Professional Documents
Culture Documents
كتاب قراءة التحاليل الطبية باللغة العربية برعاية صفحة الصيادلة PDF
كتاب قراءة التحاليل الطبية باللغة العربية برعاية صفحة الصيادلة PDF
.
-:
-1 :
:
:
: .
: 12
( ) .
.
-2 -:
.
-3 ( )Haemolysis
.
-:
( )Thalassemia ( Sickle Cell Anaemia
)
.
: ( ) (
. )
.
.
.
.
-4
.
. .
-5
-:
: .
.
: .
:
-: ( )
.
-:
.
-: 0000
.
.
-:
.
( ) -:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
( )1 ( )
.
6 5
6 14
( )
( )
100/
11
12
13
12
11
( )1996
-:
:
:
( 37 ) ( 5 2 )
.
.
.
.
.
_:
:
.
. .
.
.
-:
.
.
.
:
. . .
.
:
( + )( .)
.
:
( )%80
)F Hb ( )A Hb (
( )%3.5-1.5
,.
.) )A2 Hb (( 2
Hb
A
Hb 2
A
Hb
F
Hb
Bart
Hb
H
%98
%3
%2
%0
%0
%90
%0
%0
S Hb
%0
%0
= 16-13 100 /
= 15-12100 / .
(
) () .
.
.
:
-1 ( (Comple Blood Count CBC):
7 10 100
(
) .
.
. .
-2 "" ( sickling test) :
.
.
(
.sickle test) Positive
.
. .
-3 :
. (
)HBs %50
.
.
2 (
) A Hb ( .) Hb F (
)Hb s
.
4 Hb (
)A .)s Hb (
) s HB(
......
.
spectrophotometers -Colorimeters or ( )
Specimen
Serum .
.
( Solution Standard )
.
.
"Absorbance "A
"Transmittance "T
:
( )A ( ) Blank
( )T
( ) :
/ X ... = /
AT / AS X Cs = mg/dl
:
A
T
S
Cs
mg/dl 100 ()
Kits
( ) ( )Kits
.
( )
(
)
Kits
.1 .
.2
.
.3 .
.
.
.
.
.
( ) .
.
:
.
R2- R3 ( R
......
-).R1 . Reagent
.
:
( )
.
Cuvettes .
.
.
.
:
:
:Tungestic Acid
%10
3/2 ( 18.6 )
.
%10 .%20
110 70 100 8
( 18 12) 70 60 100
" " Physiological Hypoglycemia).
()( )
) (Insulin
) ( Diabetes Mellitus :
.
.
" ".
:
- ( Hyperglycemic Coma):
, .
-1
-2 ( ) .
-3 .
-4 .
) ) Ketones Bodies
.
.
-( Hypoglycemic Coma):
60 100 .
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
( 24) .
) (Diabetes Mellitus):
(
.
:
) ( Type 1 40 30
) ( IDDM
)Mellitus ( NIDDM):
) ( Type
.
.
( ) .
))
-1:
:
( )
) ( Fehling ) ( Benedict
.
-2 ( Random Blood Glucose):
.
-3 ( Fasting Blood Glucose) :
12 8
( 75 )
.
140 .
-5 )( Glucose Tolerance Test
( GTT):
12 8
75 ( 1 ) 3
.
2 3
" )" ( Insulin Shot
.
130 180
.
3 2
.
() Haem
) )
A1c
%10 - 5 ( HbA1c).
) ( HbA1c
120 %8 - 5
.
-7( Fructosamine):
20 - 15 .
) (Glycosylated Proteins
.
()
-1 .
-2 .
-3 (
103 105 )
.
-4
.
-5 .
-6
.
-7 ( )
:
: : 10
5.5 - 3.5 100 / ( 55 - 35 /(.
:
. . . .:
- .
. . . . .:
. " "
. " "
:
3.6 - 2 100 / ( 36 - 20 / )
:
- .
:
-
: 8
.
.
: : :
. :
. :
8 - 6 100 ( ( 60 - 80 /.
: :
( )
( )
: : :
- :
) ( GPT 45 /.
