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Innovation in Nanotechnology PDF
Innovation in Nanotechnology PDF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS PRESENTED
AT THE CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP ON
PROMOTING INNOVATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
AND FOSTERING INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT), a subsidiary body of ESCAP, was established
on 16 July 1977 with the objectives: to assist the members and associate members of ESCAP through
strengthening their capabilities to develop and manage national innovation systems; develop, transfer, adapt
and apply technology; improve the terms of transfer of technology; and identify and promote the development
and transfer of technologies relevant to the region.
The Centre will achieve the above objectives by undertaking such functions as:
Research and analysis of trends, conditions and opportunities;
Advisory services;
Dissemination of information and good practices;
Networking and partnership with international organizations and key stakeholders; and
Training of national personnel, particularly national scientists and policy analysts.
The shaded area of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members
INNOVATION IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
INNOVATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP ON
PROMOTING INNOVATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND FOSTERING INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
APCTT-ESCAP, 2010
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special
permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is acknowledged. APCTT-ESCAP would
appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
No use may be made of this publication for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior
permission. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of reproduction,
should be addressed to the Head, APCTT-ESCAP, P.O. Box 4575, Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi 110
016, India.
The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and
should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United
Nations APCTT-ESCAP.
The designations used and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations ESCAP-APCTT concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations
APCTT-ESCAP.
This document has been issued without formal editing.
CONTENTS
Page
ABBREVIATIONS
PART ONE: WORKSHOP REPORT
iii
1
1
2
3
6
15
17
17
18
18
19
27
DISCUSSION 1
34
37
37
38
38
39
42
42
45
46
53
DISCUSSION 2
55
57
58
59
21
22
61
62
62
65
69
70
73
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DISCUSSION 3
79
81
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
BANGLADESH
INDIA
INDONESIA
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
MALAYSIA
NEPAL
PAKISTAN
PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
SRI LANKA
THAILAND
82
84
86
88
93
98
100
103
106
109
113
PANEL DISCUSSION
117
CONCLUSION
119
ANNEXES
121
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
PROGRAMME
ii
122
126
ABBREVIATIONS
AFM
ANEP
ANF
APCTT-ESCAP
ASM
bEGF
CAS
CINN
CNT
CoEN
CSMNT
CSTP
DOST-PCASTRD
DST
ECHA
ENNSATOX
ENPRA
ESCAP
EXFS
FAO
FJIRSM
GDP
GNP
HINAMOX
HMM
HRTEM
HUNN
ICPC
ICT
ILO
IMF
IMNTP
IMRE
INBN
INIC
INLIVETOX
IOP
IOS
IP
iii
IPTLO
ISO
ISRI
JRC
KFRI
KIER
KNNI
LIPI
LPS
MAD
MGA
MNA
M/NEMS
MOE
MOET
MOST
MOSTI
MRI
NAM
NANOTEC
NANOTEC
NAST
NATAG
NBCI
NCNST
NEPHH
NERD
NND
NNI
NNRC
NSAG
NSF
NSFC
NSCN
NSNT
NSTDA
NTRA
OECD
PCSIR
PLGA
PLNs
PPP
R&D
R&D&I
REACH
RIPoN
iv
SAXS
SDRC
SEM
SFDA
SFM
SMEs
SPIO
STEM
STM
TEM
TEOS
TMOS
UNEP
UNIDO
UNITAR
USFDA
USPIO
WHO
WPMN
WPN
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PART ONE
REPORT OF THE CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOPON PROMOTING
INNOVATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND FOSTERING
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE
I.
B. Attendance
The workshop was participated by APCTT-ESCAP member countries including
Bangladesh, China, Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran,
Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, The Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Ms. Lerwin Liu,
Managing Director of NanoGlobe Pte. Ltd., Singapore and Dr. Peter Mogyorosi,
Consultant to APCTT were two experts invited to provide overviews on nanotechnology
and commercialization of nanotechnology R&D. In addition, experts from China, Islamic
Republic of Iran and the Republic of Korea participated as resource persons, and
provided an overview of the status of and measures to promote nanotechnology in their
respective countries.
The workshop was also attended by senior government officials and scientists from
R&D institutions, universities and private sector in Sri Lanka.
The list of participants is attached as Annex I.
C. Election of officers
The following experts were elected as moderators:
D. Programme
The workshop proceeded as per the programme attached as Annex II.
II.
A. Welcome address
Mr. L.P. Jayasinghe, Director of NERD Centre, expressed his great pleasure for being
able to invite and welcome all the participants to the workshop on nanotechnology. He
welcomed all the foreign delegates to the beautiful island of Sri Lanka and hoped they
would have a successful workshop and a very enjoyable visit to the country.
Mr. Jayasinghe said that the participants should try to get clarity and understanding of
the new cutting-edge technology and exhorted all to work together to make sure that
their efforts promote the well being of their poor people, not only in the region but in the
entire world. On a personal note, Mr. Jayasinghe stated that he looked forward to
learning more about nanotechnology, adding that he had much hope on nanotechnology
being able to help the country leapfrog into the future.
Mr. Jayasinghe noted that it had taken several years to reach the point where they
were at present. He felt technology was still not sufficiently entering the daily life,
particularly in relation to industrial applications. He was very pleased to note that the
workshop would also focus on the industrial application of nanotechnologies. He
conveyed his best wishes to the participants of the workshop, and requested the Sri
Lankan participants to absorb their maximum from this workshop so that it could be
put to use. He thanked Mr. Ramanathan, Head of APCTT-ESCAP, for arranging the
event.
B. Inaugural address
In his inaugural address, Prof. Tissa Vitharana noted that 13 countries were participating
in the regional endeavour. He congratulated APCTT-ESCAP and NERD Centre for
organizing this important international workshop because they were representing
countries that unfortunately had a large number of poor people and constantly were
under pressure to relieve this situation. They had to ensure that top cutting-edge
technology was applied properly in industries if they wished to emerge from poverty.
Currently in the Asia-Pacific region, there were much under-development within countries
and development disparities between countries. However, some countries in the region,
such as the Republic of Korea and China, had been able to catch the emerging waves
of technology, he noted. The basic force for their development had been microelectronics,
in particular information and communication technology (ICT), new materials,
biotechnology, etc. Countries like Sri Lanka, however, could not ride on those waves of
technology and therefore remained financially poor countries although they had rich
resources. They were behind other nations in their attempt to harness technology,
particularly for relieving poverty and emerging from poverty.
He said that the world at present was witnessing a new wave of technology called
nanotechnology, which had several impacts on other technologies as well. If the
developing countries could catch this wave of nanotechnology then they would be able
to leapfrog and benefit from the globalized economy. However, he said, the challenge
would be to harness nanotechnology to add value to their natural resources and
agricultural resources, and establish industries that would generate the income they
needed.
