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January, 2016

Vol 5 Issue 1

ISSN 2278 0211 (Online)

Fuzzy Neutrosophic Equivalence Relations

J. Martina Jency
Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
I. Arockiarani
Principal, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relations and discuss some of their properties. Also we
define fuzzy neutrosophic transitive closure and investigate their properties.
Keywords: Fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation, fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence class, fuzzy neutrosophic transitive closure.
MSC 2000: 03B99,03E99.
1. Introduction
Relations are a suitable tool for describing correspondences between objects. Crisp relations like , ,
,...... have served well in
developing mathematical theories. The use of fuzzy relations originated from the observation that real life objects can be related to
each other to certain degree. Fuzzy relations are able to model vagueness, but they cannot model uncertainty. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets,
as defined by Atanassov [4,5], give us a way to incorporate uncertainty in an additional degree.In
degree.In1995,
1995, Florentine Smarandache [
13]extended
extended the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets to a tri component logic set withnon-standard interval namely Neutrosophic set.
Motivated by this concept I. Arockiaraniet al., [[2] defined the fuzzy neutrosophic set in which the non-standard
non
interval is taken as
standard interval.
In 1996, Bustince and Burillo [7]] introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy relations and studied some of its properties. In 2003,
Deschrijver and Kerre [9]] investigated some properties of the composition of intuitionistic fuzzy relations.
In this paper, we introduce and study some properties of fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relations and fuzzy neutrosophic transitive
transit
closures.
2.Preliminaries
Definition 2.1: [2]
A Fuzzy neutrosophic set A on the universe of discourse X is defined as
A= ,  ,  ,  ,  where , , :  [0,1] and 0 T A ( x ) + I A ( x ) + F A ( x ) 3
Definition 2.2:[2]
A Fuzzy neutrosophic set A is a subset of a Fuzzy neutrosophic set B (i.e.,) A B for all x if

TA ( x) TB ( x) , I A ( x) I B ( x) , FA ( x) FB (x)

Definition 2.3: [2]

Let X be a non-empty set, and

Then

A = x, TA ( x), I A ( x), FA ( x) , B = x, TB ( x), I B ( x), FB ( x) be two Fuzzy neutrosophic sets.

A B = x, max (T A ( x), TB ( x)) , max( I A ( x), I B ( x)) , min(FA ( x), FB ( x))

A B = x, min (T A ( x), TB ( x)) , min( I A ( x), I B ( x)) , max(FA ( x), FB ( x))

Definition 2.4: [2]
The difference between two Fuzzy neutrosophicc sets A and B is defined as A\B (x)=

x, min (TA ( x), FB ( x)) , min( I A ( x),1 I B ( x)) , max(FA ( x), TB ( x))
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Definition 2.5: [2]

A Fuzzy neutrosophic set A over the universe X is said to be null or empty Fuzzy neutrosophic set if TA(x) = 0 ,IA(x) = 0 , FA(x) = 1
for allx X. It is denoted by

0N

Definition 2.6: [2]

A Fuzzy neutrosophic set A over the universe X is said to be absolute (universe) Fuzzy neutrosophic set if TA(x) = 1 IA(x) = 1, FA(x) =
0for allx X. It is denoted by 1N
Definition 2.7: [2]
The complement of a Fuzzy neutrosophic set A is denoted by Ac and is defined as
Ac = x, T Ac ( x ) , I Ac ( x ) , F Ac ( x ) where

T A c ( x ) = F A ( x) , I Ac ( x ) = 1 I A ( x ) , F Ac ( x) = T A ( x)

The complement of a Fuzzy neutrosophic set A can also be defined as Ac =

1N A .

Definition 2.8: [3]

A fuzzy neutrosophic set relation is defined as a fuzzy neutrosophic subset of  having the form
  { , ,  , ,  , ,  , :  ,   } where  ,  ,  :   0,1
Satisfy the condition 0  ,  +  ,  +  ,  3 ,   .
We will denote with ! ) the set of all fuzzy neutrosophic subsets in  .

