical boundaries of the flow. Figure 12.2 illustrates one of these regions of a
flow. Tracks a and b satisfy the above requirement, just like any other trajectory that
Can be imagined in the flow. A region that does not have this property is known as multiply region
Connected. For example, a region including the two-dimensional wing profile (see Figure 12.3) is multiple

Because the path c can not be associated with a surface that does not cut the "profile body
Wing ". The same is true for the path c of Figure 12.4, which surrounds the three-dimensional bull, so that
The region is also multiply connected.

12.3 STOKES THEOREM

To deduce Stokes' theorem, examine the circulation around an infinitesimal rectangular trajectory
Whose plane is parallel to the xy plane, as shown in Figure 12.5. Line integration takes place
In four steps:
AB. Ds corresponds to &, and because of the infinitesimal length of the path no integration is required.
Therefore, for this section we have V, dx as a contribution to the movement.
BC. Of manerasimilar, ds is now dy, and the tangential component of V is in the direction yy has a
value that can be given by a Taylor expansion of the corner conditions A (see
Figure 12.5). Then is obtained (V,) ,, = V, + (NJ &) dx, so that the contribution to the circulation
BC side is [V, + (l & NY) uk] dy.
CD. Now the vector ds is the negative direction of X. In a manner similar to the above analysis, the
tangential velocity is V, + (dV, ldy) dy; therefore, the line integral equals CD - [V, +
(% / A> dY1 Q! K
GIVES. Now the vector ds is in the -y direction, so that the intregracin of the last part is -V ,, dy.
Figure 12.5 Figure 12.6
Infinitesimal rectangle in the planoxy. Finite plane area in xy plane.
When adding the previous terms and canceling what is possible, the following result is reached:
EXTERNAL EXTERNAL FLOW RATES

Examining Eq. (4.18), it will be noted that the amount in parentheses on the right side of the previous
Equation is equal to 2 oZ, ie twice the component of the vector angular velocity perpendicular to the plane
Of the area element. Recalling that 2a = curl V, it can be said to
dT = [V - ds] ,,,, = (rot V) dA (12.3)
In this deduction, an area element with a rectangular shape was used only for convenience; the previous one
Equation is true for any infinitesimal element of area.
Consider now a finite hypothetical flat area A in a flow, which is divided into elements
Infinitesimal area, as shown in Figure 12.6, and to each of them applies the equation (12.2).
If around each element there is movement in the same direction, that is, in the direction of the hands
Of the clock or on the contrary, then the line integrals are annulled everywhere except at the outer border
c when the terms of equation (12.2) are integrated to cover the entire region A. This should be
Clear because each integral border has integrals in opposite directions,
The interior the net result for the total circulation is zero. Then, it can be said that
l- = $ V * ds = // (ROTV) .dA (12.4)
cA
This is the two-dimensional Stokes theorem which equals the circulation of a vector field around a
flat trajectory with the rotational component of the field perpendicular to the flat surface enclosed
By the trajectory.
To establish Stokes' general theorem, examine a hypothetical curved surface within a flow,
Bounded by a non-coplanar curve. This surface is also subdivided into infinitesimal elements of area,
Figure 12.7
Curved surface.
As shown in Figure 12.7. When considering Eq. (12.3) for one of these area elements, you can
To say that
dI '= (rot V) dA = curl V - dA (12.5)
Where the required rotational vector component is clearly perpendicular to the area element. To the
Integrating equation (12.5) for all the area elements on the surface, the integrals in all
The internal boundaries if you maintain the same sense of line integration with all the area elements,
As explained above. The result is the well-known Stokes theorem in three dimensions. Then,
$ IV. Ds = jj rot V. gives
cA
(12.6)
From this manem is related a line integral, which is the velocity field circulation for any
curve c, with a surface integral, which is the integration of the perpendicular component of rotational
Of the velocity field on any surrounding surface for which c is an edge. It should be
That the Stokes theorem has been deduced using a velocity field,
properly consider any continuous vector field B. Then,
$ B. Ds = // rot B. gives
Cn
(12.7)
12.4 CIRCULATION IN IRROTATIONAL FLOWS
With the help of Stokes theorem and the definition of irrotacionalidad, is that circulation in any
simply connected region of an irrotational jlujo is zero for any closed path, because
that you can always join an envelope surface with a trajectory for which (rot V) is zero
By the condition of irrotacionalidad.
For multiple connected regions the circulation around certain trajectories, such as those shown in
Figures 12.3 and 12.4 can not be calculated using the Stokes theorem. However, trajectories that do not
Encloses the infinite body of Figure 12.3 or the bull of Figure 12.4 have zero circulation for flow
Irrotational. The circulation around infinite bodies in two-dimensional flows is of great importance
In aerodynamic lift theory.
12.5 SPEED POTENTIAL
If the velocity components at all points in a region of the flow can be expressed as derivatives
continuous partial of a scalar function & x, y, z, t), like this:
(12.8)
Then the flow is irrotational. The scalar function is known as potential velocidud. For the purposes of this specification,
To demonstrate that a flow of this type is irrotational, the above equations of velocity are replaced.
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS

A2cp a2f # J
Ay az
- 0 azay

a24 $ 4
(I.e.
Az ax
0
Ax az

A2 + a2 +
T the
ay ay ax ax
(12.9)

It is known that the order of partial derivation does not matter as long as each partial derivative is a function
keep going. As this happens here, then equations (12.9) are satisfied.
Vectorally, equation (12.8) can be established as
V = grad C # I = VC # J (12.10)
This form does not restrict thought to a particular coordinate system and, therefore, should be preferred '.
Figure 12.8
Closed path formed by ay p.
It can be shown that the reciprocal of this theorem is also true; That is, any irrotational flux
can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar junction 4. Then, consider a fixed point P ,, (x ,,, and ,,,
zO) and a moving point P (x, y, z.) in an irrotational flow at some time t, as shown in Figure 12.8.
Now these points are connected by arbitrary paths a and p, thus forming a circuit
closed. Because the flow is irrotational, the circulation around this circuit is zero and can be said
what
# Veds =
/
'V * ds + /' 'V. Ds = 0
p ,, P (12.11)
Pa
By reversing the limits of the last integral, it can be established that
/
P

V * ds = / 'V - ds
PC PC,
Bn
(12.12)
'By making derivation and algebraic operations using Cartesian components, it can easily be verified

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~~~~
that rot (grad 4) = 0 for any function (J having continuous first and second derivatives. This means that WANT
Field that can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar of this form must be an irrotational field. In consequence,
:. ..,. The fields of conservative forces studied in mechanics would be irrotational fields.
POTENTIAL FLOW

In this regard it can be concluded that the integral j: V ds is independent of the path and only
Depends on the coordinates of the endpoints? And P ,, and time. Then you can enter a function
Which

'V * ds = [+, Y, 2, t) - 4 (X ,,> I, zo7 91 (12.13)

PO
For any infinitesimal displacement ds this equation becomes
V ds = dc $ = Va $ * ds (12.14)
Then,
v = vq? J (12.15)
Thus it has been shown that the velocity field of a flow can always be expressed irrrotacional
Depending on the gradient of some scalar function 4. That this is a great advantage can be appreciated
by the fact that a vector field V (x, y, z, t) can now be analyzed in terms of a scalar field
$. In the following sections the speed potential will be widely used.
PART B
CURRENT FUNCTION AND IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS
12.6 CURRENT FUNCTION
The current function to be held in this section only be subject to restrictions
Incompressibility and two-dimensional glow. The introduction of the remaining conditions of this chapter
They will announce when they are necessary for the analysis. Accordingly, Figure 12.9 shows
At some time t, a two-dimensional continuous flow subject only to the additional condition of incompressibility.
The point (x ,,, y ,,) is chosen as an arbitrary reference or "anchor point". For any point (x, y)
now drawn two arbitrary paths a and b to the anchor point (xo, yo). Each trajectory, in this
Dimensional study, can be assumed as the profile of a prismatic surface that extends indefinitely
In the z direction. Consequently, the area bounded by the two paths can be interpreted as
The cross-section of a prismatic volume extending unchanged in the z-direction. It will be convenient
Consider a unitary slice of the prismatic volume as a control volume.
Now the continuity equation for this volume control is examined. Because the flow is incompressible,
There can be no change in the amount of fluid within the control volume over time. Further,
The two-dimensionality constraint means that each side surface at the ends of the unitary slice
(Ie surfaces with cross-section parallel to the xy plane) is subject to the same flow pattern. In
Consequently, the inlet flow through one of these side surfaces must be equal to the outlet flow
Through the lateral surface of the other end, canceling in this way in the continuity equation
The corresponding flow terms. Then, the general equation of continuity [equation (5.1)] in
time t becomes
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS

And

Me
Figure 12.9

Incompressible two-dimensional flow.

Figure 12.10

New anchor point.

Where the subindices 01 and p refer to the side surfaces of the slice associated with the paths a
and b coming from x to x ,,, I, and Figure 12.9. After canceling the terms of density p (s
a constant) and introduce the notation qU = - //, V * and qs = dA / dA * h V, equation (12.16) becomes
where q represents the flow volume in this analysis by time unit through a surface
A unit distance is extended in the z-direction. Then, the flows through all the unit bands that
Should be the same. This flow rate q for a given reference system depends
the position of the wandering point x, y and time t. Functionally, this can be expressed as
4 ', Y' = Ic'x ,, and y) b7 Y, t! (12.18)
Where the subscripts identify the anchor point. The function and is the & ncin current.
We now investigate the effect of changing the anchor point from x ,, y ,, to another point x & y. This is shown
In Figure 12.10. The flow associated with any path c between the anchor point x & y and the point

Errant x, y is expressed as the function t &&, y, t). However, another trajectory between the points x $ y and xy
Which passes through the point x ,,, I can be easily established. This is indicated by the paths e and d in
The diagram. According to the above equation, the flow rates associated with the paths c and e + d can
To be equated like this:
:. $ :; y; (x> y, t) = ~:; ,,;, (xw I, t) + 4% ,, &> y t)
(12.19)
where you will notice that w (x, y, t) is the current function using the previous anchor point. The expression
R + Y + ~ (x ,,, I, t) is so f'amente a function of time, which is denoted as g (t), because the points
X0 and y ', and x, y, are fixed. Therefore, the above expression can be written as
(12.20)
Then, it is clear that the current function changes only by a function of time when it is altered
The anchor point; However, in most calculations involving the current function,
it intervenes partial derivation of this function with respect to the spatial variables x and y. By performing these
Eur-lex.europa.eu eur-lex.europa.eu :: Operations, the derivatives of the function g (t) will be zero and therefore generally function
. + $ @ G (t) will have little importance. Accordingly, the usual procedure is to eliminate it, which
. . . (I.e. That all current functions describing a given flow are equivalent to each other for the
POTENTIAL FLOW
X2y2

*
q q positive negatrvo
Figure 12.11
Sign convention for flow.
Calculations mentioned above. Then, in most cases, any known current function
For a given flow can be used for all anchor points. Then, the notation is simply vl (x,
Y, t) for the current function.
For permanent flow, the expression ~; $ xO, yo, t) is a constant and, therefore, equation (12.20) is
Turns into
e; ,,;, (XT Y> = + x ,,,,, <x, y> + const (12.21)
Which shows that the current function changes at a constant when the anchor point is modified.
As in the general case, this constant is usually of no practical importance in calculations, so
Which is eliminated. Then, the current function for permanent flow is usually taken as w (x, y) sin
Take into account the anchor point.
In addition, it will be convenient to establish a sign convention for the flow q through a band
Between two points. Throughout this text it will be considered as positive flow that passes from the left
From an observer to his right when he looks from one point to the other. In Figure 12, there are shown
Examples of positive and negative flows established using this sign convention.
Finally, in establishing the flow between any pair of points 1 and 2 of the flow, the following can be used
Simplified notation:
q1,2 = $ 2 - $ 1 (12.22)
Where it is understood that the same anchor point is being used for the evaluation of I + J in points 1 and
2, but where the identity of the anchor point is unimportant. The sequence of sub - indices of q
Indicates that you look from point 1 to point 2; In other words, it is integrated along the path
From point 1 to point 2.
12.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CURRENT FUNCTION
AND THE SPEED FIELD
It will now be shown that there is a relatively simple relationship between the current function fis, y, t) and the
velocity field V (x, y, t). Figure 12.12 shows an incompressible two-dimensional flow at time t.
A fixed point xO, yO has been shown as well as some "errant" point X, and to which increments have been added
Uk and dy. The flow 4 associated with the trajectory x ,,, and 0 to the end of dy can be expressed in two
shapes. These equals as
XI Yl

ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL FLOWS MF'ORTANTFiS

1cx Figure 1 2. 1 2
Dr and dy extensions path.
Note that the subscript x and y ,, has not been used in the partial derivative of w according to the above analysis.
In addition, note that the above mentioned sign convention has been used in the last term of
this equation, V, dy, which is the flow through the segment associated with the d band. After canceling
Equal terms in both members of the equation, we obtain the desired relations between the function
Current and velocity field,
(12.23)
By carrying out the same calculation for the end point of segment dx, we arrive at the result
(12.24)
As in the previous section, these relations have been deduced independently of the conditions of
Rotationality.
12.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CURRENT FUNCTION
AND THE CURRENT LINES
It will now be shown that the locus of the points corresponding to a constant value of the function
Of current at an instant t (ie, a level line of v) is no more than a current line. In
Figure 12.13 shows a locus of points like these. A series of volumes have been formed
Of adjacent unit thickness control using the fixed point xO, I and points of the locus
Infinitesimally separated, as shown. Because the value of v is the same for all points in the
Place, the flows through the radial lines shown and emanating from x ,,, and O are equal.
Therefore, considering the continuity, there can be no flow through the sections ds, ds ,, and
and so on. Therefore, the vectors velocity along the line of level I = const must be
Tangent to it. Returning to the definition of current line, it can be seen that the locus of the
Points w = const must be a current line,
Figure 12.13
Points on w = constant.
FLUJOPOTENTIAL

In permanent flow, the I, V constant lines form a fixed line pattern. In non-permanent flow this
Pattern will change continuously over time, as noted in an earlier chapter.
12.9 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CURRENT FUNCTION AND THE
POTENTIAL OF SPEED FOR IRROTATIONAL FLOWS,
BIDIMENSIONAL AND INCOMPRESSIBLE
Now you will be added to the restrictions above. This implies the existence
Of a potential velocity $ J. For two-dimensional flow $ must be a function of x, y and t. By matching the corresponding
Velocity expressions involving the current line and the velocity potential may
Establish the following relations2:

-w = -84
Ay ax

L ----- l
-VJ = -a4

Ax aY
(12.2%)
(12.25b)
If I $ ow, it is possible to find the other function by these equations. You will now see a
A method that is usually quick and effective. Assuming that $ is known, both members of the
Equation (12.2%) with respect to the variable y (ie, x is considered constant during integration). HE
You get:
(12.26)
Where (x) is an arbitrary function analogous to the integration constant in ordinary integrations. Now
The partial integration of the equation (12.25b) with respect to the variable X is carried out.

ti = - / $

h + g (y)

I1

(12.27)
Where g (y) is the arbitrary integration function of the variable y. When comparing equations (12.26) and (12.27),
It is usually not difficult to find integration functions simply by inspection. This will be illustrated in the
Following example.
Example 12.1. Suppose that $ J = ln (x '+ y2)% is the velocity potential of a two-dimensional, irrotational flow
And incompressible defined everywhere except at the origin. Determine the current function for this flow.
Using equations (12.26) and (12.27) gives:
(B)
(I.e.

. >>>>.

4 # p;
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:.,.
.

(I.e.

2 These are the well

- known Cauchy-Riemann equations of the theory of complex variable

IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOW KLISIS

In carrying out partial integration,

* = Tan - 'and + f (x)
X
X

CC, = -tan- '; + G (y)

Using simple trigonometric relationships, it can be said that

X rr
So
Y

(4
By substituting expression (e) into (d>) and equating the right members of expressions (c) and (d), we get:
tank 'Y

+ f (X) = -5 + tan -' and

+ G (y) v)
Xx

From this it is clear that flx) - g (y) = - ld2. Because f (x) is a function of n only and that g (y) is a function of y
Only, each of them must be constant in order for the expression f (x) - g (y) to be constant
For the entire range of the independent variables x and y. As described in section 12.6, it is usually
The additive constant in the current function. Therefore, it is seen that the current function is
9 = so- Y
X
(9)

If the II / function is known, the velocity potential can be calculated by a similar procedure.
In summary, the equations (12.25 ~) and (12.25b) are integrated with respect to the variables x and y, respectively.
Next, the inspection of the resulting equations for 4 will usually reveal the form
Of the velocity potential equation.
12.10 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CURRENT LINES
AND CONSTANT POTENTIAL LINES
In an earlier section it was studied that the l and constant lines formed a set of current lines.
Now it shows that the lines of $ constant J (ie, lines of level 4) or potential lines form
A family of curves that intersect with the current lines so that the tangents to the respective
Level lines are always perpendicular at the points of intersection. Accordingly, the two sets
curves form an orthogonal grid system or network push.
Examine the system of potential lines and current lines in Figure 12.14. To verify the relationship
Of orthogonality it is necessary to show that the slopes of the current lines and the potential lines
are equal to negative reciprocal of the other at any intersection line A. About $ I = K, it is clear that
d $ = 0. Using calculation rules, at any time t can be said that

$ 12
$ Ix + f $ dy = O
Dyld.x clearing the slope of the line 4 = K is obtained ,. Then,
POTENTIAL FLOW

(12.28)
Figure 12.14
Intersection of current lines
And potential lines.
Also, the slope of the line yI = C, at time t is
(12.29)
In equation (12.28) the derivatives of the velocity potential can be replaced by derivatives involving
The current function, with the help of equations (12.25 ~) and (12.25b). Then,
(12.30)
Now, at the point of intersection coordinates of the points on the contour lines I = C, and ti =
K, are identical, and the rights of the equations (12.29) and (12.30) are reciprocal negative. This
means that at point A
So that current lines and equipotential lines are cut at right angles, due to
That their slopes are reciprocal negative. As the point A was any intersection point, can
We conclude that current lines and potential lines form an orthogonal mesh system.
PART C
BASIC ANALYSIS OF THE BIDIMENSIONAL FLOW,
INCOMPUTABLE AND IRROTATIONAL
12.11 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FOUR BASIC LAWS
In the previous sections we established the current function and the relevant relationships that link this
Function with velocity field and velocity potential. The four basic laws will now be analyzed
In function of these concepts for two-dimensional, incompressible and irrotational flows.
1. Conservation of mass. Examine the differential equation of continuity in coordinates '$$$'

Cartesian. In section 7.2 it was shown that for incompressible flow this equation is
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS

av, av, avi

-+-+z=o

JY (12.31)
The current function, which originates from considerations of continuity, automatically satisfies this
Equation when the appropriate derivatives are replaced by the velocity components. This is what
Is done in the following equation. Note that the term N, LJZ must be zero because the two - dimensionality
Of the analysis. Then,
JX

A2 * a2 *
-0 (12.32)
Axay ayax
It is clear that if w has first continuous partial derivatives, the order of partial derivation can be changed,
So that equation (12.31) is satisfied.
However, by employing the derivatives of the velocity potential instead of the components of the velocity
In the equation of continuity [equation (12.3 1)] (and, therefore, restricting flow to irrotational flow)
We arrive at the following partial differential equation:
II

A24 to24
Ax2 + -yY-? O
(12.33)
II

This is known as equation! '? Of L, upluce. The solutions to the Laplace equation are known
as harmonic functions. Another form of this equation is V'c denote $ = 0, where V 'is the operator
Of Laplace or laphtian. In the general three-dimensional case in Cartesian coordinates
(12.34)
(In section 12.13 it was developed, V2 in polar coordinates). Then, considerations of continuity
Require the necessary condition that the velocity potential must be a harmonic function.
In addition, it can be shown that i, now fhjo irrotational the stream function must also satisfy the
Laplace's equation. For this purpose, equations (12.25a) and (12.2%) are again written. A) Yes,
-=-

Ay ax
w - =: - -a $
Ax aY
(12.35 ~)
(12.35b)
Now, we derive the equation (12.3k) with respect to ay and ia equation (12.35b) with respect to x; Finally,
These terms are added. Be obtierx
3 In the & electrosdtica the field. Ico E is given as the gradient of a scalar function

V,

known as

po / mcial

514
As well as in these ebtli with the field of velocity of an incompressible irrotational flow. The potential co ELECTRIC
Is harmonic in regions where there is no electric charge. In the following footnotes there will be some
Analogies between the present study of fluid flow and electrostatics.
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOW KLISIS

12.12 FLOWS boundary conditions for inviscid

In addition to being harmonic, the current function and the velocity potential of a particular flow must
Comply with border conditions. For example, in the case of the cylinder of Fig. 12.15 the speeds in
The cylinder surface must be such that they have a zero component in the direction normal to the surface
At any time. Because the friction is completely ignored in the present considerations,
There is no restriction on the tangential components of the velocity at the boundary surfaces, it is
Say, do not "stick" to the surface. In addition to these conditions at the solid border, there may be other
Conditions imposed on $ and v / in infinity. For example, in the flow of the figure the velocity must be
uniform and equal to V, at great distances from the cylinder.
Mathematically, local boundary conditions (denoted by subscript b) and conditions
Distant are given by
(12.39a)

(12,396)
This consideration on the boundary conditions is the one that presents greater difficulty in the analysis of flow,
A difficulty that arises whenever the partial differential equations are solved to satisfy
Certain border conditions.
12.13 POLAR COORDINATES
In order to reduce the difficulties arising from border considerations, other systems are used
Coordinates whose coordinate lines "fit" to some of the borders. In two-dimensional flows
The polar coordinate system is useful in many problems with circular boundaries. This is shown in
Figure 12.16
x polar coordinates.
Figure 12.16, where the module r (always positive) and angle coordinates are polares4 8. Now I know
gaurantee the main relationships of the previous sections of this chapter based on the coordinates
polar. The following are the transformation equations of general use:
x = r cos 0 (12.40a)
y = r sin 0 (12.40b)

516
4 By using cylindrical coordinates, have been used 7 f3 and z as coordinates (see Figure 7.2). The coordinates
They are equal to the polar coordinates when z is cylindrical zero. Because it is not necessary to distinguish the coordinate Fde
FLOW POTENTIAL

(J = tan-1 Y (12.40 ~)
X

(12.4Od)
The radial and tangential components of the velocity can be determined quickly based on the coordinates
polar. Using the above relationships, it can be carried out appropriately the following
derivation:
(12.41)
Using equations (12.40 ~) and (12.40b) to remove terms and 8xlar preceding 3yldr
equations, we obtain:
When replacing components of velocity derived by the speed potential, we obtain:

$ (Vx sews + V, Seno)

(12.42)
Note that the amount contains brackets projections velocity component V, and V, in
the radial direction. Therefore, the right side of these equations can be replaced by the component

radial velocity V ,, so that after exchanging members of the equation, we have:

EI
v = j (12.44)
Similarly, you can quickly set que5

EVS = -l "
Furthermore, such calculations can be made to the current function, reaching the relationship
(1245)
(12.46 ~)
5 As an additional product of this work is that because V = VI # J the gradient operator in polar coordinates is
In cylindrical coordinates it is obtained:
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANttLISIS

(12,463)
Polar relations between the stream function and velocity potential can be calculated using
the above equations. Then,

/~=~1

(~ 12.47)

-24 = - A *
dr rd0
(12.47b)
The integration technique to determine any function when the other is known, as proposed in the
Working with Cartesian coordinates, is equally valid for equations (12.47 ~) and (12,476).
Figure 12.17
polar unit vectors.
Now the condition will be analyzed irrotacionalidud in polar coordinates. It could be continued as
before using the transformation equations given by equation (12.40) to put the equations
(4.21) in polar coordinates. However, a simpler way is to use vector methods; First,
It notes that the rotational operator can be expressed by V x. Then, using the gradient operator (given
in the footnote on page 5) can be expressed as the equation rot V = 0 as follows:
Performing cross product in the above equation, given that the unit vectors vary only
8 and further that &, l & = E, and & / JO = - E, (see Figure 12.17), and then remove E, have:
Multiplying by T, this equation can be written more compactly as follows:
(12.48)
FLOW POTENTIAL

Now the Laplace equation in polar coordinates is deduced. Note that both the stream function
as the velocity potential can be expressed in polar coordinates using the equations
transformation [equation (12.40)]. Therefore, using the chain rule can be carried out
@ partial derivation (v) with respect to X, as follows:
Differentiating the right side of this equation with respect to x again in a similar manner is obtained:
(12.49)
A similar calculation can be developed to calculate & p / dy *. Then,

If Icose + Z) +? (:)]

(12.50)

r ae
In carrying out the derivation of both equation (12.49) and equation (12.50) and adding and gathering
It terms, you get to the Laplace equation in polar coordinates?
6 By Accordingly, the Laplacian operator is in polar coordinates P
and in cylindrical coordinates we have:

ai;
v2 = 1 - (--- 1 1 a2 a *
f nr + F-2 i-w2 +2

(12.51)
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS AN.kL1.W

PART D
SIMPLE FLOWS
12.14 NATURE OF THAT SIMPLE FLOWS be studied
This section describes some important flows are presented. The reader is urged to think of these as designed flows
mathematically whose physical meaning at this time is of secondary importance. However, in
Part E of this chapter these flows will overlap flow patterns obtained more physical meaning.
Figure 12.18
Path enclosing the origin.
One of the difficulties in subsequent patterns is the presence of flow points at which the speed
It becomes infinite. Thus, in the example 12.1 (section 12.9) the potential flow velocity coordinates
Polar is I # J = In r. Therefore, the velocity components are V, = llr and V, = 0. Clearly the
origin, V, becomes infinite. Such points are called singular points, which, of course, not
They have physical meaning. The singular points are not considered as part of a region of irrotational flow,
which makes the region containing such points is multiply connected, as described in section
12.2. Therefore, in the example just cited Stokes' theorem can not be used
a path for enclosing the origin, as shown in Figure 12.18.
However, now it will be shown that if the origin is the only singular point (with irrotational flow in all
other points) circulations for all paths around the origin have a value equal. The
12.19 Figure shows two arbitrary paths around the origin to a flow like this. They have drawn
two parallel lines AB and ED between the inner and outer curves to form a thin band. In this form
Figure 12.19
Formation of a simply connected region.
5% ~ ma has established a simply connected region (shaded region in Figure 12.19)! Z. which
*, .- I .1r
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

PART D
SIMPLE FLOWS
12.14 NATURE OF THAT SIMPLE FLOWS be studied
This section describes some important flows are presented. The reader is urged to think of these as designed flows
mathematically whose physical meaning at this time is of secondary importance. However, in
Part E of this chapter these flows will overlap flow patterns obtained more physical meaning.