) (GOT 41 /..
) ( GPT ) ( GOT
) ( GOT .
" " 6 .
))()GGT
30
25
50 .
:-
- ()
)) )(ALP
" " .
) (PH 7
71 - 24 /
( 30) 350 /
:
- .
. -
)):
) ( ID - BIL
) ( D - BIL .
) ( T- BIL
19 - 3.5 /
7 /.
:-:
" ".
" "
-
" "
"
" " " .
- .
) ( NH3 .
%50
40 - 20 100 / ( 7 - 3.5 /)
40 - 20 100 / 15 - 5 100 /
20 - 5 100 / .
:
Hepatic Coma
Hemodialysis
.
Cachexia Malnutrition Starvation
:
) (2 Creatinine :
Anhydrous
Creatine Phosphocreatine
24
.
1.5 24 /
1.0 24 /
:
-
0.5 100 / .
) (3 Creatinine Clearance Test:
24
24.
140 - 90 /
125 - 80 /
) Creatinine Clearance (c :
C= Uc Tv/24 60 Sc
Uc
Sc
24
Tv
24
60
:
Water Depletion -
Purine
Adinine Guanine.
% 80
.
700 - 300 24 /
) ) ( )
24 .
:
- Gout
- Alcoholism
:
-
Allpurinol Probenicid .
:
Total Lipids
( ) (
,
) Cholesterol ) (Triglyceride
1000 - 450 100 /
))-:
"" .
) ( Lipoproteins
.
() .
:
:
-
.
:-
1 - 20
120 - 230100/
21 - 30
120 - 240100/
31 - 40
140 - 260100/
41 - 50
150 - 290100/
51 - 60
) " TG" :
% 90 ) ( Chylomicron
) 10 % ( Very
)Low Density Lipoprotein - VLDL
1 - 30
10 - 140100/
31 - 40
10 - 150100/
41 - 50
10 - 160100/
51 - 60
10 - 170 100/
:
-
- ( LDL )
:-
( Fatty
)Liver
: Lipoproteins Analysis
:
)( Chylomicrons )( VLDL )( LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins- )( HDL - High Density Lipoproteins
:-
HDL ) ( - lipoprotein % 25
% 45 -
HDL HDL
HDL
HDL HDL
HDL .
) ( - Lipoproteins
% 75 - 50 LDL
LDL HDL
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) = Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol - Triglyceride
5
Triglyceride mg/dl 400
LDL :
LDLCholesterol (mmol/L) = Total Cholesterol - HDL CholesterolTriglyceride
22
:
Triglyceride
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol
35 - 55 55
HDL-Chol mg/100ml
45 - 65 65
150 - 190 150
LDL-Chol mg/100ml
________ ________
LDL - 3.8 - 5.9 3.8
Chol
3.1 - 4.6 3.1
35
45
190
________
5.9
4.6
Electrochemiluminescence and Elecsys 1010 Elecsys 2010
.....
"
" ()53:
.....
" "
( ) " "
" "
( 1000/1)
-:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
-:
- 1
" "
()DNA
- 2 " "
- 3 "
"
.
- 4 " "
- 5
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Oxytocin
TSH
ACTH
GH
FSH +
LH
-:
( T4)Thyroxin ( ) T3
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Calcitonin
.
.1T3T4
( )T4
T3T4
T3T4:
() .
()
() .
() .
() T3
T3T4:
() .
() .
() .
-2(:)HormoneThyroid Stimulating()TSH
( )Anterior Pituitary Gland
( ( )Hypothalamus - )
T3 T4
.
5-0.5 /.
TSH
()TSH:
- .
. ( ). - .
( )1 :
.
( )2 :
/ :
/ : Myxodema
.
:-:
Parathrmone
-:
" "
.
- :
.
: :
- 1
- 2
- 3
:
.
: .
( )
.
- 1
.
- 2 glucagon
.
: .ovary
- 1 :
-:
:
440 - 70 /
620 - 220 /
130000 - 20000 /
70
330
70
FSH
( . ) LH
- 2 :
10
.