As known, if they wished to sell the products and services, the global market was
highly competitive. The challenge was that they had to not only match other countries
in quality and price competitiveness, but also possibly do better. According to Prof.
Vitharana, they had to work collectively on these efforts, pooling their resources. Those
countries that are stronger, those that had the fortune to be ahead, needed to help the
weaker ones. There was a need for all to work in cooperation and make the SouthSouth cooperation effective. He mentioned that European nations, despite their past
colonial heritage and their strengths, had felt the need to come together as European
Union (EU) to meet the challenges of globalization. They needed collective efforts to
meet the challenges. The Minister pointed out that European Union had a programme
for nanotechnology development. Likewise, the countries in the Asia-Pacific region too
needed to pool in their resources together, as they had different types of natural strengths
and resources. They were rich in biodiversity and had the advantage of economies of
scale. Therefore, they had to take a regional approach and that was the challenge they
faced, the Minister said.
Prof. Vitharana then expressed his happiness about Sri Lankas involvement in
nanotechnology through institutions such as the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
(SLINTEC), which had worked out a private-public partnership to take nanotechnology
forward. Such institutions were striving hard to meet the big challenges using their
limited resources, much like in other countries in the region. Therefore, he opined, the
countries could learn from each other, teach each other, and march together sharing
the responsibility of leaving poverty behind. They could effectively harness the new
technology to their advantage.
Prof. Vitharana thanked all who were involved in organizing this effort and hoped that
everybody who had come from abroad would benefit not only from the workshop but
also from their visit to his country. He concluded, wishing all a pleasant stay and
hoping that everybody would get the chance to see something of his beautiful country
and its culture.
C. Address
Mr. K. Ramanathan, Head of APCTT-ESCAP, then addressed the gathering, welcoming
all present at the consultative workshop on promoting innovation in nanotechnology
and fostering its industrial application in the Asia-Pacific perspective. He said the
workshop was a very important component of APCTT-ESCAPs continuing work on
national innovation systems and innovation systems for promoting highly emerging
technologies in the Asia-Pacific region. He expressed his deep gratitude to Prof. Tissa
Vitharana for kindly gracing the workshop with his presence. He pointed out that the
workshop had its origins in a discussion that he had with Prof. Vitharana several
month back. He said he was happy that resources could be harnessed to organize the
present workshop in Sri Lanka and that everybody could come together to take advantage
of what was taking place in technologically advanced nations, including those in the
Asia-Pacific, in areas such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, ICT, new and renewable
energy technology, and environmentally sustainable technology. These technologies
were not easy to be developed into commercially valuable form, he observed.
Nanotechnology was a highly multidisciplinary area and involved a number of fields
such as applied physics, material sciences, supramolecular chemistry, mechanical
engineering, mechatronics, chemical engineering, bioengineering and electrical
engineering with applications in diverse fields. To take advantage of developments in
these critically important technologies, nations needed to launch in a very committed
and focused manner initiatives that might be called technological leapfrogging into
important emerging areas.
However, the question that would crop up in everyones mind was how to realize this
leapfrogging effort in an effective and sustainable way. Mr. Ramanathan placed before
everybodys consideration some views as to how this could be achieved. Firstly, among
the countries in the Asia-Pacific region there were some nations, such as the Republic
of Korea, that were reasonably advanced in the field of nanotechnology. It would be
invaluable if an ICT-based South-South network of technological knowledge in this field
were to be formed to share information such as national policies, institutions working
in the chosen area, technologies available for sale and IP protection and utilization.
Such information would also enable countries to make benchmarking, and the network
would help them gain access to technologies that would enable them to leapfrog into
the intermediate levels of technology.
Mr. Ramanathan said it was well known that generation of those technologies through
R&D was expensive. Unlike the rich nations of the world, many countries of the South
did not have the kind of resources (2-3 per cent of their GDP) to spend on R&D. One
possible approach to overcome this would be to form a South-South network of R&D
institutions within which the members could share information on research institutions
and their research focus, researchers, and intellectual property (IP) that has been
generated. This information could facilitate the launch of collaborative efforts. The IP
thus generated through collaboration could be all jointly disseminated, he said. Mr.
Ramanathan added that he was truly delighted that the ministers of different countries
in the South wished to launch collaborative efforts to move forward. Perhaps the richer
countries in the South could consider providing some support to launch this SouthSouth initiative.
Before concluding, Mr. Ramanathan expressed his deep appreciation to the Secretary
General and the secretary of ESCAP for providing generous funding that enabled the
organizers to bring together international resources persons and country delegates to
D. Vote of thanks
Mr. M.W. Leelaratne, Managing Director of NERD Centre, proposed the vote of thanks.
Firstly, he thanked Prof. Tissa Vitharana and the, NERD Centre for organizing the
valuable workshop in collaboration with APCTT-ESCAP. He specially thanked APCTTESCAP for heading the efforts to have this workshop in Sri Lanka and consequently
supporting it in many ways, and its Head Mr. Ramanathan for his guidance and valuable
support. He also thanked the resource persons who came from the Republic of Korea,
Hungary, China, India and Sri Lanka for generously accepting to share their knowledge
and experience in nanotechnology during the workshop. He stated that he looked
forward to a very fruitful collaboration through the workshop. He extended his thanks to
the international participants, who were to share their valuable experience in
nanotechnology programmes and initiatives in different countries, for giving an opportunity
to learn from them. Mr. Leelaratne also thanked the nearly 30 nominated participants
from important public and private sector institutions of Sri Lanka for accepting the
invitation and participating in the workshop.
III.
CONSIDERATION OF ISSUES
A. Overview
Nanotechnology is one of the most important and fastest growing revolutionary
technologies of this century offering solutions for many socio-economic problems (e.g.
global warming, water shortage). Nanotechnology is the manipulation or self-assembly
of individual atoms, molecules or molecular clusters into structures to create materials
and devices basically, their characterization through exact control of size and form in
the nanometre scale. Materials with nanometric structures are often found to exhibit
quite different properties including mechanical, optical, chemical, magnetic and
electronic properties compared with traditional bulk materials made from the same
chemical composition.
One nanometre (nm) is one-thousand-millionth of a metre (1 nm = 10-9 m); for comparison,
a single human hair is about 80,000 nm wide and a bundle of single-walled carbon
nanotube is 1.4 nm wide. The word nanotechnology is generally used when referring to
materials with the size of 0.1 to 100 nm.
The areas most benefited from nanotechnologies are:
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Nanotechnology has sprung into prominence now due to the recent development of
various synthesis techniques/methodologies and the discovery of new tools for the
characterization and manipulation of nanomaterials. These developments include:
scanning probe microscopes such as scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), atomic
force microscope (AFM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), high
resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), extended X-ray absorption fine
structure (EXFS), and small-angle elastic X-ray scattering (SAXS).