Y-J

Figure 12.18

Path enclosing the origin.

One of the difficulties in subsequent patterns is the presence of lujo points where the speed
It becomes infinite. Thus, in the example 12.1 (section 12.9) the potential flow velocity coordinates
Polar is 4 = In r. Therefore, the velocity components are V, = llr and V, = 0. Clearly the
origin, V, becomes infinite. Such points are referred to as points singular, which, of course, not
They have physical meaning. The singular points are not considered as part of a region of irrotational flow,
which makes the region containing such points is multiply connected, as described in section
12.2. Therefore, in the example just cited Stokes' theorem can not be used
a path for enclosing the origin, as shown in Figure 12.18.
However, now it will be shown that if the origin is the only singular point (with irrotational flow in all
other points) circulations for all paths around the origin have a value equal. The
12.19 Figure shows two arbitrary paths around the origin to a flow like this. They have drawn
two parallel lines AB and ED between the inner and outer curves to form a thin band. In this form
Figure 12.19
Formation of a simply connected region.
$ 20 ma has established a simply connected region (shaded region in Figure 12.19)! Z which
It includes all borders of C, and C, except for the ends BD and AD of the band. Because
FLOW POTENTIAL

the flow in this region is completely irrotational without singularities theorem can be used
Stokes and zero flow is obtained at the border. Then, to start at A and move in the direction of
clockwise on the boundary C ,, etc., it can be said that
(12.52)
In the diagram they have been used arrows to indicate the direction of integration of previous line integrals.
If now the infinitely thin band is made, the integrals along ED and BA (the second and fourth
of the above integrals) tend to be equal in magnitude but opposite sign. Accordingly, these
integrals must be canceled at the border. Meanwhile integral /
AND
V . ds effectively becomes an integral
TO

gral line closed in the sense clockwise, mieitras that comprehensive IB V. ds becomes effective
0
('2
tively comprehensive line closed in the opposite direction to clockwise. Then, on the edge
Equation (12.52) becomes
V. ds + V ds = O
Upon reversal of integration C, changes the sign of the integrated closed, so that
#
Go ds = + V. ds
Cl
(12.53)
Because C, and C, are arbitrary paths around the origin, it can be concluded that circulation
for all paths enclosing the origin it is equal if taken in the same direction.
This is true only if the trajectories enclose the source as the only singular point. However, if
there was an additional singular point out distant path long enough to include both
singularities, then the flow for this path may be different from that corresponding to the
family of curves that include only the singular point at the origin. As unu generulizucin form,
it can be established that the movement for a trayectoriu dudu in an irrotational flow
It contains a finite number of singular points is constant as long as the path is altered
so that they lock themselves singular points.
12.15 METHODOLOGIES FOR FLOW POTENTIAL SOLUTION
Now different techniques will be examined to find a solution. The techniques vary in accuracy.
1. Graphical techniques. An ancient and approximate technique is to draw a flow network "eye". The procedure
It is to start in a region where uniform flow is or where there is a known flow. For
the first case begins in the region of uniform flow with a set of power lines also
spaced; for the second case, where a known flow, the streamlines are localized
way flow (Aq) equal arise between them. In this regard, note that for such
flows Aq = (AN) (V), where AN is the distance between the power lines and see the average speed between
@&
..: Z: '..
( '2

ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

Figure 12.20
Flow network: two-dimensional flow.
current lines. Power lines are continued so as to follow the borders. Note
that borders are power lines and are part of the pattern; the rest of the pattern is adjusted so "that
seems right. " equipotential lines are drawn and. along with the power lines, adjustments are made
so that the mesh has a square cuwilineos system different size. The thinner is the
flow network, these squares curvaceous look more like actual square. In figure 12.20 shown one
flow network. Once the network flow has been adjusted so that seems reasonable, the speed can be calculated
crossing the line segment potential in each curvilinear square using simple considerations
continuity, knowing Aq for the line pair and associated current measuring segment AN
potential between these lines in the position of current interest line. In addition, the pressures may be calculated
using the Bernoulli equation. These simple considerations are left to the reader. Finally, if diagonals are drawn
the curvilinear square, it has a means for verifying the accuracy of the flow network, measuring which
are so close these diagonals of square shape, ie, the closer are found, the better the network
flow.
2. Analytical Techniques. In the sections that follow, simply harmonic functions will be presented
whether for a potential function or a function of current. Once a function is presented, by
example, a function of current, can obtain the associated potential function or vice versa using
Cauchy-Riemann equations. Each of these functions generates a theoretically valid flow.
& - ET = 7A
- --- TIL '= 3A
4%; = 2A (A = arbitrary increase
$; =; A
/
\ Jr 'current function for Familla I
$ "Funcw5n of comment Family II
$ 4 '= A
a, b; = A

$ 'Function combined stream

~ & I Figure 12.21%

FLOW POTENTIAL

Then, they can overlap certain simple flows to form other useful flows, This is possible because the
linearity of the Laplace equation and presented in Part E of this chapter. For such flows it is convenient
a useful point to draw the lines of current technical delflujo combined. First lines are drawn
current for simple constituent flows using the contour lines of the current functions
for each constituent family with sets of constants identical, whose successive differences have the same
value (see Figure 12.21). In places where lines intersect current level line com bined
passing through the point will be to value the sum of the values of the constituent IJI in point. Happening
curves simply the points that have the same total value of w in the corners of the parallelepiped
curvaceous, forrnados by the intersection of the lines of constituent current (vunse lines
Figure dotted 12.21) may be a diagram of the streamlines for the combined flow.
Another analytical method is to use analytic functions variable cor? Zpleja f (z) = ++ J + ity. In such functions
the real part imaginary part q 'and harmonic functions are related by the
Cauchy-Riemann equations. Therefore, any analytical function may represent any flow
bidimensional potential. Using a technique known as transformation conjh-me, I can change $ yw
or "be transformed" to form a different set of harmonic functions that still relate
by the Cauchy-Riemann equations and therefore represent another two-dimensional potential flow.
By successive transformations can be useful flows. However, the prospects of success
for any given geometry, they are usually very small. Now, with the computer will have methods
effective numerical which can quickly be used in specific problems, making the method
complex variable has a value very limited as a direct tool.
Finally, there is a method of direct integration using the theory of partial differential equations.
3. Numerical techniques. The most important direct methods using numerical methods are:
Diferenciasfinitas. This is a more useful ancient method that has become with the advent of computers
High speed. Chapter 16 provides an introduction to this method along with some examples
and projects.
Figure 12.22
Flow network for uniform flow.
Finite elements. This is a method developed in the 1950s by the aviation industry to design
structural. It requires the use of the computer. It is currently used in many fields, including
and fluid flow transfer ca10r7.
' See 1. H. Shames and CL Dym, Energ? ~ And Firlite Element Methods IRZ Structwtrl Mrclzar ~ ics, Hemisphere Publishing $ 23
Corp., 1985. Verne Chapter 17, Part D for two - dimensional potential flow.
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

Border elements. This is a new development that is increasing its popularity. It also draws
in computer use and can be very effective when the borders are very small compared with
domain size.
Now some simple flows are presented.
UNIFORM FLOW 12.16
The most basic flow is given by the velocity potential C $ = VG, which clearly represents a flow
uniform in the positive direction x of magnitude V ,,. The corresponding current function can be evaluated
easily using the methods of section 12.9 as V ,, and. Streamlines are formed by
loci corresponding to constant values of Vg. They are horizontal lines, such as those
They are shown in Figure 12.22. The lines of constant potential V ,, x = const are vertical lines. They do
singular points in this flow: thus the Stokes theorem indicates that the movement is zero for all paths
flow.
SOURCES AND SINKS 12.17 BIDIMENSIONAL
Now the flow represented by the velocity potential is explored.
+ = & NRL (12.54)
where A is a positive constant and r it is the distance from the reference source. It can easily be verified
that harmonious @en replacing the Laplace equation in polar coordinates [Equation (12.5 l)].
It will be very useful to calculate the stream function for this potential speed. Actually, this was done in
rectangular coordinates in Example 12.1. However, it can also be performed using the calculation
integrals of equations (12.47a) and (12,473). Then,
$ B = / r;, e + g (r) =; l + H + g (r) = g + g (r)
* = -1 ;; dr + h (B) = 0 + h (6)
When comparing both v is h (e) must be equal to \ 0 / 27c and g (r) must be a constant, which has
no consequence in the following calculations. So,
* = E (1255)
where 8 = tan - '(YLX).
First network flow is established. Streamlines are a family of lines given by equation
AI3
; & $: - = Const (12.56) 27T

not exist

FLOW POTENTIAL

Choosing different constant, it can be seen that the resulting loci form a family
radially emanating straight from the source. This family is shown in Figure 12.23. This pattern
power lines and symmetry of the stream function immediately follows that this fluid
emanates from the origin and, therefore radially expands to infinity or otherwise. The first type of
flow is known as the source, while the second is known as sump 8, lines constant potential
you are given by

TO%
In r = const
Therefore,
r = const (12.57)
It is seen that the potential lines form a family of concentric circles. Note the orthogonality of the system
resulting meshes in Figure 12.23, as established in section 12.10.
The velocity components in the radial and tangential directions can be easily evaluated.
(12.58)
Note that in this case the radial velocity is positive and therefore, is directed outward from the origin
0, making it a fuente9 flow. In addition, this speed is zero at infinity and grows, About
Figure 12.23
Network of tlujo for a font.
* The bidimensional source to the load is analogous linear positive electrostatic bidimensional while the sump bidimensional
It is analogous to the bidimensional line1 negative electrostatic charge. If 1 is the intensity of the load line1 loading drives
unit length, to the potential of the electric field, we have:

p = - IA, "
27 = ,,

9 To a sink speed potential is (-A / 2n) In r , and the stream function is IV = -AO / 27r.
EXTERNAL FLOW ANALYSIS Ih @ ORTANIES

ed to the origin, tending to infinity in it. As noted in section 12.14, the origin is a singular point.
Besides the presence of an infinite speed, which does not exist in nature, the question of what happens
with fluid "entering point 0" leads to the conclusion that the 0 flow plane is complete mind
fictional and does not have a physical meaning.
Now the meaning of the constant A. Calculate the flow investigate 4 through a surface

associated with any border circular control center at the origin and extends a unit length
in the z direction, as shown in Figure 12.24. Evaluating q is
(12.59)
As r could have had any value in the calculation, it is clear that the outflow through any
Circular band centered at the origin is equal to the constant A. In the case of a sink, likewise
It demonstrated that A equals the flow into either unitary circular bands. Also, the
reader can calculate, using the continuity equation, where A is the flow rate through any band
unit noncircular around the origin. The constant A is usually known as intensity of the source
or sump.
Figure 12.24

Control surface around a fountain.

Because the origin is the only uniqueness of this flow, the flow around the origin can
established using any path that encloses. Therefore, using a circle of radius
r, we have:
as V, is zero anywhere along the path. Therefore, a source fluxes and

a sump have zero for all possible paths circulation.