Definition 2.9: [3]

Given a binary fuzzy neutrosophic relation between and  ,we can define  "# between  and  by means of$% ,  =
 , , $% ,  =  , , $% ,  =  , ,   to which we call inverse relation ofR.

Definition 2.10: [3]

Let  and & be two fuzzy neutrosophic relations between  and , for every ,   
We can define,
1 &  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , 
2 &  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , 
3 & = { , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , 
4 & = { , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , ,  ,  ( , 
50 = { , ,  , , 1  , ,  , :  ,  }

Definition 2.11: [3]

Let 2, 3, 4, 5 be t-norms or t-conorms not necessarily dual two two, !  and& ! 6. We will call composed
2, 3
relation 7& 7 ! 6  to the one defined by
4, 5

Where,

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

2, 3
&  = 8, 9,  :,; , 9,  :,; , 9, :,; , 9 / , 9 6?
( 
( 
( 
4, 5

= :@{3 , , ( , 9},

= :@{3 , , ( , 9},

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

Whenever 0 

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

+

<,=

<,=

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

:,; , 9
( 
<,=

<,=

= @<{5  , , ( , 9}

3 , 9  6

The choice of the t-norms and t-conorms 2, 3, 4, 5in the previous definition, is evidently conditioned by the fulfilment of
0  :,; , 9 +  :,; , 9 + :,; , 9 3 , 9  6.
( 
<,=

( 
<,=

( 
<,=

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1CD = 7
,  ,  =
1) The relation !  is called the relation of identity if ,    ,  = B
0CD 
1CD = 7
0CD = 7
B
, ,  = B
0CD 
1CD 
Definition2.12: [3]

2) The complementary relation0 = is defined by

 ,  = B

0CD = 7
0CD = 7
1CD = 7
, ,  = B
, ,  = B
.
1CD 
1CD 
0CD 

3.Fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relations

Definition 3.1:
Let X be a set and let P, Q FNR ( X ). Then the composition

Q o P of P and Q can also bedefined as follows : for any

x, y X
TQo P ( x, y ) = [TP ( x, z ) TQ ( z , y )] , I Qo P ( x, y ) = [ I P ( x, z ) I Q ( z , y )] and FQo P ( x, y ) = [ FP ( x, z ) FQ ( z , y )]
zX

zX

zX

Definition 3.2:
Let X be a set and let R1 , R2 , R3 , Q1 , Q2 FNR ( X ) .Then

(1) ( R1 o R2 ) o R3 = R1 o ( R2 o R3 )
(2) If R1 R2 and Q1 Q2 ,then R1 o Q1 R2 o Q2 .In particular, if Q1 Q2 ,then R1 o Q1 R2 o Q2 .
(3) R1 o ( R2 R3 ) = ( R1 o R2 ) ( R1 o R3 ) (4) R1 o ( R2 R3 ) = ( R1 o R2 ) ( R1 o R3 )

(5) If R1 R2 ,then R11 R21 (6) (R 1 ) = R and (R1 o R2 )1 = R21 o R11

1

(7) (R1 R2 ) = R11 R21 (8) (R1 R2 ) = R11 R21

Proposition 3.1:
Let P and Q be any fuzzy neutrosophic relations on a set X .If Q o P = P o Q ,then (Q o P ) o (Q o P ) = (Q o Q ) o (P o P )
Proof:
Proof follows from definition 3.2(1)
Definition 3.3:
A fuzzy neutrosophic relation R on a set X is called a fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation (in short FNER) on X if it satisfies
the following conditions:
(i)
It is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive, (i.e.,) R ( x , x ) = (1,1,0 ) for each x X
1

(ii)
It is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric (i.e.,) R = R
(iii)
It is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive (i.e.,) R o R R
We will denote the set of all FNERs on X as FNE(X ) .
The following proposition is the immediate result of definition 3.1.