Nanomaterials display many untypical physical, electrical, chemical and optical
characteristics. Iron eventually stops being magnetic, super-white titanium dioxide
becomes transparent, inert materials (such as gold) attain catalytic properties, ceramic
stretches like chewing gum the list is endless. In short, nanotechnology promises to
provide designers and engineers with custom-made materials with remarkable (even
unique) properties.
The scale of nanotechnology-related industry and market is expected to undergo rapid
growth during the near future, leading to expansion on a global scale. It is estimated
that the market for nanotechnology products will increase to US$2,600 billion by 2014,
compared with US$500 million in 1999 and US$6 billion in 2007, and that 10 million
new jobs will be created in areas of manufacturing related to nanotechnology.
nanotechnology field Ministry for Science and Technology (MOST) for national research
institutes and universities and Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI).
Indonesia is planning to carry out research activities in the field of nanotechnology
through interdisciplinary and inter-institutional collaborations in order to progress its
science and technology ability and to win in the global competition through
nanotechnology networking. It conducts open discussions on the policy and
nanotechnology research road map according to the demand in the national development
programme. Indonesia stays tuned with the global nanotechnology research trend and
keeps up to date with information on global nanoscience and technology R&D.
The government S&T policy has set priorities in the areas of food, ICT, alternative
renewable energy, transportation management technology, health and pharmaceutical
technologies. It is striving to create innovation capabilities by supporting incentives to
the related programme and strengthen the nations science and technology research
attitudes and skills. In Kyoto University, Japan, Indonesian researchers are working on
cellulose nanofibre (bio-nanofibre) in wood cell wall which is as strong as steel, as
thermally stable as glass and as bendable as plastic.
The Indonesian Ministry of Research of Science and Technology has recognized the
multi- and interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience and technology and is planning an
integrated and coordinated national effort from government, academia, industry and
public, and from a collaborative consortium for nanoscience and technology R&D.
4. Islamic Republic of Iran
The Islamic Republic of Iran developed a comprehensive national nanotechnology initiative
since 2005 and made significant leaps in nanoscience and technology advancement.
It is a rapidly rising country in the field with a robust and extensive national
nanotechnology programme.
The Islamic Republic of Iran has realized that in the near future Iranian enterprises
possess no option but to utilize novel technologies to increase its share of the future
global market and to improve the level of nations wealth. Nanotechnology lends itself
as the most promising opportunity. The national government is in charge of promotion
of R&D and industrial production of nano-related products.
Iranian scientists and industries are actively engaging in international cooperation
activities. It has an established education programme to train M.Sc. and Ph.D. students,
educate the public and policy makers as well as industry and business community. Its
R&D priorities are energy, health, water and environment, nanomaterials and
construction. The embargo on the Islamic Republic of Iran has motivated the Iranian
industry to develop its own technology and products, including STM, water purification
system, air filters and industry-scale quantity carbon nanotubes.
Considering the impact of nanotechnology on the nations wealth and economy, the
Islamic Republic of Iran initiated a national nanotechnology development plan referred
to as Future Strategy in 2005. The strategic plan outlines the nations major action
plans for a 10-year period up to 2015, with the target being a position among the top 15
countries that are active in this very important area. In 2001, the country established
the Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council (INIC) to support the nanotechnological
development in many ways. Iranian Nanotechnology Business Network (INBN) was
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established in 2008, and this network is composed of a group of business advisors and
investors to help and promote Iranian companies to start their business in the field of
nanotechnology. The network also facilitates international cooperation.
5. Malaysia
In the past few years, Malaysia recognized that nanotechnology would impact every
aspect of the society, industry and economy and committed itself to place
nanotechnology as one of the national priorities. However, at present, Malaysia lacks
the critical mass of qualified scientists, engineers and related professors who are
much needed to drive the economy. However, there are research activities of worldclass standing being conducted by Malaysian local scientists in universities and research
centres. The projects relate to important areas such as nanostructure mesoporous
materials, hybrid catalysts and others. In addition, there are many young Malaysian
scientists undergoing post-graduate studies in areas of nanotechnology locally and
overseas. The government aims to ensure that Malaysia benefits from advancement in
nanotechnology-related sciences by clustering and linking the resources and knowledge
of Malaysian researchers, industry and government.
The technologies developed by scientists and research activities in the area of
nanotechnology need to be commercialized to become one of the effective economic
growth engines of the countries. International networking in the region is important to
complement the capabilities and capacities as nanotechnology is very interdisciplinary.
The Malaysian government has taken seriously the development of nanotechnology in
the country. In the Third Industrial Master Plan (that will be span a 15-year period
2005-2020) is reported to recognize nanotechnology as the new emergent field. The
2006 national budget allocated M$868 million to be provided under the Ministry of
Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) for R&D. The focus will be on
biotechnology, nanotechnology, advanced manufacturing, advanced materials, ICT and
alternative source of energy, to encourage innovation among local companies and
developing new products.
The Malaysian National Nanotechnology Initiative, established in 2006, has served as
a central coordinating platform for driving the government nanotech policy and
coordinating R&D programmes and infrastructure as well as liaison with industries to
address business and economic issues.
6. Nepal
Owing to several factors, Nepal remains one of the least developed countries in the
world. Political instability, lack of visionary leadership, geographical location (being
land-locked) as well as the difficult terrain have all contributed to the extreme poverty
of its people. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Nepal is ranked 167
out of 178 countries in 2007 in terms of per capita income. Only 11 countries had per
capita income lower than Nepal.
The concept of nanoscience and technology and its applications are relatively new to
the Nepalese scientific community. They are not reflected in any form in the national
plans for promoting socio-economic development and enhancing competitiveness. Nepal
has not established nanotechnology programmes or initiatives due to limited
infrastructure for R&D, lack of trained human resources and limited international
collaboration.
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few experts in the country working on nanotechnology development and they have
successfully integrated it in biotechnology and material sciences.
As nanotechnology is already in the country, researchers are not starting from zero
capabilities. Education and research in nanotechnology is essential to explore the
potential of the technology and the government has launched education programmes,
providing incentives for attracting overseas Philippine scientists and engineers to return
home and share their expertise in order to accelerate the scientific agro-industrial and
economic development of the country. The Department of Science and TechnologyPhilippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development
(DOST-PCASTRD) made this announcement as part of an effort to bolster economic
development in the country. PCASTRDs mandate is to develop, integrate and coordinate
the national research system for advanced science and technology and related fields.
Its nanotechnology strategic road map will cover at least six industrial sectors the
semiconductor, information technology, energy, agriculture, medicine and environment
protection. The road map indicates that funding would be provided to several
nanotechnology projects, intended to benefit identified industrial sectors. According to
PCASTRD, over a dozen scientists from different fields are now involved in the selection
of the projects that would be funded.