12.18 THE VORTEX SIMPLE
The simplest is a useful vortex flow can be established easily by selecting the current function

a source as the velocity potential vortex. Then,

N
, HC)
FLOW POTENTIAL

Figure 12.25
Network flow to a vortex.
and considering equation (12.47b), it can be seen that the stream function of the vortex is
(12.62)
The network will equal the flow analysis of the source and sink, except that concentric circles
will be the power lines and the family of radial lines potential lines, as shown in Figure
12.25. The pattern of current lines indicates that the fluid moves in circular paths around the
origin. Calculating speeds above function, you are obtained:

,4
v, = 2rrr
(12.63a)
v = 0 (12.63b)
Again in this case a singularity at the origin, where the tangential velocity approaches infinity appears.
Also note that the choice of sign of equation (12.61) has led to a clockwise lujo -vrtice-counter-clockwise around the origin. Obviously, a change in the sign of the equation
(12.61) will cause a vortex in the direction of clockwise.
As in the previous section, the origin is a singular point and therefore is excluded from the region
tlujo irrotational, making this region a related multiply for tracking purposes. So for
calculate the movement of any path that surrounds the source, it must be carried out the integration line.
Utiljzando a circular radius r is obtained trayectnria:
LI because there are no other singularities, this must be the movement for all paths
around the origin. Accordingly, in the case of the vortex, A is the measure of circulation around. $ '$ .the origin and called infrsirlatl vortex.
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANkLlSlS

Figure 12.26

Swirling vortex.
As its name implies, a portion of this flow resembles part of the swirl commonly found
when you are rowing a boat. The approximate surface profile of a swirl shown in Figure 12.26.
If z is taken as vertical, there is a shaded region where the outer flow is approximately two-dimensional,
when viewed from above in the -z direction. A fairly long distances the "core" that
shows darker, movement occurs essentially along circular paths with a speed
which decreases with increasing radius. In this region, the "mathematical" vortex presented in this section
It gives a good representation of tlujo. The lack of correlation in the core is increased action of
viscous due to high velocity gradients that exist in this region and which are proportional to / P.
Recall that in essence this is the mechanism that causes the lack of correlation between non-viscous flows and
although actual gas flows with small viscosity.
Now the free surface of the swirl (see Figure 12.26) is analyzed. Consider the points located
r, and r2 separated by a short distance near the nucleus Ar swirl. Therefore, the equation
Bernoulli flow for these particles after noticing that the pressure at the free surface is and becomes ,,,,
in
(12.65)
Clearly the expression (LLR * - llrZ2) with rl < r2 becomes larger for equal increments of Ar
as it approaches the core. From equation (12.65) is that to satisfy, Z, must be increasingly
smaller than z, as it approaches the nucleus. In figure 12.26 depression surface shown
free.
12.19 The doublet
The doublet will be the last single flow of Part D of this chapter. It consists of a process boundary,
so that it may seem artificial to the reader. Despite this, the flow is extremely doublet
important, it used in the analysis of practical flows, as will be seen below,
Figure 12.27

Development of a doublet.
FLOW POTENTIAL

To develop the double, suppose a source and a sink of equal intensity A at equal distance to the

origin along the axis n, as shown in Figure 12.27. From any point (x, y) the lines are drawn
indicated as r, and r2, from the source and from the sump, respectively. Also shown are the
polar coordinates of this point (r, 0). Using the law of cosines relations can be established
following r, and r2 in polar coordinates of the point (x, y):
r = (a2 + 2racosO r't) " '
r2 = (r '+ u2 - 2nd cos you) "'
(12.66)
Now they may overlap the potential functions of the two flows and get to the combined flow

- In rz) (12.67)

0, using the relationship of equation (12.66), we have:

(F = 1,: - In (
[
r2 + u 't 2rucosH)
-iln (r '+ ii' - 2RU cos H)
1
(12.68)
In each logarithmic expression is divided and multiplied by? + U2. Is all
As the logarithm of a product of two quantities is equal to the sum of logarithms, it can be said
following:

~ $ 1 = $ In ( r2 + u ') + In 1 +
[i

2RU cos H
r 't u2 1
L
2m cm 0
-in ( R2 + LI ') - In 1 ~ ~ 7
rL + u2 ii
(12.69)
Note that the first and third terms within the brackets are canceled. The term 2RN COSO / (r + d)
to the point P is less than the unit anywhere except ID when P is located at the singular points
" 'To demonstrate this explicitly, the numerator and denominator of the expression 2RU divide and is considered the mag ~ litud
the resulting expression. Then,
The resulting numerator can not be greater than unity. However, the denominator exceed the unit if r # 11 as
rnaorf ~ ~ rce frilmpntp vprifir Adpm5 ~ n ~ uvle rmnc111irw alle magnitude & the amount is less uue the unit in any

529

~ - ANhLISIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

parts, that is, x = + a in y = 0. Therefore, preventing positions P in the singularities, each

logarithmic expression can be expanded in a power-se-ie.
cb = &
i[
2RU cos 6
r2 + a2
f (z + ~ r ~ ~~ (~~~~ 28i '-...]
2 previous owners cos 0

t u2 r2

11

By gathering terms you give:

(12.70)
(12.71)

A'tora, bringing the source and sink until together ", that is, causing a + 0, and at the same
time by letting the intensity A to an infinite value so that in the limit the AU / ~ I product is
uc finite number x. That is to say,
(12.72)
Such that UA / ~ + x. In these circumstances the potential at the limit becomes

(12.73)
Because higher-order terms have powers that are not incorporated into A, these terms
disappear in the process limit.
By partial integration of relations between the stream function and velocity potential in

polar coordinates [Equation (12.47a)], you can quickly set the current function is
(12.74)
Streamlines associated with the double "are therefore
xsen8
--- = C
r (12.75)
"Because ~ 1 - + 0, the restricci6n made above for r # to only means that the source must be excluded from it
two.
530 "Two - dimensional doublet is analogous to bitfirnemional electric dipole. where positive and negative linear loads Iguai
intensity bind in a similar manner described in this section.
FLOW POTENTIAL
_ Streamlines

Sen and by replacing YLR, is obtained:

Figure 12.28
Flow network for a double.
+
In Cartesian coordinates only, this equation can be ordered> ara form

t y2 x2 -;, = o
(12.76)
(12.77)
Using analytic geometry, it recognized this as a family of circles. For x = 0 there are two values
y, one of which is zero; clearly circles have their centers along the axis. At position
Circle where y = 0, note that x is zero for any value of the constant. Consequently, family
circles formed by choosing different values of C must be tangent to the x axis at the origin. In Figure
Family 12.28 power lines according to the above findings shown. By positions
source and sink in the development of the doublet, it is obvious that the flow must come out
the origin in the negative direction X, as shown in the diagram.
Similarly, lines of constant potential are given by the equation
And cos 6
___ = K (12.78)
R

In Cartesian coordinates this equation is

(12.79)
Again you have a family circle, this time with their centers along the axis X. As
illustrated in Figure 12.28, these circles are tangent to the axis and the origin. Note that has a & i '
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

'Btdlmensional Model

Figure 12.29
Test section in a wind tunnel.
Several factors in the development of doublet must be observed. First, there is the possibility of

develop the double with the source in the positive x-axis and the sink at an equal distance from the origin on the axis
x negativol 3 .This configuration is opposite to that which was taken in the development presented. However, the only
effect will change the sign of the combined potential given by equation (12.73). This shift
It is conserved in all other calculations. Accordingly, the flow direction indicated by the
arrows should be reversed flow in the network. The second consideration is that the axis along which
It develops doublet (in this case the X axis) and the point of development are quite arbitrary. In consecuense,
collinear line diameters must match the potential development axis, and the intersection
the diameters of the lines of current and potential lines corresponds to the origin of the doublet.
After observing the function of current or potential speed, it can be seen that the radial velocities
become infinite as they approach the center of the doublet in this case the system origin
reference. Therefore, the flow of the doublet has a singularity which makes the flow is in a region
multiply connected. However, due to the circulation around the singular point of a source or
a sump is zero for any intensity, is the circulation around the singular point in a
doublet must be zero, so that for all paths in the doublet, r = 0.
It is known that at distances away from a doublet, the flow approaches to disturbance caused by a profile
two dimensional wing infinitely relationship (see Figure 12.29). This is useful Tunnel Works
Wind, where the effects of an airfoil perceived by the distant walls can approach matetable 12.1
Flow
uniform

(toward
+ X>
Source
Vortex in the
sense of
hands
clock
doublet
flows in the
address
-x
0 in all
Parts

AA
2 In r
2 0 in all v, = I-; ve 0
parts
77

- $ I "r Around V, = 0
the point
v "= j $

77
singular
, .and Co.5 0
R
, Without 0
0 in all
/ Fl and cos x sin 0
v, = -__
r parts r2
Vo = - ~
r2

532
l3 The sense of the doublet is sink-source. Thus, in the above analysis it has been developed negative doublet, ie one
pointing double negative coordinates. The reason for doing this is that the negative doublet be used in
the rest of the chapter.
FLOW POTENTIAL

matically replacing a double profile of appropriate intensity. In this way, you can be the
Wind tunnel design so that the "interference of walls" or "lock" is minimized to bring
that duplicate results clearly free flight conditions.
Thus, although "artificial", the double has an immediate use in aerodynamics. In addition, use will be made of the doublet
flow development in superposition. To help subsequent calculations have been tabulated
the results of Part D in Table 12.1.
PART E
OVERLAP FLOW TWO-DIMENSIONAL SIMPLE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE ON 12.20 overlap method
The procedure to be followed in this section will examine certain combinations of simple flows with the
purpose of interpreting physically significant flow patterns from each combination. This can
strike the reader as a process of "going backwards", ie, a solution appears first (the
choice of simple flows that should overlap) followed by efforts to find out what problem
It has been resolved (the interpretation of the combined flow pattern). The following considerations can help
to justify this procedure.
1. Actually, establish an incompressible, irrotational and two - dimensional flow to any given problem
often very difficult, if not impossible, using direct analytical methods. However, they can be used
numerical methods such as finite differences, finite elements and boundary elements. Also, they can
uproximadus establish solutions for given problems by an extension of the overlay technique.
2. Despite the ineffectiveness of this study as a direct tool to solve given problems, it is still
necessary as a foundation to explore the use of more complex mathematical and numerical techniques. Likewise,
using this basic method can be initiated more effectively experimental investigations
and can more easily interpreted results.
3. Finally, later the demonstration of an important law of aerodynamics will be using this
study of overlap.
12.21 SINK WITH VORTEX
Now it considers the flow resulting from the superposition of a sump vortexing. It is seen that the flow
resulting simulate the flow exiting from a tank drain and possibly a tornado. From
Accordingly, these flows are now overlap to obtain the following functions and current
F velocity potential using the intensity of the vortex:
(12.80 ~)
(12.80b) ~ $ 3
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANhSIS

In figure 12.30 are drawn lines as current sink both vortex and then have

combined in the manner described above (see Figure 12.21) for a graphical representation
lines combined flow stream. The similarity of the combined flows with what had
He expected to look down the flow of a tornado or a tank empties, it is quite clear.
Figure 12.30
Streamlines the combined flow of a vortex sink.
Velocity components for this flow are
(12.81)
If you want to determine the pressure, Bernoulli's equation can be used. Then the possible change aply
from position 1 to position 2, it is

= AL + r * Il * + r2
Xg7r2rf

--- + Z2-z,
Xg77'rf
IZ2 + r2 January 1

= ____

--

8g7r2 1 ';; 7 r,

+ (z2-2,) (12.82)

By properly choosing the intensities YR sump and vortex using real data known
for two points, the above equations give a good representation of the speed variation and
pressure combined flow except near the center, places where r is becomes very
little. This is easily understood because velocity gradients of V, and V, is become very
large and therefore viscous effects become important, thus overriding
5 ~ the inviscid theory is used. As in the case of vortex flow which describes a
swirl, this region is known as viscous core.
FLOW POTENTIAL

12.22 FLOW AROUND A CYLINDER WITHOUT CIRCULATION

Now the combination of an even flow with a double examined. The latter with its axis of development
parallel to the direction of flow uniform and oriented so that the direction of outflow opposes
uniform flow. This is shown in Figure 12.3 1 wherein portions indicated line patterns
both simple current flows. The combined potential for overlapping is given by
And cos 0
4 = v ,, x + ~
R

(12.83)
The previous work, the stream function for the combined flows becomes
In this type of analysis the power line is of particular importance. In the two-dimensional flow line
current and has been interpreted as the edge of a surface extending without limit in Z direction
speed should always be tangent to this surface, so that there is no penetration of flow through
her. Is not this is a solid waterproof caractetstica a border? Therefore, a line
current can be considered as the outline of a two-dimensional waterproof body. For example, Figure
12.32 shows a set of power lines. Any line current, as AB, can be considered as
the edge of a two-dimensional body, which is shaded in the diagram. The remaining power lines
form the flow pattern around the border. The essential process in the overlay can tkcnica
established now. a line current enclosing one area whose shape is to have any meaning
practical fluid flow. This power line is considered as the border of a solid object
bidimensional, thus establishing the problem. The pattern of current lines outside this region
is the flow around the body.
uniform flow B
d, = vox
-

Doublet

Figure 12.31
Superimposing a uniform flow and a double.
Accordingly, the line current is zero whose constant review. Then,
It and replacing r sin 8 and hoisting factor-sen 0 is reached
(12.85)
(1 2. 86)
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

What curve in the plane g satisfies this equation? Clearly, if 8 = 0 or 0 = Z, the equation is satisfied
indicating that the x-axis is part of the power line v = 0. Also, when the number in parenthesis is
zero, the equation is satisfied. That is, when
X
ii

1/2
r=Vo

(12.87)
X

Figure 12.32 Figure 12.33

The line current becomes a border. Streamlines t, v = 0.
the equation is satisfied. Therefore, there is a circle of radius m0 can also be considered
as part of the power line y = 0. This is shown in Figure 12.33. It is interesting to examine the
points A and B, intersection points of the circle with the axis X. The polar coordinates of these points are r =
(xIVO) "* 8 = n for A, r = (x / V,> " * , 8 = 0 for B. The speed at these points can be found taking
first partial derivatives of the potential speed or the stream function in two directions
and combining the orthogonal velocity components. Then,

w / y cos 0
q = ,, = Vo cos 0 - ~
r2

IKP XSEN 0
V, = ,, sene ri18 = -V - - ~
r2

Using these equations at points A and B is that by substituting appropriate values of the coordinates,
zero for values velocity components so that V = VB = 0. In effect are obtained, these are
estuncumiento points. As in this case, the stagnation points usually be located in

positions in which the streamlines "open" and therefore can form a region of interest
physical. It will make use of this in section 12.23.
According to an earlier analysis, this section circular region enclosed by the line current
v = 0 can be taken as a solid cylinder within a frictionless flow which, at a distance
large cylinder, moves uniformly in a direction transverse to the cylinder axis.
Figure 12.34 shows other lines of current flow. Those outside the circle form the pattern
flow mentioned above, while the power lines within the circle can be ignored. But nevertheless,
One can imagine the region outside the circle as a solid material with a fluid flowing within the
a circular border. This flow has a point of infinite speed in the center of the circle and therefore has
little interest in physical situations. There are also other regions can be chosen to represen ':&1.
tar solids in a flow, as illustrated in Figure 12.35. However, this body and
similar possibilities extend infinitely in the x direction and for this reason have little
interest in physical problems.
FLOW POTENTIAL