Proposition 3.2:
Let X be a set and let R, Q FNR( X )
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

If R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive (respectively symmetric, transitive) then R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive
(respectively symmetric, transitive)
If R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive (respectively symmetric, transitive), then R o R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive
(respectively symmetric, transitive)
If R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive, then R R o R
1

If R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric then R R and R R are symmetric and R o R = R o R

If R and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive (respectively symmetric, transitive). Then R Q is fuzzy neutrosophic
reflexive (respectively symmetric, transitive)

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If R and

(vi)

January, 2016

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Q are fuzzy neutrosophicsymmetric, then R Q is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric.

Proof:
It is the immediate result of definition 3.3.
The following two results are easily seen.

Proposition 3.4:
Let X be a set. If R FNE(X ) then R o R = R .

Proposition 3.5:
Let {R } be a non-empty family of FNERs on a set X .Then I R FNE ( X ) .However , in general, U R need

not be a FNER on X .

Example 3.1:

X = {a, b, c} .Let P and Q be the FNRs on X represented by matrices are given below
a
b
c
P

(1,1,0)
(0.7,0.4,0.2) (0.6,0.3,0.1)
a
b (0.7,0.4,0.2 )
(1,1,0)
(0.6,0.3,0.1)

c (0.6,0.3,0.1) (0.6,0.3,0.1)
(1,1,0)

a
b
c
Q

(1,1,0)
(0.7,0.4,0.2)
(1,1,0)
a
b (0.7,0.4,0.2 )
(1,1,0)
(0.6,0.3,0.1)

c
(1,1,0)
(0.6,0.3,0.1)
(1,1,0)

Then clearly P, Q FNE( X ) and P Q is the fuzzy neutrosophic relation on X represented by the following matrix
a
b
c
P Q

(1,1,0)
(0.7,0.4,0.2)
(1,1,0)
a
b
(0.7,0.4,0.2)
(1,1,0 )
(0.6,0.3,0.1)

c
(1,1,0)
(0.6,0.3,0.1)
(1,1,0)

On the other hand, T( P Q )o( P Q ) (b, c ) = 0.7 > 0.6 = TP Q (b, c )

Let

I ( PQ )o( PQ ) (b, c ) = 0.4 > 0.3 = I P Q (b, c ) and F( P Q )o( PQ ) (b, c ) = 0 < 0.1 = FPQ (b, c )
Thus (P Q ) o (P Q ) P Q .So

P Q is not fuzzy neutrosophic transitive. Hence P Q FNE(X ) .

Proposition 3.6:
Let P and Q be fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive relations on a set X .Then
.

Q o P is also a fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive relation on X

Proof:
Let x X .Then

TQo P ( x, x ) = [TP ( x, t ) TQ (t , x )]
t X

TP ( x, x ) TQ ( x, x ) (Since P and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive)

=1
Similarly, I Qo P ( x, x ) = 1

FQo P ( x, x ) = [ FP ( x, t ) FQ (t , x )]
t X

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FP ( x, x ) FQ ( x, x ) = 0
Thus

Q o P( x, x) = (1,1,0) for each x X .Hence Q o P is a fuzzy neutrosophic relation on X .

Proposition 3.7:
Let X be a set and let P, Q FNE( X ). If Q o P = P o Q then

Proof:
Let x X .Since P and

P o Q FNE(X ) .

Q are fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive.

TPoQ ( x, x ) = [TQ ( x, y ) TP ( y , x )] TQ ( x, x ) TP ( x, x ) = 1
yX

Similarly, I PoQ ( x, x ) = 1 and

FPoQ ( x, x ) = [ FQ ( x, y ) FP ( y, x )] FQ ( x, x ) FP ( x, x ) = 0
y X

Thus

P o Q( x, x) = (1,1,0) .So P o Q is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive. Let x, y X .Then

TPoQ ( x, z ) = [TQ ( x, y ) TP ( y , z )] = [TP ( z , y ) TQ ( y , x)]

yX

yX

(Since P and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric)

= TQo P ( z , x ) = TPoQ ( z , x ) [ Q P o Q = Q o P]
Similarly

I P oQ ( x , z ) = I P o Q ( z , x )
FPoQ ( x, z ) = [ FQ ( x, y ) FP ( y , z )] = [ FP ( z , y ) FQ ( y , x )] = FQ o P ( z , x) = FPoQ ( z , x )
yX

y X

So P o Q is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric

On the other hand

( P o Q) o ( P o Q) = ( P o P) o (Q o Q)
(By proposition3.1)