DOST has taken notice and drawn a road map to shepherd this post-industrial technology
in the country through its attached agency. The road map outlines focused R&D in
exploring and exploiting high impact and life-enhancing benefits of nanotechnology.
9. Republic of Korea
In July 2001, the National Science and Technology Council established the Nanotech
Development Plan and prepared a 10-year implementation programme for
nanotechnology R&D and industrialization for the Republic of Korea to advance into
the best five countries in nanotech area by 2010. Furthermore, in order to contribute
effectively to the Korea National Nanotech Initiative (KNNI), a variety of national R&D
programmes has been launched. Most of the enterprises working in the field of
nanotechnology were established in 2000-2004. Only a few enterprises have come up
after 2005, owing to uncertainty of the nano market and the economic crisis. As a
major part of nanotechnology development, the Republic of Korea aims to develop
R&D infrastructure construction of Users Fabrication Centre for general purposes,
support intensively the strategically important research fields and the education of
skilled workers for rapid progress in nanotechnology.
The plans are (1) to expand R&D budget (growth and embryonic period), (2) to strengthen
the R&D network between universities, research centres and companies, (3) to expand
fundamental research and commercialization and (4) to facilitate venture companies.
The national government is committed to nanotechnology through investments in
nanotechnology-related R&D projects and infrastructures. This will definitely help in
not only keeping its existing semiconductor and display industry leadership but also
opening new industrial opportunities. There is a need for strong policy implications
calling for new public mechanisms fostering learning and selection in explorations of
convergence. They need a platform for South-South cooperation in Asia to overcome
the brain-drain through brain-pooling and to operate an intra-continental and intercontinental network of clusters.
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IV.
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PART TWO
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Over the next 10-20 years, nanotechnology will fundamentally transform science,
technology and society. However, to take full advantage of opportunities, the entire
S&T community must set broad goals; creatively envision the possibilities for meeting
societal needs; and involve all participants, including the general public, in exploiting
them. (Roco and Bainbridge, 2001).
Several developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region missed the information and
communication technology (ICT) opportunity and are now trying to take advantage of
the opportunities offered by it. Some, through committed government support and
entrepreneurial flair, used the ICT wave to benefit in numerous ways. The issue now
is: what are the possibilities for the less technologically advanced nations in the AsiaPacific region in terms of the nanoscience and nanotechnology (NSNT) wave that is
now upon us? What could and what should they be doing? The focus of this workshop
will be on these.
II.
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III.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
When one examines the potential of NSNT, it is easy to understand why nanotechnology
is sometimes referred to as the harbinger of the next industrial revolution. Yet, many
developing nations are not in a position to be able to take advantage of this technology.
If developing nations are to take advantage of the benefits that this disruptive technology
can offer, many serious skill, financial, infrastructure and policy issues that have to be
managed carefully. Sri Lanka has established the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
(SLINTEC) within a public-private partnership framework. Several other nations in the
Asia-Pacific region have commenced their own initiatives. The Asian Institute of
Technology in Bangkok has set up a Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CoEN)
and has commenced a postgraduate programme in nanotechnology in partnership
with Thailands Nanotechnology Centre (NANOTEC). While North-North platforms for
the exchange of know-how and research alliances are quite well established, countries
of the developing South should make sure that they are not left out of these
developments.
The formation of South-South nanotechnology partnerships could help in the eventual
formation of North-South research and business alliances. Collaboration between NSNT
researchers in the South and the sharing of their experiences and research infrastructure
19
could help to find solutions to urgent problems faced by their societies. Success in
such collaborative initiatives could provide the foundation for commercializing research
findings through both South-South and North-South partnerships.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hornyak, G.L. Dutta, J. Tibbals, H.F. and Rao, A.K. (2008). Introduction to nanoscience.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, United States of America.
Roco, M.C. and Bainbridge, W.C. (2001). eds., Societal Implications of Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology: NSET Workshop Report. National Science Foundation, p. 12.
The World Bank, (2009). Leveraging high technology to drive innovation and
competitiveness in key export industries and building the Sri Lankan knowledge
economy, The World Bank, Washington D.C., United States of America.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are poised for rapid growth, as depicted in Figure
2.1. The current main fields of nanotechnology and some of the main examples are
discussed below.
A. Material technologies
Nanotechnology can be used to manufacture metals, ceramics and polymers at exact
shapes without machining, and lighter, stronger and programmable materials with lower
failure rates and reduced life-cycle costs.
Nanofilters
Filters with nanometre-scale pores can remove 100 per cent of bacteria, viruses and
even prions. The ability to recycle water from any source for any use can save huge
amounts of water. Effective water filtration also permits the generation of quite dirty
waste streams from agricultural and industrial operations, as they cease to be health
hazard following such filtration.
Figure 2.1: World market share (2001) and projected world market share
(2010) of nanotechnology
Measurement &
testing of nanostructures (24%)
Ultraprecise
surface
restructuring (6%)
2001
Measurement &
testing of nanostructures (22%)
Ultraprecise
surface
restructuring (9%)
Nanoparticles/
composites
(28%)
2010
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Nanoparticles
These particles have a size of less than 100 nm. They are the bridge between bulk
materials and atomic or molecular structures. The properties of a material changes as
its size approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms at the surface of
the material becomes significant.
Carbon nanotubes
Graphenes, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT) are carbon-based nanostructures.
Nanotubes are formed by rolling up a graphene sheet into a cylinder and capping each
end with half of a fullerene molecule. The length-to-diameter ratio is greater than 1,000,000.
They can be conducting or semiconducting. They are very strong, 10-100 times stronger
than steel per unit weight. CNT can be applied in fuel cells (hydrogen storage), optical
devices, electrical devices (quantum dots) and nanoscale engineering (nanomotor).
Light-driven nanomotor
The momentum carried by light can be used as a mechanical power source for
microscopic machines. A series of experiments has proved this. The light-driven rotors
work similar to windmills, with light playing the role of wind. Photopolymerization is
used to produce the microscopic machines. Optical tweezers hold and drive the
microscopic rotors. When the rotor contacts cogwheels (which can turn around axes
fixed to a microscope cover slide), it drives them. Complex light-driven micromachines
can be built.
Graffiti removal liquids and gels
They are able to remove spray-paint graffiti on porous, non-porous, Plexiglass and
painted surfaces.
Intelligent nano coatings
With this coating, windows are able to, for instance, reflect solar heat in the summer
and accept and transmit it in winter.