Figure 12.34
Flow around a cylinder.
Figure 12.35
Flow around a semi-infinite body.
Returning to flow around a cylinder, it should be noted that each of the basic flows used has circulation
null anywhere and therefore a path for circulation around a cylinder
It must also be zero.
12.23 FOR SUPPORTING AND DRAG
A CYLINDER WITHOUT CIRCULATION
Lift and drag are defined as forces per unit length on a cylinder in the
normal and parallel, respectively, the uniform flow directions.
The pressure for the combined flows becomes uniform over long distances cylinder where the effects
Doublet become very small. Knowing this pressure p ,,, and uniform velocity Vo, can
equation used Bernoulli between infinity and points on the boundary of the cylinder in order to
calculate the pressures on this border. Then, regardless of changes in potential energy,
be very small,
(12.89)
where the subscript b refers to the cylindrical boundary. As the fluid can not penetrate through the border,
the speed V, must be located in the transverse direction and therefore is equal to its component
V, then Y = (~ lV,) "*
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANkLISIS

Figure 12.36
Drag calculated on a cylinder.
Substituting in equation (12.89) and despejarp ,, you are obtained:
I
v (: fh (2V sen6 ,,) '
pb = y - + -

2g and 2g 1
(12.91)
Drag calculation is performed in the x direction by integrating the force components caused by
pressure on the border. Using Figure 12.36, for the drag D is obtained:

= -1
i 1
0

2LR x and

v0

1/2 v2

O! L

(2V ,, Seno) 2
2g and 2g 1
cos 8
Carrying out this integration is reached drag D of magnitude cero14. The lift L can be calculated
similarly and found to have a zero magnitude.
Undoubtedly, the reader will quickly notice the discrepancy between the theoretical results for the drag and experience
daily involving the movement of fluids around bodies. This contradiction is known as
D'Alembert's paradox. The reason for this disagreement is completely ignoring viscous effects
All flow. It is now known that the viscous action in a small region adjacent to the border, which
defined as boundary layer, it is of great importance in the evaluation of drag forces. But nevertheless,
frequently, the support can be predicted using the present techniques, as will be shown
continuation.
12.24 CYLINDER ROTATING CASE
A very interesting experiment is to make a lightweight cardboard cylinder from moving so
what:
1. The cylinder axis is perpendicular to the direction of movement.
2. Ei cylinder rotate rapidly around its own axis as the axis moves.
12.37 Figure illustrates a method for achieving this movement. a part of it also indicates the
resulting path cylinder. It is clear that support is presented, which is associated with rotation
cylinder because when moving in the above manner without inducing rotation, it follows the usual path
.?: ..: ~ ::::: ~:; I: ~ :: ..:.
.i $ g $ g