PoQ
(Since P and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic transitive)

P o Q FNE(X )
Hence

Definition 3.4:
Let R be a fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation on a set X and let a X .We define a complex mapping
I I as follows : for each x X , Ra ( x) = R(a, x) .Then clearly RaFNS (X ) .The fuzzy neutrosophic set

Ra : X
Ra in
X is called a fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence class of R containing a X .The set {Ra : a X } is called the fuzzy neutrosophic
quotient set of X by R and denoted by X / R .

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Theorem 3.1:
Let X be a set and let

R FNE(X ) .Then the following hold:

Ra = Rb if and only if R(a, b) = (1,1,0) for any a, b X
R(a, b) = (0,0,1) if and only if Ra Rb = 0 N for any a, b X
U Ra = 1N

a X

(iv)

There exists a surjection

Proof:
(i)

p : X X / R (called the natural mapping) defined by p( x) = Rx for each x X .

Suppose Ra = Rb .Since R is a fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation,

R(a, b) = Ra(b) = R(b, b) = (1,1,0) .Hence R(a, b) = (1,1,0) .

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Conversely, suppose R(a, b) = (1,1,0) .Then TR ( a , b ) = 1, I R ( a, b ) = 1, FR ( a, b) = 0 .Let

x X .Then

T Ra( x) = TR (a, x) [TR (a, z ) TR ( z , x)] (Since R is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive)

zX

TR (a, b) TR (b, x) = 1 TR (b, x) = TR (b, x) = TRb ( x)

Similarly I Ra ( x) I Rb ( x )
FRa ( x) = FR (a, x) [ FR (a, z ) FR ( z , x)] FR (a, b) FR (b, x) = 0 FR (b, x) = FR (b, x) = FRb ( x) Thus
zX

Ra Rb .By the similar arguments, we have Ra Rb. Hence Ra = Rb.

The proofs of (ii), (iii) and (iv) are easy.
This completes the proof.

Definition 3.5:
Let X be a set, let R FNR(X ) and let

called the FNER generated by R and denoted by

It is easily seen that

{R }

be the family of all the FNERs on X containing R .Then I R is

R .

R is the smallest fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation containing R .

Definition 3.6:

R FNR(X ) .Then the fuzzy neutrosophic transitive closure of R ,denoted by R ,is defined as
n

n
follows: R = U R ,where R = R o R o R.... o R in which R occurs n times.
Let X be a set and let
nN

Proposition 3.7:
Let X be a set and let

R FNR(X ) .Then (i) R is the smallest fuzzy neutrosophic transitive relation on X containing

R.
(ii)If there exists

Example 3.2:
Let

a
b

n N such that R n+1 = R n , then R = R R 2 ..... R n .

X = {a, b, c} and let R = TR , I R , FR be the FNR on X defined as follows:

(0.8,0.4,0.1) (1,1,0) (0.1,0.2,0.9)

.
(0,0,1)
(0,0,1)
0.3,0.3,0.6
(0.2,0.3,0.8) (0,0,1) (0.3,0.2,0.7 )
R3
R2
a
b
c

a (0.8,0.4,0.1) (0.8,0.4,0.1) (0.1,0.2,0.9) a

Then
(0,0,1)
(0.3,0.3,0.6)
(0,0,1) b
b
c (0.2,0.3,0.8) (0.2,0.3,0.8) (0.3,0.2,0.7 ) c

(0.3,0.3,0.6)
(0.2,0.3,0.8) (0.2,0.3,0.8)

R 2 = R 3 .So R = R R 2
R

a
Moreover R o R R .
b
c

(0.1,0.2,0.9)
.
(0,0,1)
(0.3,0.2,0.7 )

a
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

(0,0,1)

b
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

(0.3,0.3,0.6)
(0.2,0.3,0.8) (0.2,0.3,0.8)

a
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

(0,0,1)