Nanosilver
Like ionic silver, nanosilver is a very potent killer of bacteria and has been shown to kill
fungi, algae and some viruses, including HIV. As a result, the most common application
of nanosilver is as an antimicrobial agent in products such as wound dressings, textiles,
food storage containers and personal care appliances.1 Nanosilver can remove more
than 650 bacteria, virus and fungi species, without causing any allergy. Nanosilver can
bestow on textiles antibacterial properties that lead to improved utility, particularly in
hygienic clothing. In comparison with other antimicrobial methods (like using chemical
materials), nanosilver has more durability and efficiency. Further, nanosilver technology
does not require any special equipment to be added to the processes normally employed
in the textile industry. Fabrics with nanosilver also have application in fields such as
sports and military.
1
Washing machines that contain ion-generating devices designed to release silver into the
wash water most likely release silver ions (Ag+) and not nanosilver, but this distinction has
not been independently verified. Colloidal silver, a liquid suspension that may or may not
contain nanosilver, has long been promoted and sold as an over-the-counter health tonic.
23
Term
Symbol
Diameter
Attributes
(nm)
Elemental or
metallic silver
Ag
0.288
Ionic silver;
silver ion
AG+
0.258
Nanosilver
No symbol
may be called
nano-AG
1-100
Colloidal
silver
No symbol
1-1000
Golf balls
In golf balls, nanotechnology is reported to reduce off-axis rotation for greater control,
reducing the chance of the ball veering off-course. Nanocomposite material used in
golf clubs is said to reduce the weight of the crown of the club, lowering the centre of
gravity and giving longer and straighter shots.
24
Tissue engineering
Nanotechnology-based tissue engineering could coax a population of cells to form a
living tissue, structurally and functionally indistinguishable from that found in nature.
Biosensors
Nanotechnology will enable the design of sensors that are much smaller, low-power
and more sensitive than current micro- or macrosensors. These nanoscale bioelements
and/or transducer components find use in ultra-sensitive and specific detection for
analyses. There are nano-biosensors, which by use hollow structures called singlewall CNTs anchored to gold-coated nanotubes, for detecting blood glucose and potentially
many other biological molecules. The application areas of biosensors are: point-ofcare diagnostics, drug discovery, bacteriological detection, veterinary diagnostics, food
testing and environmental monitoring.
Nanorobots
It is possible to create machines or robots using nanotechnology that are close to the
microscopic scale of nanometres for a variety of purposes.
Cancer treatment
Cancer shells can be killed without the painful side effects of chemotherapy. Scientists
are able to destroy tumours without killing healthy cells at the same time. Nanoshells
bind to the cancer cells and make them susceptible to near-infrared light, which destroys
cancer cells while healthy cells remain intact.
Nanotechnology has some risks too in health and biological applications: (1)
nanoparticles can catalyse undesired chemical reactions in the body; (2) CNTs can
cause infections of lungs; (3) nanoparticles could easily cross blood-brain barrier; and
(4) some nanoparticles could be toxic.
C. Laser technologies
Over the past 10 years, laser system integrators providing laser micromachining solutions
have been faced with a major challenge satisfying an increasing demand for ultrahigh precision, at a smaller and smaller scale. From microelectronics to microfluidics
and renewable energy to healthcare, most applications require stringent specifications
with spatial resolutions for laser machining at or below the micrometre level, a process
called nanomachining.
Laser scribing technologies using ultra-fast lasers are currently applied in thin-film PV
solar and organic electronics (flexible displays, electronic paper) and arenas that are
presently experiencing tremendous year-on-year growth. Ultra-fast lasers enable
nanomachining of otherwise difficult-to-machine transparent materials. Nanoparticles
of any material can be produced by femtosecond laser ablation of the respective target.2
25
D. Nanoelectronics
ICT platforms are currently pushed to their fundamental physical limits. Display screens
on electronics devices have been improved, memory chips have been provided a
projected density of 1 terabyte of memory per square inch or greater, and the size of
transistors used in integrated circuits have been reduced.
1. Nanowires
They have a lateral size constrained to tens of nanometres or less and an unconstrained
longitudinal size. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are important; hence,
nanowires are also known as quantum wires. There are different types of nanowires:
metallic (Ni, Pt, Au), semiconducting (Si, GaN, InP) and insulating (SiO2, TiO2).
Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating organic (DNA) or inorganic molecular
units.
2. Computers
Nanotechnology has a role in new logic and storage technologies. It is possible to
build computers with more than 1,021 bits in the same volume and almost 1 billion
Pentiums in parallel.
3. Energy
Nanomaterials can be used to improve the capacity of batteries, solar cells and fuel
cells. These are superconducting at room temperatures to reduce the high transmission
losses in our centralized energy supply.
E. Nanofoods
Food industry is developing a colourless, tasteless programmable nano-drink that could
be placed in a microwave oven that has been encoded with cooking preferences. In
nanofoods there is higher bioavailability of food ingredients such as essential vitamins
and minerals. They have longer shelf-life, increased pathogen control and reduced
spoilage. Food quality monitoring improves with nanosensors.
F. Future perspectives
A nanotechnological revolution is awaited with profound changes predicted in several
areas, such as:
z
z
z
26
Intelligent contact lens that lets one check the blood sugar level by looking in a
mirror.
Objects, arrays and devices that can be made from DNA and DNA-based
computation.
Plasmons are waves of electrons that propagate along the interface between a
metal and a non-conductive material like air or glass. Plasmonic materials could
alter the electromagnetic field around an object and make it visible.
Phone that is flexible, stretchable and allows the user to transform their handsets
into radically different shapes. These phones would be made of flexible materials
with self-cleaning surfaces, and would have transparent electronics.
II.
Two other observer organizations United Nations Programme (UNDP) and the World
Bankand participate in IOMC:
These organizations hold regular meetings together to ensure coordination. The status
of activities related to nanotechnology is discussed at these meetings.
In 2004, OECD started to evaluate its member countries regulatory challenges as
regards the safety on nanomaterials. In 2006, OECD established a Working Party on
Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). The work focused on policy issues related to
the environmental, health and safety implications of manufactured nanomaterials.
Through WPMN, governments share their perspectives on possible approaches to
maximize the environmental benefits, while minimizing the negative impacts, of
nanotechnology and products that contain nanomaterials.
WPMN was established to help member countries efficiently and effectively address
the safety challenges of nanomaterials. OECD has a wealth of experience in developing
methods for the safety testing and assessment of chemical products. The major task
of WPMN is to ensure that existing instruments can be reliably applied to nanomaterials,
ensuring that human and environmental safety aspects of nanotechnology are adequately
addressed.
27
Description
OECD Database on
Manufactured Nanomaterials to Inform and
Analyse EHS Research
Activities
Cooperation in R&D,
burden sharing
Safety Testing of a
Representative Set of
Manufactured
Cooperation in R&D,
burden sharing
Manufactured
Nanomaterials and
Test Guidelines
Harmonization
Cooperation on
Harmonization
Voluntary Schemes and
Regulatory Programmes
Cooperation on Risk
Assessment
Cooperation in R&D,
harmonization
Alternative Methods in
Nano Toxicology
Cooperation in R&D,
harmonization
Exposure Measurement
and Exposure Mitigation
Harmonization
Cooperation on the
Environmentally
Sustainable Use of
Nanotechnology
Promoting cleaner
alternatives
The Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) is the other subsidiary body of the
OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP). Its role is to advise
CSTP on policy-relevant issues within science, technology and innovation that are
related to the responsible development of nanotechnology.