,;, '\
~~~~ "And ~~~~
FLUJOPOTENCIAL

the c111ndro shown

Figure 12.37
Experiment to demonstrate the lift on a rotating cylinder.
bodies lacking a lift force. This has been known for many years and has bears do
many attempts to use rotating cylinders as wings on airplanes and boats as candles.
The above experiment involves a real fluid with viscous action in regions velocity gradients
high, ie, the boundary layer. The rotation of the cylinder, as a result of this action, has developed a
rotary movement of air around the cylinder. Therefore, it is this aspect of fluid motion

responsible for the effect of lift.

This rotational movement can be simulated in the analysis irrotational superimposing a vortex on the double
analysis of the previous section. The presence of the support caused by this movement Demostra ra
in this way. Accordingly, the function of speed and speed potential for the combination
doublet, the vortex flow and uniform are
QA Xcos
(B = V ,, rcosQ + ___ - -8 (12.92)
r 27r

I) = V ,, rsenQ - XSenQ
TO
~ + -1nr
r 2RR
(12.93)
where the last terms of these equations correspond to a vortex in the clockwise
clock. Patterns current lines in each of the respective components shown flows
in Figure 12.38.
untforme flow
-

Figure 12.38
Superimposing a uniform flow, a vortex and a double.
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANhSIS

In essence, the procedure for studying this flow will be equal to the previous section; ie find a
power line enclosing a region of physical interest. Already it indicated that this will be a circle, but
now proceed as if it were not known, as was suggested in the last section, it is useful to calculate the positions
stagnation points, and then determine the power lines passing through these puntos'5. The
velocity components in two orthogonal directions will be zero for calculating the location
stagnation points. Using the stream function and the velocity potential, the component
radial velocity is
,, And cos 8
v = v cos 8 - ~
r2

Equating to zero and collecting terms, we get:

cos ,, ev - x = 0
( R2 i
In this equation it is clear that zero radial component can occur in ~ e = + 1/2 or along the
circle r = (XIV) "2 . In the tangential direction, the velocity component is
xsen8 R
4 = -V ,, Seno - __ ~ __
277-r r2

In making this expression equal to zero and reaches reorder tenns

(1
A -sen @ V ,, + x - =
r2 25rr LI

(12.96)
(12.97)
In this equation we can see that for a zero tangential velocity
8 = sen- '
- A / 25-r (12.98)
5 + x / r2
In a stagnation point, the radial component and tangential component must be zero, so
the location of the points of stagnation occurs in
X

(i

1/2

r=\ Vo

-A (12.99)
wx / w * --a
8 = sin - '
VII + [x / (x / b) l = sin - '47r (XV (') ''
Generally there will be two stagnation points because there are two angles within a given, except
for sen- '(21).
: $ & ::

"W = 0 will not be the line current interest in this case

FLOW POTENTIAL

Now you can find line current through these points w evaluating them. substituting
the previous coordinates in the function v [equation (12.93)] and collecting terms, we obtain:

(12,100)
Equating the stream function [equation (12.93)] with this constant, desired current lines are obtained:
xsen0 AA '/ 2
See sin 0 - ~
R
+% Inr = -In $ 237 i 0 1
Rearranging in a more convenient form, it is obtained:
(12.101)

(12,102)
All points on the circle r = ~ / V,) ' " satisfy the equation (12 102) because this value r
each number in brackets in the equation is zero. Although there are other curves that satisfy the
equation, are not considered because it is sufficient for the purposes have found a line of
current enclosing an area of physical interest. After choosing inside the circle as representing
of a solid cylinder, the outer pattern streamlines shown in Figure 12.39. Like
in the previous case, the effects of vortex and doublet not taken into account at large distances from cylinder.
Consequently, the flow becomes uniform at infinity.
Figure 12.39
Flow around a cylinder with circulation.
The only component capable of circulation flow is the vortex where, as you will recall, circulation
around the singular point it is equal to A, the intensity of the vortex. Therefore, circulation around

the cylinder must also be equal to A. In the next section you will learn that the circulation is important
in the evaluation of lift.
12.25 FOR SUPPORTING AND DRAG
A CYLINDER WITH CIRCULATION
."'
It can quickly be deduced that the presence of the vortex produce a defined lift for .. $ # x ,.
cylinder. It is clear that for over the cylinder movement speed vortex caused to '+ XO'. 'Adds.
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANttL1.W

It gives the uniform flow and the double, while below the vortex cylinder speed subtracts
caused by the uniform flow and doublet utlizando Bernoulli's equation, it could be expected that pressure
in the lower half of the cylinder was higher than the upper half, thereby producing a thrust
upwards.
Note also that changing the intensity h vortex flow pattern is changed, particularly the position
stagnation points, although this does not change the cylinder radius. Then you can be one
endless flows around the cylinder each of which is different from the other due to the intensity
This circulation.
Pressure cylinder over long distances becomes uniform, and the infinite is given as p. employing
Bernoulli's equation between points on the border and infinity, then ignore the changes in energy
potential, we obtain:

I
VO

pb = y + !! LbV2
2g and 2g 1
(12,103)
The speed V, at the border should be, n the tangential direction. Then,
Substituting this in equation speed Bernoulli pressure values are set on the border
cylindrical. The support can be determined with the aid of FIG 12.36 as follows:
1/2
d0
Al sustituirp, you get the following expression:

l = +% + y0i
v, 2 [-2vosen0 - (w9 (vo / *) ~ '2] 2 2g li)
And l '* is * e do
Vo
Although at first glance this may seem complicated integrated, you can easily proceed, because
integrals most of the terms are zero. The result is a very simple expression
L = pV ,, A lift per unit length (12,104)
Then, the theoretical model also shows a lift, as in the case of the previous demonstration.
In addition, the support is given by a simple equation involving only the fluid density, the
free stream velocity and circulation. It can also be shown that in a steady stream,
dimensional incompressible and around a boundary of any shape, the lift is always equal
the product of these quantities. That is to say,
(12,105)
This consideration is of paramount importance in aerodynamics and called Magnus effect.
$ 42
With the help of the conformal transformation, as mentioned earlier, it is possible to establish a flow
FLOW POTENTIAL

incompressible and irrotational around bidimensional bodies look like attempted subsonic wing profiles. To the
As in the case of the cylinder, in this analysis it has a family of flows for a border and a speed
of certain free stream These flows are differentiated primarily by the value of the movement:
however, with one exception, all have an infinite velocity at the trailing edge of the profile profile.
In Figure 12.40 this point of the wing section is shown. The hypothesis states Kutta-Joukowski
the correct flow pattern flows for any family is one with a finite speed
-+
- * (Y = angle of attack
Figure 12.40
Airfoil section.
Figure 12.41
Section of a wing profile with separation.
the trailing edge. Experiments have indicated that the restricted theory thus yields good results;
ie the support theoretically calculated theoretical profiles wings coincides COJI
reasonable accuracy, with the actual underpinnings of two-dimensional profiles designed mathematically wings
with the same form. However, correspondence between theory and experiment is broken when the
angle of attack is large enough to induce separation condition in the actual flow. this
illustrated in Figure 12.41. In figure two theoretical 12.42 airfoils sections is developed
with the help of the conformal transformation. The theory enables continuous variation of angle
attack, but unfortunately this is accompanied by a change in the airfoil section.
Example 12.2. In 1927, a man named Flettner built a boat with two rotating cylinders for
act as candles (see Figure 12.43a). If the height of the cylinder is 15 m and the diameter is 2 '/ qm, find the
maximum propulsive thrust caused by the cylinders on the boat. The wind speed is 30 krn / h, as
It is shown in Figure 12.43b, and the boat speed is 4 km / h. L, I cylinders rotating at a speed of 750 r / min
by the action of a steam located below the deck.
Profile Joukowskl

Figure 12.42
math sections of profiles als

543
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

c-ce? ' Figure 12.43 4 kmfh

Flettner boat. (Adapted from Palmer Coslett, Power
b) from the Wind, New York, Putman, Van Nostrand Co.)
The speed V ,, with respect to the ship is easily determined as
VRE = 30j - 4i km / h
:. V ,,, = J302 + 4 * = 30.27 km / h = 8.41 m / s
the effects of extremes are not taken into account and assumed that the flow rate is calculated using
the fluid collides with each cylinder These assumptions will push an upper limit. Therefore:

r = (or) (2ar) =

(750)

$ (1375) '(2 ~) = 933 m2 / s

The force per unit length on each cylinder is

F = pV ,,, f = (1,229 kg / m ') (8.41 m / s) (933 m *)
= 9643 kg / s' = 9643 N / m
Therefore, the total thrust is
34 F, = (2) (9643) (15) = 289 kN
FLOW POTENTIAL
4 km / h

3Figura 12.44
rei Sustentation on Flettner rotors boat.
This force is at right angles to the direction of the relative velocity to the boat (vuse Figure 12.44). Therefore,
propulsive force in the direction of movement is
V

30

(4 hP = F, cos a = 289
(302 + 42p2
= 287 kN

In the real case it does not have such a large r as it has been used, but somewhat less than half of this value;
also exist some drag in the direction of V ,, shown in Figure 12.44. If CI were small, this drag
It would be a lateral thrust which counteracts the keel of the boat, as in a sailing boat. Therefore, the thrust expected
It would be about 40% of the theoretical upper limit which has been calculated.
If someone tries to make fun of this unique ship, it should be noted that Flettner crossed successfully with him and the ocean
Atlantic.
* PART F
Axisymmetric DIMENSIONAL FLOWS
12.26 INTRODUCTION
This section is carried out the study ideal flow with axial symmetry and in a form tridimensional
similar to two dimensional flow analysis of the previous parts. The axis of symmetry be chosen as z axis,
the form shown in Figure 12.45. In planes perpendicular to this axis as the plane S, the characterFigure 1245
S plane perpendicular to the axis of symmetry z.
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

Figure 12.46
Giro AB around the z axis of symmetry.
flow character- depend only on the radial distance r time, and are independent of the angle 8. Examples
practical problems in which the material in this section is important include flows around
blimp missiles and completely submerged submarines.
12.27 CURRENT FUNCTION STOKES
It is useful to develop a stream function for the flow. To do so, an "anchor point" is chosen A
and wandering point B, as shown in Figure 12.46; now both points are joined by any
curve AB. The surface may be associated with this curve is perhaps not as obvious as in the case of flow
two - dimensional. In this case, this is a surface of revolution generated by revolving the curve around
the axis of symmetry. Now it will be shown that the flow through this surface is independent of the curve
generating for a given set of endpoints. Suppose two arbitrary surfaces formed of
anteriorly between points A and B. It can be considered that these surfaces are a volume
control form of a ring around the z axis. This is illustrated in Figure 12.47. The conservation of mass
in the case of incompressible flow it requires that the flow through each surface of revolution is equal. Due
to the generatrices paths are arbitrary, it can be concluded that the flows associated as described
with all paths between A and B are equal. Also other points B ', with the same coordinates
(z, r) that B, can be used with A to generate surfaces of revolution, by the argument
above, they have the same flow at any instant that the surfaces generated using point B.
Thus, for a given anchor point, all of these flows can be considered as a function of the coordinates
space (z, r) of wandering point and time. Therefore, it is now possible to set a function
current. For convenience in subsequent calculations, this function is related to the flow in the following
shape:
, ..,.:.:.:. .:.
'$ #' Figure 12.47
'. Control volume around the axis of symmetry.
FLOW POTENTIAL

(12,106)
where w is the current function Stokes.
As in the case of a two-dimensional flow, the use of the stream function almost always involves operation
partial differentiation with respect to a spatial coordinate. Because changes in the point
anchor are, at most, in that the stream function change in a function only of time,
anchor point location is not very important in such operations. Accordingly, the subscript
A of the above presentation it is usually removed.
The above analysis was carried out using cylindrical coordinates. However, the spherical coordinates
They are also useful in this work. These are illustrated in Figure 12.48. Because it is considered
axisymmetric flow, only the radial distance from the origin are necessary denoted as
R and angle /? between R and the axis of symmetry. Accordingly, the current function can be expressed as
q = h + (R, P ') (12,107)
Finally, to establish flow across a surface of revolution with edges that pass through a pair
of points 1 and 2 flow, the following simplified notation may be used:
q1,2 = 24 * 2 - $ 1) (12,108)
where it is understood that the same anchor point for the evaluation of I, V is used in points 1 and
2, but where the identity of the anchor point is not important.
L
Figure 12.48
Spherical coordinates R, 0 and 8.
12.28 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER LINES,
CURRENT ROLE AND FIELD OF SPEED
Now the stream function of Stokes lines with a flow stream relates. Consider first
the locus of current lines in a z have the same coordinate position r.
Due to the symmetry of the flow around the z axis current these lines form a surface of revolution
It is known as surface current. Clearly there can be no flow through the surface
current, so that it acts as an impermeable container. From equation (12.108), should be
certain that all points along the surface have the same value as v, which leads to con-. . X. . . . Z .I . . : . % ... : . . ..... . .: ..
conclude that the surfaces are equal to the current level superjicies function co Ez $$! '
r-Stokes laughing. However, the surface current also could have been generated when turning. '::::.'

IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANhSIS

a streamline around the z axis. Then, it is seen that each power line is part of a surface
v level. To graph a flow, traces the YZ plane and surfaces are drawn
level and '.'
Note that up to this point has not been made in the development restriction to include irrotacionalidad of
flow. Accordingly, the current function Stokes exists and can be used for both rotational flows
irrotational flows to. However, if the flow is irrotational, there must be a speed potential,
as I discussed above. Due to the axial symmetry of the flow, it is necessary that the velocity potential surfaces
constant also are surfaces of revolution. The graphical representation of these surfaces is
given by its intersections with the yz plane. The resulting lines are known as potential lines. The
Streamlines and potential lines drawn in the manner described above form a mesh system
similar to those discussed in the previous part. However, Za condicio'n of not maintained ortogonalidud
This, as will be seen in the following examples.
The sign convention adopted in part E can conveniently extend the current analysis. Is
say, looking from one position to another, the flow is considered positive if it passes from the left of the observer
to his right.
It will be very useful to establish the relationship between v, V and C $ in spherical coordinates, as shown in Figure
12.49. The flow between A and B plus the segment R dp can be written equivalently, and equalize them,
you get to the following equation:

I1, (R, p, t) + gdg

= 2reA (R, P, t) + 2r (R SENP) VRRdp

Figure 12.49
axisymmetric flow with spherical coordinates.

,. ......
$ 48 l6 S i V, = O, is decu, if no rotation of the flow around the Z axis, these traces correspond to actual stream lines
in the YZ plane. If V, # 0, these traces still called power lines.

where 27r (R sin 0) it is the circumference of the band R DFL. This simplifies to
1
VR = -a *
R2 sen / 3 Jp
Similarly, using the segment it dR, you are obtained:
(12,109)
(12,110)
Finally, for irrotational flows can be achieved the following relationships between the stream function
and speed potential equalizing the corresponding expressions for the speeds V, and V ,:
(12,111)
(12,112)
It is now possible to calculate either of the two functions, once you know the other, by integration,
as we discussed in Part B.

12.29 BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT OF

Because the analysis section 12. ll related first and second laws of thermodynamics,
like Newton's law are valid for any incompressible and irrotational flow only is
necessary to consider the conservation of mass for the special case that is being developed.
The differential equation for conservation of mass can be found in spherical coordinates. expressing