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b
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

(0.1,0.2,0.9)
.Thus
(0,0,1)
(0.3,0.2,0.7)

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R o R

a
b

January, 2016

a
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

b
(0.8,0.4,0.1)

(0,0,1)

(0.3,0.3,0.6)
(0.2,0.3,0.8) (0.2,0.3,0.8)

Vol 5 Issue 1

(0.1,0.2,0.9)

2
.Hence R = R R is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive.
(0,0,1)
(0.3,0.2,0.7)

Proposition 3.9:
If R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric,then so is

Proof:
For n 1 and

TR n ( x , y ) =

z1 , z 2 ,... z n 1

R .

x, y X

[TR ( x, z1 ) TR ( z1 , z 2 ) ..... TR ( z n1 , y )] = z

[TR ( y, z n1 ) ..... TR ( z1 , x )] = TR n ( y , x)

n 1 ,... z1

Similarly, I R n ( x, y ) = I R n ( y , x) .

FR n ( x, y ) =

z1 , z 2 ,... z n 1

[FR ( x, z1 ) FR ( z1 , z 2 ) ..... FR ( z n1 , y )] = z

n 1 ,... z1

[FR ( y, z n1 ) ..... FR ( z1 , x)] = FR

( y, x ) . Thus

R n is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric for any n 1 .Hence R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric.

Another proof:
1

It is clear that R = R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric. Suppose R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric for
is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric.Let x, y X .Then

TR k +1 ( x, y ) = TRo R k ( x, y ) = TR k ( x, z ) TR ( z , y ) = TR k ( z , x) TR ( y, z )

zX

zX

k > 1 .We show that R k +1

= TR k ( y, z ) TR ( z.x) = TR k o R ( y, x ) = TR k +1 ( y , x)
zX

Similarly, I R k +1 ( x, y ) = I R k +1 ( y , x ) and

FR k +1 ( x, y ) = FRo R k ( x, y ) = FR k ( x, z ) FR ( z , y ) = FR k ( z , x) FR ( y, z )
zX

zX

= FR k ( y, z ) FR ( z , x) = FR k o R ( y , x ) = FR k +1 ( y, x )
zX

So

R n is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric for any n 1 .Hence R is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric.

Proposition 3.10:
Let X be a set and let

P, Q FNR( X ) .Then (1) If P Q then P Q

P o Q = Q o P and P, Q FNE( X ) ,then (P o Q ) = P o Q

(2)If

Proof:

P 2 Q 2 ,by definition 3.2(2). Suppose P k Q k for any k > 2. Then by definition 3.2(2) P k +1 Q k +1

.Hence P Q

(1) It is clear that

(2) Suppose

P o Q = Q o P and P, Q FNE( X ) .Then it is clear that (P o Q )1 = P o Q

Suppose (P o Q ) = P o Q for any

k

k +1

k 2 .Then

(P o Q ) = (P o Q ) o (P o Q ) = (P o Q ) o (P o Q ) = ( P o P) o (Q o Q ) = P o Q .So (P o Q )n = P o Q for any n 1 .Hence

(P o Q ) = P o Q .

Theorem 3.2:
If R is a fuzzy neutrosophic relation on a set X,then

R e = R R 1 .

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Proof:

Q = R R 1 .Then clearly R Q .By proposition 3.8(1) Q is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive.Let x X .Since

Q,1 = T ( x, x ) TQ ( x, x ),1 = I ( x, x ) I Q ( x, x ) and 0 = F ( x, x ) FQ ( x, x).
Let

Q is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive. It is clear that R R 1 is fuzzy

neutrosophic symmetric. By proposition 3.8 Q is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric. Hence Q FNE(X ) .Now K FNE(X ) such

Thus TQ ( x, x ) = 1, I Q ( x, x) = 1, FQ ( x, x ) = 0 .So

that R K .Then K and

any

R 1 K 1 = K .Thus R R 1 K .By definition3.4(2), R R 1 K n = K for

n 1 .So Q K .Hence R e = Q = R R 1 .This completes the proof.