The establishment of WPN was partly motivated by governmental awareness of the
rapid increase in public nanotechnology R&D investments globally. While private
28
Systematically assess new initiatives for their potential economic, social and
environmental impact;
Consult stakeholders and interested parties on all major initiatives;
Work to simplify the existing legislation; and
Measure and reduce administrative costs of regulations.
In May 2009, the European Commission, its Joint Research Centre (JRC) and European
Chemicals Agency (ECHA) launched administrative arrangements enabling the
development of a technical basis for guidance to ECHA with respect to nanomaterials.
Based on this methodology, Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals
(REACH) Implementation Project on Nanomaterials (RIPoN) would be established by
the end of 2010.
It has three major tasks:
z
z
z
Substance identification;
Information requirements; and
Chemical safety assessment.
In the second call for proposals in the 7th EU Research Framework Programme (FP7
see the details below) the following five proposals are being launched:
z
z
z
z
z
EU PF7 Programme
The main forms of community-level R&D cooperation are the four-year long research
and technology development and demonstrative framework programmes executed by
29
the member states. By strengthening the research cooperation among member states
and concentrating their resources, the goal of the framework programmes is to foster
the realization of such research goals that strengthen the scientific and technological
basics of the European industry, improve Europes international competitiveness and
promote the socio-economic development.
Based on the goals of the European Council set up during a meeting in Lisbon in 2000
according to which by 2010 the European Union must become the most dynamically
growing, most competitive knowledge-based economy the harmonization of the intermember state R&D activities and the aim to decrease the dispersion of research is
getting more dominant than before.
R&D together with education and innovation form the triangle of knowledge. Thus,
upon reviewing the Lisbon goals, research became central role. Among the goals set
up by the Council report publicized on 2 February 2005, are the increase and
improvement of investments into R&D, the formation of strong European industrial
base and fostering of innovation.
In June 2004, the European Commission created the document called Science and
technology, the key to Europes future guidelines to the support of the research
policy of the European Union, which defines the six main goals of the European
Unions new research policy as follows:
z
z
z
z
z
z
Besides the domestic grant system, it is also possible to receive funding through the
grant system of the European Union. Regarding the project, the most important
programmes are as follows: European Union 7th R&D Framework Programme, the
Consortium Building Tender connecting to it, the BONUS-HU Programme, the
EUROSTARS Programme and the CORNET ERA-NET Programme.
The 7th Framework Programme was started in 2007. It consists of four specific
programmes Cooperation, Ideas, People and Capacities and has the six main
goals of European research policy. One of the most important goals set up by the
Framework Programme is the fostering of transnational research, technology
development and innovation cooperation. The programme in the 2007-2013 period makes
access to 50,521 billion funding possible. The specific programmes are as follows:
z
30
is the support of exploration research of individual research groups also in the field
of engineering, social and human sciences.
People Programme (4,75 billion) Its goal is the quantitative and qualitative
strengthening of human resources engaged in R&D. A further goal of the programme
is to keep promising researchers within Europe and to attract them here the
Marie Curie Actions are created for this purpose.
Capacities Programme (4,097 billion) Development of research and innovative
capacities among others by developing research infrastructures, enhancing the
innovative capacities of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and building pullsector clusters.
Common Research Centre (1,751 billion) This is the decision-supporting body
of the European Union that provides consumer-oriented scientific and technical
help and supports the execution of existing policies.
31
where it is possible to remain in competition not with cheap mass production but
with the creation of special functions using advanced technology (for example, in the
field of qualification and measurement technologies).3
Current assembly-type developments will not be able to achieve Hungarys future vision
and increased competitiveness; high value-added developments, which could be made
by the dramatic rise in the quality of education and clear governmental supporting
policy, are needed for this. Such developments would increase the scope of Hungarianowned innovative companies on the world market. On the medium term, this shift
could be backed by a Hungarian silicon foundry created with private capital and a
slice-technology base specialized for executing external plans. The quick transition of
ideas into production should be supported with institutionalized technology transfer
services as well as appropriate supporting system for innovation and spin-off companies.
For Hungary to become competitive and increase its R&D potential in the field of high
value-added micro- and nanoelectronic developments by 2020, the following are
essential:
z
z
A good
develops
domestic
field, and
32
Concerning the emphasis of domestic references, the role of the platform is to support
the increase of chances for the Hungarian industrial players with the following:
z
z
z
z
z
z
Providing information to the platform members about the activities and plans of the
members;
Evaluation of demands and capabilities within the platform and their relay within
the network;
Joint project proposals, project development and organization of PPP R&D grants;
Evaluation of educational, training needs and coordination of trainings for the rise
of ability in joining project proposals;
Public relations and marketing activities; and
Providing international presence and representation (e.g. in European Union
platforms).
During its two-year long run of the project, the consortium will have the following tasks:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Chart the operational area of the platform, identifying the potential partners and
persons and drawing them into the work of the platform;
Create the organizational set-up, work order and controlling body of the platform;
Seek linkages with the representatives of special politics and building connections
with them;
Create situation report on the working territory of the platform, reviewing growth
trends and challenges;
Form the future view of the professional working territory of the platform;
Draw up strategic goals of the platform in the field of research and technology,
creating or further developing the Strategic Research Plan; and
Create an execution plan for the Strategic Research Plan of the platform.
33
DISCUSSION 1
The speakers invited comments on the previous session from the participants. One
issue raised was about the desirability/feasibility of entering the field of nanotechnology.
Following discussions, the general view was that poor countries should stay with basic
research on nanotechnology and buy technologies from developed countries. The
example of Sri Lankan graphite industry was quoted. Previously, Sri Lanka controlled
50 per cent of graphite market. However, little research was carried out on graphite
technology. At present, the country controls only 2 per cent of the market, and depend
on technology providers fro any new graphite-related technology.
The participants asked Mr. Mogyorosi details on the European Unions Framework
Programme, which he provided.
Box 2.1: The European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7)
The transformation of European industry into a knowledge-intensive one is essential
in order to produce high added-value products (which in turn is crucial to create new
industries) and meet customer requirements as well as growth, environmental, health
and other societal expectations.
Figure 2.2: Budget allocation for FP7
Capacities
4,217 million
Euratom
2,751 million
JRC
1,751 million
People
4,728 million
Ideas
7,460 million
Cooperation
32,365 million
Cooperation
The specific programme on Cooperation supports all types of research activities
carried out by different research bodies in trans-national cooperation and aims to
gain or consolidate leadership in key scientific and technology areas. FP7 allocates
32,365 million to the Cooperation programme. The budget will be devoted to
supporting cooperation between universities, industry, research centres and public
authorities throughout the EU and beyond.