the divergence operator in the desired coordinate system. In spherical coordinates, the differential equation
the conservation of mass, when there is axial symmetry, is
SENP & (RZVx) + R $ (sin RRP) = 0 (12,113)
The reader can verify, replacing the function of current instead of the velocity components in
Equation (ll 12. 3) and using the appropriate relations given in equations (12 109) and (12.1 I), the
stream function satisfies the law of conservation of mass, as expected due to this development.
In a similar way, the velocity components of the above equation are replaced by expressions
appropriate depending on the speed potential. The result is
(12,114) .., .. ,,> ,. .. ::,
, #? G
,,. . ::. .p,.:.:. . ..: ..:,. ..:. .
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANckLISIS

This is the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates, and its solutions are known as spherical harmonics.
Because in this case the current function does not satisfy Laplace function, as in
the two - dimensional analysis, is generally first speed potential that is harmonious and
which satisfies the boundary conditions of a given problem. A useful procedure is overlaying
Simple known solutions so that the effect produced by a given boundary approaches. Now
this method will be explored.
12.30 FLOW UNIFORM
Consider a uniform direction z positive flow speed V, Spherical coordinates
this rate can be expressed as
v = v cos p (12,115)
VB = Vo sin p (12,116)
It replacing the quantities V, and VP using equations (12,109) and (12.1 I), is obtained:
1w
- Cos p = Vo
R2 sen @ ap
1w
~ - = V, SENP
RsenB aR
(12,117)
(12,118)
By integrating the equation (ll 12. 7) with respect to / I and Equation (ll 12. 8) with respect to R, you are obtained:
R2 sin2 p
+ = 2 Vo + g (W
R2 sin2 p
Vu = 2 * + h (P)
Comparing these equations, we conclude that integration arbitrary functions g (R) and h (P) must be
equal to the same constant. By omitting this constant function desired current is obtained:
/] (12,119)
The corresponding speed potential can be found quickly by integrating the equations (12.1 ll) and
(12. ll 2) for the current function above. Then,
p <f> = (12,120)

.:. ... .
550 ~
. .

FLOW POTENTIAL

SOURCES AND SINKS 12.31 DIMENSIONAL

Now the next spherical harmonic function is examined in which m is a constant:
(12,121)
Note that this function is symmetric about the origin and, therefore, is axially symmetrical about
any eg passing through this point. The only component of spherical speed which is different from
zero is VR, the Cjal has the value
(12,122)
Analysis of this velocity field leads to the following conclusions:
1. The flow continues radially outward from the origin, and therefore, the flow is a source
dimensional. By using (m / 47r) (l / R) as potential speed you reach a flow radially towards
in and therefore the flow is one sink.
2. In the source point speed becomes infinite. Then this point is necessary to exclude regions
possible physical. At an appropriate distance from source point, the speed becomes very small.
3. Using a spherical surface of radius R control, source around the point, to calculate the
fluid flow from the source, get to the following equation:
(12,123)
As in the case of sources and sinks dimensional, m is known as intensity of the source
or sump.
Figure 12.50
dimensional source.
The function corresponding current can be calculated by integrating the equations (12.1 ll) and (12,112). So,
* = -, Cos p (12. 124),: .- +: .. ::: c.
::;: $ Gg:
.. :: ...: ..:.:. ::.: ...:
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANhSIS

The surfaces of constant speed potential form a family of concentric spherical surfaces

around the point source. Furthermore, current surfaces form a family of concentric cones
around the Z axis, with its vertex at the source point. In figure 12.50 a trace of these surfaces are illustrated
on the YZ plane.

DOUBLE VICTORY 12.32 TRIDIMENSIONAL1 '

As in the previous two-dimensional case, the doublet is developed by a limiting process. A fountain
and three-dimensional sink of equal intensity are located on the z axis distance paragraphs 2 ~ 2
as it is shown in Figure 12.51. To form the doublet becomes the source and sink approach
(Ie, 2a + 0), while simultaneously makes the intensity increases without bound (ie
m + oo), so that in the limit the product 2:00 a.m. has the finite value 4 ~ p. Mathematically, this operation
It is shown as
(12,125)
The constant p is known as intensity dublete'8.
-a sink

--- +
Source
+ A - + ----- Z
-m + m Figure

12.51

Source and sink along z.

Figure 12.52
* Coordinates for development
iI m -m -ll a

three - dimensional double.

The potential for this double speed can be set by first calculating the combined potential of
source-sink arrangement before the passage to the limit. In figure 12.52 a convenient notation indicates to
this formulation, according to which the speed potential of the combination is
(12,126)
"The three-dimensional doublet is analogous to the electric dipole electrostatic where positive and negative charges are united in the
. '..'. . . ' as described in this section.
? Q '8 as there can not be a coefficient of viscosity flows without friction, the letter p can be used safely to make
O '.' an erroneous interpretation.
FLOW POTENTIAL

If the distance is very small compared to choose R, the following approximation can be established
(See Figure 12.52):
RI -R 2 = the 2nd cos / 3, (12,127)
Substituting this approximation in equation (12.126) is obtained
R 2nd cos / 3,
'= Grr January 2
(12,128)

Now it allows the source and sink approach the origin as described above. Note
to 2:00 a.m. becomes 47cp which R, R, becomes R2 and, finally, becomes Pr p. A) Yes
Also, the above equation is more accurate as the distance decreases the 2nd, so that in the limit
You can replaced the sign indicating "uproximadamente" by the equal sign. Then, obtiener9:
(12,129)

It is clear, watching the double, which is a spherical harmonic function was developed. The source of the doublet
should be excluded from the physical flow regions because the reader can easily show that the speed
It tends to infinity at that point. The corresponding current function can be assessed as
(12.130)
In figure 12.53 surfaces traces current and potential surfaces shown
constant. Note that there is a system of closed curves tangent to the z axis resembling circles for
the two-dimensional double.
12.33 PERMANENT FLOW AROUND A SPHERE
Now show that superimposing a uniform flow and a three-dimensional double leads to the solution
the incompressible and irrotational flow around a sphere. The intensity of the doublet p is taken as
Va3 / 2, where V ,, is the flow velocity uniform b is a constant which, as will be demonstrated
below, it is the radius of the sphere. Taking doublet development axis along the z axis in Figure
12.54 trace current lines shown for each flow. The current function combination
is
*=L ', R2 sin2 / 3 L', b3
2
+2R

sen * p (12,131)
l9 It is clear that the double has a directional property. If p is considered as a vector directed from the sump to the source, is left
demonstrate the reader, with reference to FIG 12.56 which I $ = (D) / R '. In the electrostatic diyolar momenro p is analogous to vector
p doublet intensity, and the potential of an electric field due to a dipole has:
($ 1 = p-.R,

4mo R
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS AN.kL1.W

Figure 12.53
Network flow of a three-dimensional double.
Now the surface corresponding to the constant current w = 0 is examined Rallying terms,
yyR2 +! + (12.132)
Note that for all values of R, the conditions p = 0 and p = satisfy the equation. Therefore,
It can be considered as the axis of symmetry of the surface current. Also, the condition R = b
satisfies the equation for all values of p. In Figure 12.55 of the surface shown
r = 0. The current flow lines outside of the spherical surface may be regarded as the flow
wanted.
Figure 12.54
Superimposing a three dimensional doublet and uniform flow.
Figure 12.55
w = 0 forms a sphere.
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

/'
__ / -------____
/ Body of revolution
-.
/
+ - - --Il & *
\
'1
/'
.

/'
---___--/-

Figure 12.56
Body of revolution.
L source Points
7.
-.
----____---_/-K

Figure 12.57
Sources and sinks online
an approximate solution.
Function combined stream at point n of the body for all sources fy uniform linear flow
It may be formed by the following sum:
m=f
* N = - c E ( 'k ,, - k ;,) +; r;
m=l

(12,134)
The next step is to adjust the intensities of the line sources f n1, Q,. . . . nP so that the value of
function point current body n is some constant. Using zero as constant,
has:
m=f

- R, g ( 'k ,, - ;, k) + $ 2 = 0 (12,135)
If this is done for all points f body, a system of simultaneous equations f will be established with
f unknown intensities. Then,
$ 56, ~.
rkfl - $ 1 rkf2 - $ 2 'KFF - k; f Vo

4T 771
+

4rr 772 + ... + 4T = 77f 2'1 '

(12,136)
FLOW POTENTIAL

Figure 12.58
Details sources and sinks online.
This may seem a complicated Larea when they are used many linear sources. However the
computer is ideal for developing this method. It is quite easy to establish a simple procedure for
evaluate distances? &, in the above equations. A constant length should be set L of each
line source, and X will be denoted as the distance from the origin to the right of the mth line source,
as it is shown in Figure 12.58. By using trigonometric relationships, the distance 'k, k,
They can be expressed as follows:
'K ,, = ir: + [(x "-;) - (X * L)] i) 1'2 *

[(

r; + x, -x, + 2

L 2'12

November

;, k =
(12,137th)

i(

L February 1 / *

= R, + X, - X, - -

November

(12.1376)

Placing the origin at the beginning of the first linear source, it can be said that for the i-th source, Xi = iL.

Accordingly, the above equations are simplified as follows:

'K ,, =
;, k =
(~ 12,138)
(12.1386)
In the diagrams and equations (12,138) ,, Tk represents the same line segment k7, m ,, of ....
So it appears to be calculated only distances f + 1 in the above manner for each:? '' and? . . .
point of the body. If the coefficients of the equation (12,136) are denoted as C ,,,, it can be written; g- .. ::.?
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANskLlSIS

(12.139b)
Finally, it should be noted that the coefficients with repeated indices, such as Cu, are zero. That is, the diagonal
principal of the coefficient matrix of TJ is a set of zeroes 21. This is seen by examining Figure 12.59.
Figure 12.59
Point j j source punto.del body.
Once the intensities of the line sources have been evaluated, the current approximate function for
the whole region outside the body of revolution is available. Then, the value of the function
current at any position in space can be found using equation (12,134) by
n values calculated and distances k r to the position P, instead of using the position of point
TZ body. Therefore, we obtain:
m=f
h = - C $ ( 'kpm - ki,)! + $ rz
m=l

(12,140)
However, in most cases it will be desired information only along the border.
Pressure distributions can be calculated using the Bernoulli equation in the same way as
in two-dimensional problems developed in the previous part.

1235 COLOPHON
This chapter has considered the case of two-dimensional potential flow, for which developed the
streamfunction concept and this has been related to the velocity potential. Using the laws
basic established that both functions must satisfy the Laplace equation and therefore
They must be harmonic functions. some simple problems were solved by the method of superposition
and, in general, the theory took a state of development when the reader to study elements
Finite be able to return to this material and apply powerful methods for solving problems
more complex flow potential. Subsequently it made a similar development for ideal flow with symmetry
axial and three-dimensional.

593 * 'Now you see that it is only necessary to calculate f - 1 point distances for each body because C = 0. Then,
J do not need to calculate% (0 Q.
FLOW POTENTIAL

If the reader has studied the footnotes page, you may have noticed that the potential flow seems to be
quite similar to the theory of electrostatic fields. Actually, this similarity must exist, because each
field of study essentially involves the solution of Laplace for certain boundary conditions. This
differential equation also characterized the permanent heat flow in a homogeneous medium and flow
permanent electrical currents, and is of great importance in the theory of elasticity. In this way and from
proper perspective, has been studied part of a general body of knowledge in involved
Laplace's equations and is known as potential theory, which applies specifically to the case
fluid mechanics. The names of certain relevant concepts and their physical meaning differ from
an area of study to another, but this should not question the fundamental relationships of potential theory
present in these studies.
This part concludes formal studies on flow potential or ideal. Chapter 13 explains how they can
coupled theories potential flow and boundary layer to achieve useful results in some problems.
After studying the viscous flow in a duct in Chapter 9, it is now proceeds to consider the flow
viscous boundary layer. Understanding flow in the boundary layer is important for predicting the behavior
vehicle and turbomachinery. Other interesting and important phenomena that occur when
there is a flow around a body can be understood in terms of flow in the boundary layer.
PROBLEMS
Category problems
12.1. Indicate whether the following regions are simply
0 related multiply related:
simply connected and multiply connected domains 12.1
Calculation of rot V and circulation r 12.2
Problems 12.3-12.7 streamfunction
Speed potential, current functions and networks
12.8-12.19 flow
Acceleration field, given in April 1220
Problems with the operator rot 12.21-12.22
Velocity potential velocity field for 12.23
12.24-12.28 problems harmonic functions
simple potential flows 12.29-12.40
Method of images 12.41-12.44
Superimposition of simple flows 12.45-12.57
rotating cylinder with circulation 12.58-12.63
12.64-12.67 complex variables
Axisymmetric flows 12.68- 12.87
Problems asterisked
a) The region between a solid sphere and a shell
spherical envelops [Figure P 12.1].
b) The region between two tubes [Figure P12.1 b].
c) The region between two tubes with end A
closed [Figure P12.1 ~ 1
d) The regions within the larger tube and into
the lower tube end A Open
[TiguraP12.lc].
12.2. Given the following velocity field
V = 2n'yi + 2y * xj + lOkm / s
icul r is the circulation around a path
square in the plane. ~ and centered at the origin? He
square is 2 m side. What can be said about
of rot V?
12.87
Deductions and justifications
12.21, 12.33, 12.35, 12.70, 12.76, 12.72

12.3. A stream function w is given by w = - (xZ

+ Ucy + 4t2y). When t = 2, jcul is the flow through
the semicircular path in Figure
Q12.3? iCul is the flow through the x axis
from A to x = 1 O? 559
FLOW ANALYSIS EX'IERNOS
Regidn of interb

Figure P12.1
Figure Q12.3
12.4.
12.5.
In Problem 12.3, point A, the origin of xy, is
He used as an anchor point. Suppose used
the point D at y = -1 as an anchor point. Which
is the difference between the flows through the
paths connecting the points B and C with the new
anchor point compared with that obtained
when using the previous anchor point at the instant
t?
12.15. Show that the circulation around a doublet
It is zero. See the problem 12.14.
12.16. Show that the function $ = - (ALR *) cos 28 is harmonic
and that the current function for this potential
is (I \ l?) sin 28. What is the flow network for
this flow? Help: See your text geometry
analitical about lemniscates.
Show that
v, = -a + / ax.
12.17. In Example 4.1 showed the velocity field
bidimensional following:
v, = -Ax
V, = Ay
12.6. If the function of current flow is w
= -2xy, Lcul is the speed at the position where A is a constant. IEs irrotational this flu9. c <1

12.7.
12.8.
12.9.
IMPORTANT

In Problem 12.6, outline the pattern

power lines. What is the meaning of the
separation between the power lines of his schemes
IThe?
If the flow is irrotational 12.6 problem, jcul
It will be the appropriate speed potential without
into account the constant of integration?
Make an outline of the flow network for the flow given
in 12.6 problem.
12.10. Draw the flow network to flow given in Example
12.1.
12.11. Show that Q = (A / ~ z) In r is a harmonic function.
12.12. Consider the potential role
c # J = -A (x * - and Z)
Show that is a harmonic function. iCul is
the stream function v /! Express this function
current in polar coordinates. Draw network
flow. LExiste a sticking point? If this is
and, l Where? iExiste a singular point? If this is
and, l Where?
12.13. Show that the stream function for $ = (M
2 ~) is R & V = - (h / 2a) In I: (This is the simple vortex).
12.14. Show that the stream function for $ = (x
cos @ / res I, V = - (Q sin x) / K (This is a doublet).
n n..r I.1., ,. '1 "r,

FLOW POTENTIAL

~ JI ends 4 and if the answers to these questions

They are "sf '.
12.18. A two - dimensional flow field has the following
speed:
V = x'i + (-2xy + 4x) j m / s

IEs this flow irrotational? iSatisface equation

continuity? If so, icul is v, without
account the arbitrary constant of integration?
12.19. Consider the potential role
c # J = A (x2-y2)
Show that is a harmonic function. iCul is
the stream function v /! Express this function
current in polar coordinates. Draw network
flow. iExiste a sticking point? If this is
and, l Where?
12.20. A potential speed 4 is given by
4 = 5x2y + 10 ~ + ~ 2 3tt2 m2 / s