28
14-7
ng/dl
100
6-1
ng/dl
20-150
28-15
ng/dl
250-2800
ng/dl
900-4700
ng/dl
1700-14700
ng/dl
5500- 20000
ng/dl
100
1
8 .
: Testis
.
.
nmol/l
nmol/l
9-38
( 0.35-3.8 )
* 3.5 nmol/l
* nmol/l
(1.4 )
)Estrogens ( )Progesterone .
( )LH ( )Testosterone
.
( )LH 20-2 / .
80-15 /
( )LH 8.4-1 /
( )LH 0.4 /.
()LH:
()LH:
( .)Shihan Syndrome
( )FSH ( )LH
.
()FSH.
()FSH()LH:
( )Infertility
()FSH
()FSH:
( .)Menopause
( . )Climacteric
( .)Ovarian
()FSH:
( ).
( .)Panhypopituitarism
( .)Anorexia Nervosa
( .)Hypogonadism
( )FSH -2
12 /.
( )Ovulation 22-8
( )FSH 10.5-1 /
/.
( )FSH 2.5 /
-:( .)Prolactin
( )Follicular Phases
( .)Luteal Phases
.
( )Amenorrhea ( .)Oligomenorrhea
( .)Oligospermia
( )Galactorrhea ( .)Gynecomastia
( .)Galactorrhea
* 25-4 /.
* 25 600 /.
* 17-6 /.
.
( )Phenothiazine
( )Haloperidol
-:
- Bulimia
- (
-:
*
* 3 8
*
* 30
*
*
-:()GH(:)Growth Hormone
( )Anabolic
.
( )Lipolysis .
( )GH 0.48 /.
( )GH ( )Stress
( )GH .
( )GH
:
( )Dwarfism
( )Gigantism 10
/ ( )GH
.
(:)GH
( )Stress ( - - ).
.
( .)Gigantism
( -).
(:)GH
( )Glucocorticoids .
-:-:
.
:
.
Hepatitis C
"" ( )
. ( )
HIV
. ( ) 170
9 4 .
.
180,000
( ) 10,000 .
.
().
()
.
( ) (A, B, C, E, D, G)
.
15 . 30
" . " ( )
. .
%80 .
20 5
( )
.
. 600
.
( ) ( )
. 1989
( )
() .1992
(ANTI-HCV).
()
:
( ).
( ) .
( ).
.
1991
.
( ) . ()
( Hemophilia )
.
.
( ) ( )
. ( )
.
:
(
.1
).
(
.2
)
.3
HIV ( )
.4
()
()
( ) .
.%15
.
()
.%70 - %85 %25
10 .
.
.
. ( )
.
. ( )
. .
( )
( ) ( )
( ) HIV
().
( )
.
.
.
( ) .
)
( ) . (
.%6 .
.
.
HIV ( ) . (
) ( ) .
.
.
AST ALT
().
( )
.
.
()
( )
() .ANTI-HCV
( ) ELISA
() .
.
.
ALT .
5 % ( )
() HCV-RNA.
( ) ALT
ANTI-HCV
.
() ANTI-HCV
()
HCV-RNA
.
()
( )
:
( - ).
).
( )
() .
()
. ()
() .
( ) ( ) ( ) .
( ) ( ).
()
Alpha Interferon 3
ribavirin ()
6 12 .
( ) Biopsy
.
(
)
) excisional biopsy (
(
)
.) incisional biopsy (
) needle biopsy (
( ) Core biopsy
1.5
12.5
.
) Fine needle aspiration
(
) CT scan (
.
)Staging
) Grading (
(
.
) biopsy (
.