The Cooperation programme is sub-divided into 10 distinct themes. Each theme is
operationally autonomous but aims to maintain coherence within the Cooperation
Programme and allows for joint activities cutting across different themes, through, for
example, joint calls.
(Source: www.cordis.europa.eu)
34
Allocation (%)
Health
Food, agriculture and biotechnology
Information and communication technologies
Nanoscience, nanotechnologies, materials and
new production technologies
Energy
Environment (including climate change)
Transport
Socio-economic sciences and the humanities
Security and space
19
6
28
11
7
6
13
-
35
36
PART THREE
PART THREE
PRESENTATIONS FROM RESOURCE PERSONS (I)
NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN CHINA
BY
MR. SISHEN XIE,
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS,
CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, BEIJING,
PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
37
I.
INTRODUCTION
The Chinese governments nanotechnology policy aims to enhance basic and applied
research to increase the creative ability and form creative system for long-term progress
of nanoscience and technology in China. Recently, nanotechnology essentially demands
an approach that improves traditional products using nanomaterials or nanocomposites.
A strategic approach at the national level will require finding new industrial applications
for technologies such as nanobio and nanodevice.
The National Steering Council on Nanotechnology (NSCN) was set up in October 2000
as the coordinating agency. The council provides planning, coordinating and consulting
for nanotechnological projects in China at the nation level. Among the members of
Council, there are 21 scientists from universities and institutions, 7 administrators
from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), State Development and Reform
Commission (SDRC), Ministry of Education (MOE), Chinese Academy of Sciences
(CAS) and National Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
Figure 3.1: Chinas nanotechnology framework
Directorate & Coordination
Council
National Roadmap
Development
National Programme
for Nano
Key projects
SAS
NSCF
MOST
800 University
Institutes
cooperation
Nanomaterials
II.
Nanodevices
&
Nanoelectronics
Industry
NRDC
Key projects
MR
4,000
scientists
Nanobiology
&
Nanomedicine
Characterization
&
Standardization
MEMS &
nano
fabrications
38
III.
Project
Sponsor
Grant (RMB)
Year
Nanomaterials 1
MOST
10 million
1991-1995
MOST
10 million
1991-1995
Molecular Electronics
NSFC
5 million
1991-1995
NSFC
5 million
1991-1995
Nanomaterials 2
MOST
5 million
1996-2000
MOST
35 million
1999-2004
Carbon nanotubes
CAS
6 million
1999-2000
CAS
25 million
2000-2002
Nanodevices
CAS
40 million
2001-2004
RMB 440 million from MOST for basic and applied research;
RMB 280 million from NSFC for basic research;
RMB 130 million from CAS for basic and applied research;
39
z
z
After the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was announced by the United States,
China added nanotech to a list of priority technologies at the end of the 2001. Nanotech
has enjoyed state funding since then through National 863 Hi-Tech R&D Plan and
National Key Basic Research Plan 973. At the same time, NSFC and CAS also
initiated their plans and increased input into nanotechnology. These national plans
provided huge investments for nanotech projects from both the central and local
governments. It covered the support to national projects and to set up the national
centres, and pushed up the rapid development of nanotechnological application research
in China.
Figure 3.2: Funding distribution for key technology R&D programme (2002-2003)
30
26.8
RMB million
25
20
15
13.5
11.7
10
5
0
CAS
Universities
Enterprises
: 32 per cent
: 21 per cent
: 12 per cent
: 11 per cent
: 8 per cent
40
41
42
43
Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM) is one of the pioneers
in this field in China:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
IV.
1983 Small-scale pilot plant for the catalyst for carbon monoxide (CO) catalysing
synthesis of oxalate, passing 1,004 hours of continuous life testing;
1993 Small-scale pilot plant for national 85 key project 200 ml catalyst passing
1,000 hours of catalyst life testing;
1994 Small-scale pilot plant for 2 litres catalyst for CO-gas catalysing synthesis
of methyl oxalate and oxalic acid;
2005 Cooperated with Shanghai jinmei Co. and set up a medium-sized plant for
oxalic acid 300 t/y, glycol 100 t/y and methyl oxalate 900 kg/d;
2006 Established Xiamen Jintan Co. as the R&D base for the catalyst;
2006 Organization of the plant for glycol at 10,000 t/y scale; and
2008 Set up the worlds first glycol plant of 1.2 million t/y scale.
COMMERCIALIZATION IN CHINA
At the end of 2004, there were more than 600 enterprises, most of them small, and 120
institutions involved in nanotechnology. The main products were nanopowders of oxides,
metals and their applications such as coatings, fibres, papers, ceramics, catalyst,
etc.
Figure 3.3: Way of industrial application, step-by-step
V.
2015
2010
Present
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The nanoscience and nanotechnology research community in China has made
remarkable advances across the R&D spectrum from fundamental scientific research
to studies into the potential societal implications of new nanotechnologies. Definitely,
China still has a long way to go to improve the overall competitiveness of its nanoscience
and nanotechnology enterprises, but all visible signs suggest that it will become a
leading contributor to the field in the coming years.
44
45
I.
46
Member organization
Australia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
Taiwan province
of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
47
Nanotech Malaysia has been held annually since 2007. The Malaysian government
will be making a statement on nanotech, which will highlight the initial planning of the
government to pursue intensive development in the nanotech industry. It has funded up
to M$ 124.3 million in nanotechnology area (under the 9th Malaysia Plan). A National
Innovation Centre and a network of Centres of Innovation Excellence are to be set up
next year to allow faster commercialization. The industry will provide fast feedback to
the research work. Nanotechnology has been announced by Malaysias Prime Minister
to be one of the growth engines for the countrys new economic policy. A Nanotech
Directorate has been put into in operation. The Malaysia Nanotechnology Association
(MNA) has become official since September 2009. MNA is a platform for communication
among scientists, researchers and industry players and for facilitating networking with
the local community and international counterparts.