Proposition 3.11:
Let X be a set and let

P, Q FNE( X ) .We define P Q as follows: P Q = (P Q ) ,(i.e.,) P Q = (P Q )n

nN

P Q FNE(X ) .

.Then

Proof:
By proposition 3.8, P Q is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive. Let

x X .Since P and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive.

(P Q )( x, x) = (nN [TP ( x, x) TQ ( x, x)]n , nN [I P ( x, x) I Q ( x, x)]n , nN [FP ( x, x) FQ ( x, x)]n )

= (1 1) , (1 1) , (0 0 ) = (1,1,0)
nN

Thus

nN

nN

P Q is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive. Now let x, y X . Since P and Q are fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric,

(P Q )( x, y) = (nN [TP ( x, y) TQ ( x, y)]n , nN [I P ( x, y) I Q ( x, y)]n , nN [FP ( x, y) FQ ( x, y)]n )

( [

= TP ( y, x) TQ ( y, x) , I P ( y, x) I Q ( y, x) , FP ( y, x) FQ ( y, x)
nN

nN

nN

] ) = (P Q )( y, x)
n

P Q is fuzzy neutrosophic symmetric. Hence P Q FNE(X ) .

The following result gives another description for P Q of two FNERs P and Q .

Thus

Theorem 3.3:
Let X be a set and let

P, Q FNE( X ). If P o Q FNE(X ) ,then P o Q = P Q ,where P Q denotes the least

upper bound for {P, Q} with respect to the inclusion.

Proof:
Let x, y X .Then

x, y X .Then TPoQ ( x, y ) = [TQ ( x, z ) TP ( z , y )] TQ ( x, y ) TP ( y, y ) = TQ ( x, y ) 1

zX

(Since R is fuzzy neutrosophic reflexive)

= TQ ( x, y )
Similarly, I P oQ ( x, y ) = I Q ( x, y )

FPoQ ( x, y ) = FQ ( x, z ) FP ( z , y ) FQ ( x, y ) FP ( y, y ) = FQ ( x, y ) 0 = FQ ( x, y )
zX

PoQ Q .
Similarly, we have P o Q R .So P o Q is an upper bound for {P, Q} with respect to .
Now let R be any fuzzy neutrosophic equivalence relation on X such that R P and R Q .Let x, y X .Then
TPoQ ( x, y ) = [TQ ( x, z ) TP ( z , y )] [TR ( x, z ) TR ( z , y ) ] = TRo R ( x, y ) TR ( x, y )
Thus

zX

zX

(since R is fuzzy neutrosophic transitive)

Similarly, I P oQ ( x, y ) I R ( x, y ) and

FPoQ ( x, y ) = FQ ( x, z ) FP ( z , y ) [FR ( x, z ) FR ( z , y )] = FRo R ( x, y ) FR ( x, y )

zX

zX

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Thus

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Vol 5 Issue 1

P o Q R .So P o Q is the least upper bound for {P, Q} with respect to . Hence P o Q = P Q .
Proposition 3.11:

Let X be a set. If P, Q FNE( X ) ,then P Q = (P o Q ) .

Proof:
Suppose

P, Q FNE( X ) .Then by theorem 3.2, P Q = (P Q )e = (P Q ) (P Q )1 .Since

P, Q FNE( X ) , (P Q ) (P Q )1 = P Q .Since P P Q and Q P Q ,by definition 3.2(2) and (1),

P o Q (P Q ) o (P Q ) = P Q .Thus by proposition 3.9(1) (P o Q ) (P Q ) .On the other hand ,since

P, Q FNE( X ), P P o Q and Q P o Q .Thus P Q P o Q .By proposition 3.9(1), (P Q ) (P o Q ) .So

(P o Q ) = (P Q ) .Hence P Q = (P Q ) = (P oQ ) .
The following is the immediate result of Proposition 3.11 and Proposition 3.10.

Corollary 3.1:
Let X be a set. If P, Q FNE( X ) such that

P o Q = Q o P ,then P Q = P o Q.

4. References
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