Find the acceleration field.
12.21. Show that the rotational flow of any potential
must be zero examining rot ($ V).
12.22. If the field l: * velocity is given by
V = (2 ~ '+ 3y) + i + 1Oyz'j 10z'tk

ies irrotational flow? If this is not so, it is jcul

V rot?
12.23. It has a permanent irrotational flow field
speed following:
V = 2xi + 2j m / s

jcul is the velocity potential regardless

the indeterminate constant?
12.24. iCules of the following functions may be functions
current or potential speed
dimensional potential flows?
a) -and x2 *
b) sin (x + v)
1 2. May 2.
12.26.
d) Klnr
e) DO

If $, and @z are harmonious, show that for

then R $ is harmonic if C, D and E are
constant.
For any two - dimensional incompressible flow (not
necessarily irrotational) show that the vector
vorticity or has a magnitude equal to ( '/ z) V'yl.
12.27. In section 7.8, case 1, the laminar flow was examined
between two infinite parallel plates (see Figure
7.12) and found to
u = & (h2 -y ')
What is the current function w for this flow?
12.28. For 4 of section 10.5, the flow was examined
Couette. Remember that in this case the flow between
two infinite parallel plates is generated by the
movement of the top plate. For viscous fluids
it was established that
iCul is the stream function?
12.29. dimensional potential flow flowing shown
a small hole radially. iCul is
the speed potential if 15 m% flow into the

I orifice per unit length of this?

Figure P12.29
12.30. If VI-hr = "" sin (showing that satisfies
Laplace equation and 4 = -Ar "cos (Oda).
Show that it can represent a flow.
on a straight boundary as shown $ 61
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANzkLISIS

Figure P12.30

12.31. a) Show that the given flow problem in 1230

It is reduced to uniform flow section 12.16
when a = ~ t.
b) When a = d2, draw a rough network flow
making use of the fact that the lines
Potential and current lines are orthogonal.
Show that this can be a
flow in a corner. If A = 1, is the speed icul
flow along the horizontal wall
10 feet from the corner?
12.32. The figure shows a source and sink shown
intensity equal to 20 pies'ls. It is the speed iCul
in the position (15, I 5) feet?
Vo = lOpies / s
-

Pb, Y)

15 feet
-x
Source 10 feet 10 feet Gully
Figure P12.32

12.33. Consider a source and sink currents

h equal located at x = + aa along the axis
X, as shown in Fig. Show that the
function combined stream is given as follows:

* = $ (As -'-- L

- so-' xfa X - U 1
(to)

Using the identity,

A - B
5@
tank ' A - tank' B = tank '~
1 + AB (b)
Source I Sumidero

Figure P12.33

show that the power lines are given

by the equation

y2 x2 J

2AY

+-=

274

so i-1

63

TO

Show that the streamlines are circles

with its center on the axis and placing the equation (c)
in the form x2 + 0, - CJ2 = CZ2, where C and C are
for a constant line current. Show
the radii of the circles are given by
274
R = u csc-H
Also show that all circles pass through
the points of the source and sink.
12.34. In Problem 12.30, icul is the speed at esquinaparaO <
<X yparan <a <2n?
1235. Examine the flow of a pair of two-dimensional vortexes
opposite located at (a, 0) and (-a, 0), respectively,
A. Take intensity vortex
counterclockwise to clockwise in x =
--LI And sense of clockwise at x =
to. Show that the power lines are IJJ = C
given by
I
2u

= E 2NR / \ ~ pc / \
Therefore, these are circles with radii 2to
-2nc / 1 \

Ce -e2rrC'h).
12.36. iCul is the circulation around the singular point
flow since 12.16 on the problem?
FLOW POTENTIAL

12.37. You want to represent the potential flow around

a cylinder with a radius of 2 feet without circulation where
free stream velocity at infinity is 10
piesfs. iCul should be the current function?
What is the pressure drop at the top of
cylinder pressure on the free stream
at infinity? What is the increase in pressure
pressure above the free stream at point
stagnation? Suppose the fluid is air
with p = 0.002378 slug / ft3.
12.38. Prove that the lift of a cylinder without
circulation is zero.
12.39. A swirl has a rate of 2 mls distance auna
r = 1 m from the center of the core. iCul is the decline
in elevation of the free surface from r
= 3mhastar = 1 m?
12.40. Draw the flow network for a two-dimensional potential flow
corresponding to the geometry of FIG.
Figure P12.40
12.41. Show that the superposition of two equal sources
distance 2a establishes separated flow
normally a single source with an infinite wall to the
connection line sources, located half
way between sources (this method of creating
mathematically borders is known as a method
images).

12.42. Using the method of images, as presented

the problem 12.41, speed is hcul
Y
I mx
*2

Figure P12.42 The fluid is water at 30 C.

flow position (3, 5) m due to two sources
near infinite wall? Intensities
sources are h = 10 m2 / s AZ = 5 m2 / s.
12.43. .Cul Is the flow velocity at the position (5, 5)
from a current source A, = 10 m% between
two infinite walls forming a right angle
between them? See the problem 12.41.
Y

Figure P12.43
12.44. In the above problems they have been used sources
and point sinks with the method
the images. Explain why this is not valid if
It is considering the flow around a nearby cylinder
to a wall, as illustrated in Fig.

---- T ///////////////////////// 0 /////////////////// //// ~

Figure P12.44
1245. Consider superimposing a uniform flow
n positive direction, with a speed of 2 m / s
and a source at the source with an intensity A = 3
m * / s. LDnde the stagnation point is locaiiza?

What is the shape of the border around the

overlapping which may represent a pattern
flow? Make an outline of the border.
12.46. In the above problem, if the free stream pressure
is 101,325 Pa, i, which is the gauge pressure
the border at r = 4 m? Border body
in the above problem equal to
V ,, rsenH + 2, H = 2

: .j ..; . . . . .
EXTERNAL FLOWS ANkLJSIS IMPORTANT - -

12.47. In 1245 the problems and the flow was considered 12.46
about half body formed by a source
and uniform flow. If the intensity of the source is
3 m3 / (s> (m) and uniform velocity is 5 m / s,
Ldnde the stagnation point is located and what
is the maximum overall width of the average body?
12.48. a uniform flow and a localized source overlap
the origin and perpendicular to the xy plane with
intensity 10 m3 / (s) (m> to form a medium body.
~ Cuhl should be uniform flow velocity
to have a maximum width of 0.8 m? Use the results
12.45 problems and 12.46.
12.49. Consider a uniform flow in the x direction with
V ,,, speed superimposed on a current source
A located at x = -a and a drain current
h x = + c1 in. The power line along
the x axis will branch to form an oval region
It is known as oval Rankine. First,
show that the power lines that open
in points A and B must be R & Y = 0. Then show
the width h of the oval satisfies the equation
12.50. In Problem 12.49 determine the length L as
a function of VO, A and for Rankine oval.
: / II- x
AA
- Source Sink
-

Figure P12.49
Help: Overlap equation (12.68) for $ of
combination of source and sink with a flow
uniform speed VO, using cylindrical coordinates
for the latter. Show that
12.51. It is an oval shape by Rankine uniform flow
V, = 5 and my source and sink with
A intensities equal to 8 m3 / (s) (m). If the source and
the drain are separated by a distance Q =
0.2 m, respectively, jcul is the maximum width of
Oval and what is the maximum flow rate?
(See Problems 12.49 and 12.50).
12.52. You want to have a Rankine oval with length L
= 4 m (see Fig P12.49). If the speed of
free stream is 8 m / s and intensities of the source
and sink are 6 m2 / s, jcul will be the width h
Oval? (See the problems 12.49 and 12.50).
12.53. Potential flow with a flow velocity
free 5 m / s on a semicircular protuberance flows
long. If the pressure of the free stream is
101.325 Pa and the temperature is WC, jcul is the force
caused by flow over the protrusion per unit
of length? The radius of the protuberance is 2
M
12.54. In the above problem, suppose you have the flow
potencjal about half cylinder essentially
semicylinder equal to a, but in which it occurs
separation at the top without recovery
Pressure. ~ What would be the drag on the cylinder half
per unit length?
12.55. A doublet distributed along the x axis has a
intensity x = 6 m3 / (s) (m). It develops and emits in
the address
Y = 0.61 + 0.8k

What is the speed at the position

r = 3i + Zj + 4km

12.56. A current source h, = 3 m3 / (s) (m) is

oriented perpendicular to the plane xy
x = 3 m position, y = 5 m. A double with intensity
x = 4 m3 / (s) (m) is located on the source and emits
in the positive direction x. A flow with velocity
6 ths uniform is headed in the + direction. Which
is the speed at the position
FLOW POTENTIAL

r = -4i + 6j + 3km

when these two flows overlap?

12.57. A thin walled tank as illustrated,
formed by two half cylinders with an outside diameter
3 m and a length of 10 m, rests with
exterior exposed to a wind speed
10 km / h. If the internal gauge pressure is 200
Pa and if there are 10 rivets on each side, it is the effort jcul
rivet voltage as a result of
internal and external pressures? The cross section
each rivet is 12mm *. Suppose pti

1,225 kg / m 'and note that Jsen'e do = - (1/3) cos

ien + 2).
10 km / h

Figure P12.57
12.58. horizontal circular cylinder 6 feet in diameter
rotates at a speed w = 400 r / min and moves in
the air with a speed of 300 feet &. Which is the
lift per unit length of the cylinder if
circulation corresponds to 40% of the circulation
Maximum possible? p = 0.002378 slug / ft3.
-~
300 ft / s
3p \ ies

Figure P12.58
12.59. There were attempts to develop an airplane using
two rotating cylinders as wing profiles.
Consider as these cylinders, each with
a diameter of 3 feet and a length of 30 feet. Yes
each cylinder is rotated at 800 r / min while the
aircraft moves at a speed of 60 millasAtora
in the air at 2,000 feet in a standard atmosphere,
considers the support that could be developed on
the plane without taking into account the effects of
ends. Suppose circulation for the cylinder
It corresponds to 35% of theoretical maximum.
12.60. 12.2 In the example, assume that the wind is oriented
in an angle of 30 ", as shown in the figure,
and that 45% of the maximum circulation develops
on the rotors. If the drag coefficient is a third
lift coefficient for the rotors,
jct.tAl is thrust in the direction x caused by
rotors? The other data remain unchanged.
Figure P12.60
12.61. In Problem 12.60, locate the sticking points
for circulation condition was used.
12.62. A windmill, as the figure, comprises
by rotating cylinders and operates according
with the Magnus effect. The wind mill broken
an angular velocity w = 40 r / min on the ground.
The cylinders rotate with a speed or =

WI = 40r
w2 ~ 750

/ min
r / min

\
'from air
= 1.002 kg / m 3
Wind V = 50 km / h

Figure P12.62
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL FLOWS ANhLlSlS

750 r / min with respect to the mill. A wind speed

50 km / h goes directly to the mill.
If circulation around the cylinder corresponds
60% of the theoretical maximum, what is the total torque
about the mill?
12.63. A wind turbine with three rotating cylinders,
as the figure, it was designed and constructed by
Thomas Hansen with federal funding. If each
one cylinder rotates around each
the axes 100 r / min, what is the initial torque to
these shafts rotate about AA if blowing a
Wind 30 millaskora? The actual circulation developed
the cylinder corresponds to 40% of the circulation
maximum possible. Suppose p = 0.002378
slug / ft3.
front WSTA

Figure P12.63
12.64. A w analytic function of a complex variable
It is given by
M '= ll / 2 = A / (xt i)
Show that this can be a double
56 (i reproducing equations (12.77) and (12.79).
12.65. Consider the complex function
w = -: \ In (z - z ,,)
where z is a complex constant ,,. Show that
this function may represent a vortex. h is a
positive real constant. Use polar coordinates
p- (z - b).
12.66. Determine the velocity at r = 3i + 2j m for flows
potential represented by the complex functions
Analytical following:
a) w = IZ2 + 2z
b) w = l / z + z In
12.67. Describe the families of lines and power lines
potential generated by the analytic complex function
following:
w = 7zz + 42
12.68. Show that 4 = (rn / 47c) (l / R) is harmonic and then
determine the corresponding current function.

12.69. Since 4 = (p cos @IR ', show that w = (u sin2

PW
12.70. If the reference source is an "anchor point"
jcul is the flow through trunk surface
cone having a half angle of 20 ", if the function
current to flow it is
where fi is the constant?
V

3 ft 4

Figure P12.70
FLOW POTENTIAL

12.71. Show that

1 nl / l
% = ~~~ Rsenp ~ aR V "";

12.72. Given the current function r + r = - ( 1/2) V, R * sin 'p show that $ J = -RV, cos p.
12.73. LCules are the maximum and minimum pressures on a
2-foot sphere radius in a flow potential of r + maa --m
air where the absolute pressure of the free stream - en 5 lb / in * and the speed of the free stream is --C
100 foot & Suppose p = 0.002378 slug / ft3.
Figure P12.76
12.74.
12.75.
12.76.
12.77.
Consider overlaying a power source
m at the origin of x and r. and uniform flow in the
+ z direction at a speed V ,. Locate the point
of stagnation. Show that the value of the
function current passing through this point is ml
(47r). Show that the combined single streams
They give a flow around a body of revolution
semi-infinite described by equation
cm p 2RV ,, --R

* sen * p = 1

Show that the drag on a sphere in a

potential flow is zero.
A three-dimensional source and sink overlap
on a uniform flow, as shown. The
stream function w = 0 form a body of revolution
known as body of revolution of
Rankine. The length of the body for the case where
m = 5 m3 / s, V = 10 m / s = 0.3 m. Suggestions:
First show that
PA = tan '
Rsenp
R cos p + 1y
BR = tank '
Rsenp
Cos R / 3 - (Y

Get the stream function depending on R and

p and constants a, V, and m. now calculate
V ,, igulela to zero, then / 3 = fi = 0 for
a sticking point. The desired result
for R at the ends of the body is
Show that I, V, the current function Stokes,
satisfies the differential form of conservation
12.78. In Problem 12.72, transform the stream function
and cylindrical coordinates potential speed.
12.79. In problem 12.76 was found to function
current was
* = - L LR cos p + u
4A (R '+ B + cos 2aR a') "*
+z
Cos R / 3 - n
4A (R2 - 2aR cos / 3 + a ')' '

1
+ IT / ,, R * sin 'p

What is the diameter D in the larger cross section

Circular perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of
Rankine body of revolution?
12.80. A sphere of radius shown b in the stream
a fluid having a uniform rate V, away
of the sphere. If separation occurs along the line
peripheral shown as AB corresponding to
angle indicated a, an approximation of drag
shape (drag due to normal stresses
only) found in the area. Help: Your place
irrotational flow in the region not separate and
zero pressure recovery in the separated region.
V0

mass in spherical coordinates. Figure P12.80

AN. & ANALYSIS OF MAJOR EXTERNAL FLOWS

12.81. A spherical dome encloses a radar installation

and it has an outer radius b. iCul is lift

on the dome caused by a uniform air flow

with speed VO? Help: Use only one quadrant
and then multiply by 4. Note that p is from
zero to 7r / 2 for this integration.

VO

YY

l1

Figure P12.81
12.82. A source or sink linear, as in the figure,

It is a continuous distribution of sources or sinks

finite length having an intensity of
q cubic units per unit length, so
the d <element is a current source
q d4. Set the current function for
uniform line source it is shown expressed
as an integral. Relation [with r ct. take
derived for the case of a fixed point P for
dc. Replace this to see the comprehensive integrated
to obtain, for a linear intensity constant
n, the result v = (r7 / 47c) (R -RA). Help:
cos p 1
- @ = -___

sin2 p sin p ca>

'Source Imeal
q POI of mtenwdad
MDAD of longwd

12.83. A linear source emitting 1 ft3 / spie has a

length of 6 feet and is located along the z axis.
iCul is the flux crossing the conical surface,
which is 10 feet in length and a half angle
twenty"? See the problem 12.82.
Superfue cnlca

Pigura P12.83

12.84. In Problem 12.83, Lcul is the flow through the

conical surface if a linear sink is added
intensity (%) ft '/ s per unit length
between z = 6 z = what? Problem 12.83, q = 5.61
feet%.
12.85. Overlay an unifomre flow V, with a fountain or
n linear current sink and a source or sink
n2 linear intensity. Depending on n ,,
n2, L, and & may be the flow around a body
of revolution infinite or finite length (if
n, & = -n &, a body of revolution is obtained
finite). Express RA and R, depending on R, p. L, and L2.
Ly express function R / 3, L ,, L, and the intensities
Q. Calculate g ,, V, and even he to zero. Points
ends of the body of revolution are located
on positions in the Z axis Show that the positions
end are located at a distance
R along the axis t given by the following equations:

kV, and R- (R: _LL)

1
- 7 - 72 Ll + L2
457 [R f (L, + L)] =
0
See the problem 12.82. Using many sources

or short sinks, can be obtained approxi flow FLOW

POTENTIAL

12.86. In Problem 12.85, for which

1 1.4

= ~ Vc, R2sen2P - ZR
+ And I $ (R: - 2RL, cos p + Ly2
+ E [R'2R (L, + L,)
xcosp + (L, + L2) 2] "2

11 assume, as a linear current source 1

m '/ (s) (m) and T) ~ as a linear sink (! h) mY
(YE). Also assume L = 0.2 m and L = 0.4 m. The
speed Vo = 10 m / s. IQUE long is the body
of revolution? iCul is your radio p = 45 "?

Vo
Figure P12.85
"12.87. For a short project, find the radius of the
cross section of a body of revolution
the above problem points separated 0.05 m
along the x axis.