Pneumatic presses: These presses are the most basic hydraulic presses used in industries

because they compress the air to create a pressure in order to gain movement. The advantage of
pneumatic presses is that the operations are performed fast whereas the disadvantage of this
press is that it cannot create extremely high pressures, as other hydraulic presses are able to
create. The pneumatic presses are often used in car and aircraft brakes system. The industrial
uses of pneumatic presses would include assembling, drawing, punching, etc. A pneumatic
press usually requires a full-time operator and for the sake of his safety, additional safety
accessories such as electrical safety devices are also included.
Power presses: These presses are used in large industries that demand the use of heavy
machinery and equipments. There are 2 kinds of power presses on the basis of the type of
clutch used. They are full revolution and part revolution clutch. In case of a full revolution
clutch, the clutch cannot be disrupted until and unless the crankshaft makes a full revolution. In
case of part revolution, the clutch can be disrupted at any time, before or after the full
revolution. Power presses involve a lot of danger because of the heavy operations associated
with it. A lot of safety measures are taken while using power presses.
Assembly presses: These presses use the extreme pressure generated by the pistons and the
hydraulic fluids to assemble and maintain the parts.
H- frame presses: These presses have a peculiar 'H' shape and are capable of handling more
than one press application.
1.3.1 SOME ADVANTAGES OF SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION ARE:

1.4 SHEET METAL FORMING:

Metal forming and machining are two prominent methods of converting raw material into a
product. Metal forming involves changing the shape of the material by permanent plastic
deformation. After converting a solid metal piece into product form by metal forming
processes, the mass as well as volume remains unchanged. The advantage of metal forming
processes includes very little wastage of the raw material, better mechanical properties and
faster production rate.

Metal forming is broadly classified into two classes: bulk metal forming and sheet metal
forming. In the bulk metal forming processes, usually the work-piece has a high volume to
surface area ratio. Examples of such processes are rolling, wire drawing, extrusion, forging, etc.
In the sheet metal forming processes, usually the work-piece sheet has a low volume to surface
area ratio. Increasing use of sheet metals in aerospace, automobile, and several industries calls
for efficient fabrication process of sheet metal.
1.4.1 TENSILE TEST:
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing is a fundamental materials science test in which
a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. The results from the test are
commonly used to select a material for an application, for quality control, and to predict how a
material will react under other types of forces. Properties that are directly measured via a
tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these
measurements, the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's
ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most
commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. For
anisotropic materials, such as composite materials and textiles, biaxial tensile testing is
required.