( )
( )
- / /
) (
-:
) Preanalytical ( - 1
) Analytical( - 2
) Postanalytical( - 3
-:
-: -
:
: 1
LE Cell (60%)
- 1
ANA, Anti Dn\NA
- 2
Infectious mononucleosis : 2
CBC Paul Bunuel Monospot (70%) -1
Serology for Epstein- Barr , Virus ( VCA,EIZNA) -2
VCA IgM
Stage
1- Primary EBV infection
+ve
(Early phase )
2-Primary EBV infection
+ve
(Transient phase )
3-Primary EBV infection
- ve
(Convalescent phase)
- ve
- ve
+ve
- ve
+ ve
+ ve
4- Reactivated infection
+ ve
1-HBsAg
2-HBc IgM
+ ve
+ ve
B -: 3
Exposure &cusonicity
Recent infection
3-
HBc IgG
4-HBeAg
5-HBeAg
6-PCR
7-HBsAb
Old infection
Infectivity
Partial convalescence
Viral replication(Viraemia)
complete recovery &Immunity
HCG in blood -: 4
: Latex -: 5
( ) -: 6
Glycolated Hb
-:
Prgnancy Test
Thyroid function
Liver function
Kidney function
Diabtes profile
Antinatal and prenatal screening
Collagenic disease profile
) (
--:
-1-:
* -:
# 6 8 ( 12 )
# 10 12 ( 14 )
* : 4 7
* -:
* -: & &
* :-PSA
0
* -:
0
* -: 24
* -:
* -:
* -: Aldosterone
0
* -: Renin
* , , 3 -: 0
* -:
* -:
3-2( FSH )
* 9 -: ACTH Cortisol 9
* -:
# , , , ,
# ( )
# , ( P.T , P.T.T
)
# ( )
# ( ) 0
# :
#
#
-:
* 24 -:
0
* -:
20
30 Container0
* -:
0
* -: ,
,
0
* -: 0
* -:
-:
# 0
# 0
# 0
# 0
# 0
# ,
0
1 3
4.9%
6.7%
Total protein
Iron
Total Lipids
4.7%
5.1%
Cholesterol
9.3%
AST
8.4%
Bilirubin
6.2%
Potassium
# 0
# 0
# &
# 0
#
Citrate 0.2 ml ----- EDTA ----- Citrate 0.4 ml ----- Serum
# (
0) Vacutainer
# 2 3 " "
# CBC 0 EDTA
# 0
Bilirubin , Glucose
# :
Frozen 20 0- Refrigerated 8-2 0
25 18 :
- CK 0 LDH
# 0
# 0
# :
20 37 2000 5 0
# 0
# 0
# 0
#
0
--:
-1 0
-2 ( , , )
0 Quality Control
-3 Kits
0
-4 0 Standard $ Control
-5 0
-6 0
-7 0
-8 0
-9 ( )
0
-10 0
-11 0 Pamphlets
-12 :
* ( )
Reagent
* ( )
0
-13 0 Accuracy & Precesion
* : Accuracy Calibrator
: 90-89-90-91-90
* : Precesion Calibrator
:
91-88-92-95-90
-14 Reagent
0
-15 Pipetting 0 Pipettes
-19
0
-20 Lot 0
-21
0
-22 (
) 0
2 3
--:
# 0
# 0
#
0
#
0
-#
# -:
1- Bilirubin (Total) > Direct
2- 1 h value is the highest in sugar curve
.
3- HDL + LDL + VLDL = Total Cholesterol .
4- VLDL x5 = Triglycerides .
5- Cholesterol + Triglyceride < Total Lipids, usually 2/3.
6- CK Total > CKMB .
7- Drug peats > TCoughs.
8- Post Prandiel sugar > Fasting except in diabetics especially
insulin dependent.
-# GGT , Alk.phos. 0
-# Direct
1.5
-# PH 0
--- , 0 Amorph.urates ,
---
0 Amorph. Phosphates ,
-# %100 /
/ 0
-#
-#
-# :
TSH
T4,T3
1-
2- TSH
T4,T3
0
-# ( ) 0
:
Roche Hitachi 912 Chemistry Auto-analyzer
:
.
ELecsys 1010
Spectrophotometer 5010
Microlab 200
C.B.C
( BLOOD FILM )
R.B.Cs
R.B.Cs HB Content
Variation in Size
Variation in Shape
W.B.Cs
Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Plateletes
Reticulocytes
THE GROWTH
OF BACTERIA
AFTER 24 hours.
()ELISA - PCR
Rapidlab 248
and 348 Systems
C B
C
PCR
Ventana