Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻫﻳﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )ﺃﻱ
ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ.1:2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ C6H12O6
ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻳﺩﺭﺍﺕ( ﻟﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻫﻳﺩﺭﺍﺗﻳﺔ ,ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ
ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ،ﻓﺳﻔﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ.
2
ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻫﻳﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ:
ﺃﻭ .1ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ
ﺃﻭ .2ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ
.3ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ.
ﻣﻌﻈ����ﻢ ﺍﻟﺼ����ﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴ����ﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴ����ﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻄ����ﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺼ����ﻴﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (CH2O)n :ﺣﻴﺚ nﻣﻦ .7-3
3
ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻫﻳﺩﺭﺍﺕ
7
ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ
ﻫﻮ
ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ
.1ﺳﻜﺮ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
.2ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ. 8
ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ
9
ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻛﺗﻭﺯ ﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﺩﺍﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ
ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﻳﺔ C6H12O6ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻡ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻧﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ:
ﻭ ﻓﻲ
11
ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ
ﺗﺘﻜ��ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ��ﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣ��ﺪﺍﺕ ﻣ��ﻦ ﺳﻼﺳ��ﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ
13
ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴ�ﺔ (CH2O)n
ﺣﻴﺚ 3 = nﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ .
ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ��ﻢ ﺍﻟﺴ��ﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳ��ﺔ )ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ��ﻮﻥ ،ﺛﻼﺛﻴ��ﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ��ﻮﻥ ،ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ��ﻮﻥ…..،ﺇﻟ��ﺦ( ﺗﺤﺘ��ﻮﻱ ﻛ��ﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ
ﻛﺮﺑ���ﻮﻥ -ﻋ���ﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﺣ���ﺪﺓ -ﻋﻠ���ﻰ :ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ���ﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴ���ﻴﻞ
) ( OHﻭ ﺗﺤﺘ�ﻮﻱ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ�ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴ�ﻞ
ﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ . 14
ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ) ( -C Oﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﻝ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ
15
ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ) ( -C Oﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ
-ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ
-ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻟﺪﻭﺯ )(Aldose
-ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﻳﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
) ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻳﻮﺯ (
) (1ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ) ﺃﻟﺪﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻳﻮﺯ (
16
ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ) ( -C Oﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ
• ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻁﺮﻓﻴﺔ(
-ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ
-ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﺯ ) (Ketose
-ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ
-ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ
) (1ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ
) ﻛﻴﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﻳﻮﺯ (
17
ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ
CnH2n on ﺃﻭ (CH2O)n
اﻠﺮﻤﺰ اﻠﻛﻴﻣﻴﺎﺋﻲ اﺴﻢ اﻠﺳﻛﺮ ﻋﺪد اﻠﻛﺮﺑﻮن اﻠﻌﺪد اﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ
ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ C 2 H 4O 2 Diose 2 Di
C 3 H 6O 3 Triose 3 Tr
ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ C 4 H 8O 4 Tetrose 4 Tetra
ﻓﻲ C5H10O5 Penta
Pentose 5
ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ C6H12O6 Hexa
Hexose 6
C7H14O7 Heptose 7 Hepta
C8H16O8 Octose 8 Octa
C9H18O9 Nonose 9 Nona
ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ
C10H20O10 Decose 10 Deca 18
ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ
19
ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﺒﺘﻮﺯ ) (C=7 ﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺯ ) (C=3ﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﺯ ) (C=5ﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﻜﺴﻮﺯ ) (C=6
)ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ( )ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ( )ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ( )ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ(
20
ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻬﻜﺴﻮﺯﺯ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳ�ﺔ ﺳﺪﺍﺳ�ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ�ﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻫ�ﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸ�ﺎﺭﺍً
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ.
ﻛﻤ���ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸ���ﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻳ���ﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺒﺘ���ﻮﺯ ﻋﺒ���ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ���ﻦ ﻣ���ﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺳ���ﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨ���ﺎء
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ .
29
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺟﻠﻳﺳﺭﺃﻟﺩﻳﻬﺎﻳﺩ
ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ
ﻟﻠﺟﻠﻳﺳﺭﺃﻟﺩﻫﺎﻳﺩ
32
ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻛﺗﻭﺯ
33
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
D and L Isomers
ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ
ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻛﺗﻭﺯ
34
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ )ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﻠﻳﺔ( ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ
ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ .ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻧﻅﻳﺭﻳﻥ.
.1ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻣﻳﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ
ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ,Dﻭ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﻳﺭ D-
D-isomer
.2ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺳﺎﺭ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ
ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ , Lﻭ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﻳﺭ L-
L-Isomer
35
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺳﻳﺔ
36
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻳﻤﻜ��ﻦ ﺣﺴ��ﺎﺏ ﻋ��ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈ��ﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ��ﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻜ��ﻞ ﺳ��ﻜﺮ ﺃﺣ��ﺎﺩﻱ ﻋ��ﻦ
ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ 2nﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ nﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ�ﻦ ﻋ�ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴ�ﺮ
ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻅﺮﺓ ) ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ .
ﻓﻤ���ﺜﻼً :ﻳﻤﻠ���ﻚ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻭﻫﻜﺴ���ﻮﺯ 4ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛ���ﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﻏﻴ���ﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠ���ﺔ
ﻓﺒﺘﻄﺒﻴ��ﻖ 2nﻋﻠﻴ��ﻪ ﻳﻜ��ﻮﻥ ﻋ��ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈ��ﺎﺋﺮ ﻟ��ﻪ ) (24ﻫ��ﻮ 16ﻧﻈﻴ��ﺮ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ .
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ 8ﺳﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﺪﻭﻫﻜﺴﻮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ Dﻭ 8ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ،Lﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ 16ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ.
37
ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻧﻅﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ ) Dﺃﻭ ( L
7ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﺋﺭ Dﻭ 7ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﺋﺭ L
38
Epimers ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ
40
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ Epimers
ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻼﻛﺗﻭﺯ ﻫﻣﺎ ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ
ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ 4
41
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ Epimers
ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﻛﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻼﻛﺗﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻳﻳﻥ ﻫﻣﺎ ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ
ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ 4
42
ﺃﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ
43
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ
ﺍﻟـﺛﺭﻳﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﻳﺛﺭﻭﺯ ﻫﻣﺎ ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ
ﺭﻗﻡ 2
Aldotetroses
44
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ
ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻛﺳﻲ ﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯ ﻫﻣﺎ ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ
ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ 2
Ribose DeoxyRibose
45
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ
) 5ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ(
ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ
2 2
46
2 ﺇﺑﻳﻣﺭﺯ