Figure 3.4: National nanotechnology initiative timeline in Asia-Pacific
EU 6th Framework (2002-2006)
Phase II (2009-2014)
NAMI (2006-2011)
Singapore A*STAR Programme
1992
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
NNS (2007-2011)
48
5000
US$ million
4000
3000
2000
1,331
1000
341 300
60
150
t
us
ra
lia
C
hi
na
on
Ko
ng
In
di
In
e
on
44
5
si
a
Ja
pa
re
o
fK
.o
ep
311 447
42
20
re
nd
an and
am
la
po aiw
N
il
a
a
t
a
T
e
Ze ing
M
Th
Vi
S
ew
N
40
a
al
ys
ia
United States
US$ 5,618 million
Asia
US$ 8,012 million
European Union
US$ 7,689 million
Figure 3.7: Government funding for nanotechnology among three largest economies
1600
1400
1200
1000
Germany
800
Japan
600
United States
Japan (realistic)
400
200
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
49
Germany
Japan
United States
Japan (realistic)
2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Electronics
technology
Biomedical
technology
Australia
Si-based transistor,
supercapacitor
China
MEMS technology
Hong Kong
Displays, electronic
packaging
India
Nanoelectronics
Clean
technologies
(energy, water
& environment)
Consumer
goods
Sunscreen lotion
+
biosensors,
biomedical devices
Indonesia
Drinking water
+
Japan
DNA/gene chip,
anti-cancer drug
delivery
Malaysia
biosensors
New Zealand
50
Textile
Food &
agriculture
Thin film solar
cells, fuel cells
Biofertilizer
Singapore
Electronics
technology
OLED, nanoimprint
Biomedical
technology
nanotoxicology,
fibrous scaffold,
biodegradable
stents &
nanomedicine
Clean
technologies
(energy, water
& environment)
Consumer
goods
Organic solar
cells, fuel cells,
membrane
filtration
Pharmaceuticals
Antibacterial
powders,
antiglare coating
TFT-LCD panel
Flexible speaker
Thailand
Viet Nam
Textile
Flexible polymer
solar cells
Scents sensor,
cosmeceuticals
EM-shielding,
conductive paint
Iran, 2005
Product manufacturer
Global activities
Applications
Air filter (home, fridge), anti-bacteria bed-sheets, selfcleaning & anti-mould paint, hand sanitizer, anti-bacterial
agricultural application (e.g. chicken farm)
Business model
Revenue
51
52
z
z
z
z
z
z
II.
NANOGLOBE
NanoGlobe is the leading nanotech consultancy based in Singapore and is providing
valuable services to corporate, entrepreneur, government and research institution clients
for strategic support of R&D commercialization and internationalization; business
development; incubator services to local start-ups via fund raising, recruitment, project
management, IP management, marketing and partnership; and advising international
companies on expansion throughout Asia and locating business and R&D in Singapore
and other strategic locations.
NanoGlobes mission is to promote global and sustainable development of
nanotechnology to benefit mankind.
53
54
DISCUSSION 2
After the presentations, the speakers had a detailed discussion. Mr. K. Ramanathan
raised a question on whether the developing countries should focus on education and
basic sciences or on accessing and industrial application of nanotechnology. He was
of the opinion that initially, developing countries must focus on the latter part to generate
revenue and benefit from the nanotechnology. Thereafter, they could focus on science
that add value to technologies applied in their industries, and on basic sciences to
develop new nanotechnologies.
Another point raised was that the presentations did not contain any example that
could help assess nanotechnologys impact on society. While agreeing with the point,
the presenters replied that their presentations were giving an overview of the technology,
without going into specific details. They said the point raised would be addressed in
another context during the workshop.
Mr. Mogyorosi mentioned that currently the labour cost is the highest in the United
States but the European region is not far behind either. East European countries have
an advantage in terms of labour cost, but they are also getting more expensive in this
field. The same trend can be observed also in China and other emerging Asian countries,
although they are still much cheaper than any other countries in the world.
Mr. N. Srinivasan commented during the discussions that before countries went in for
any application of nanotechnology, they have to develop institutional capabilities to
understand and able to carry out assessement of safety and quality by developing
and/adopting standards, and impact on environment and health. In this regard, Mr.
Mogyorosi drew attention of the participats to his presentation indicating the importance
the European Union accord on this issue. Mr. Srinivasan said the countries of the
Asia-Pacific region needed to learn and internalize that aspect to gain competitive
advantage.
55
56
57
I.
INTRODUCTION
The economy of Sri Lanka is growing it was 70th in the list of top 100 economies of
the world. In 2008, the GDP rate was US$40.7 billion and per capita income was
US$2,014. Sri Lanka is very rich in natural resources such as tea (major income:
US$01270.5 million), rubber (US$125 million), coconut (US$171.1 million) and other
agriculture products (US$286.9 million). The major incomes are from tourism (US$0.8
billion), overseas employment (US$2 billion) and garment (US$3.2 billion). In 2008, Sri
Lankas imports were crude oil (1853,000 t), refined petroleum products (2,145,000 t)
and liquefied petroleum gas (144,000 t). The total expenditure in this regard was
US$3,327 million.
The expenditure in product imports for industry was US$12.5 million, with the paint
industry importing 500 t/y titanium dioxide (TiO2). The income from raw material exports
was US$8 million, with 80,000 t/y ilmenite export. The potential revenue from the
export of 40,000 t TiO2 was US$100 million.
Table 3.5: Market price of titanium products
Titanium products
Market price
US$/tonne
Ilmenite (FeTiO )
90-100
2500-2700
25
25000-27000
250
The vision of Sri Lanka is to enhance the quality and competitiveness of the industry
and economy by capturing opportunities through the nations developments and
innovations in nanotechnology in an expeditious manner. The aim is to develop a new
resource- and knowledge-based economy.
The mission is to provide an enabling environment to promote industry-targeted research,
development and commercialization of nanotechnology, to establish a world-class
research centre with state-of-the-art equipment and support facilities, to undertake
capacity building to produce competent personnel, and to promote incubation units to
take science into industrial applications. Sri Lanka wants to ensure that its national
resource bases are protected and nurtured to enable it to benefit from new developments.
The countrys aim is to provide opportunities for global business with quality processes
and other product developments and to situate the country as an international destination
for research and development (R&D) in nanotechnology.
Sri Lankas nanotechnology policy elements are:
z
z
z
z
58
World-class environment;
Innovative products and services;
IP development & services;
Nanoscience park;
z
z
z
z
II.
INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Figure 3.9: Policy implementation
Nanoscience Park
59
60
61
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nanotech has influenced major industries, such as aerospace, energy, life sciences
and electronics, and these industries are poised to see more disruptive changes from
nanotech in the near future.
Nanoparticles are applied in the following areas:
1. Power/energy
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2. Healthcare/medical
z
z
z
z
z
3. Environmental
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
II.
62
Rigidity
63
Adsorbents
MCM-41
Cythocrome C
Cythocrome C
Cythocrome C
Lysozyme, Trypsin
Nanosilicate material advantages are high surface area, large pore diameter and volume,
and regular channel type structure. Disadvantages are that organic chemicals are
required, the chemicals used are expensive, and more time is needed to produce,
verify and validate the sample.
A few important instruments for nanomaterial analysis are:
z
z
z
z
z
Some measures required for advancing are: bold programme establishment, recruiting
high-profile nanoscience technologists from developing countries, developing a
collaborative productive nanotechnology ecosystem, creative applied development
centres focused on nanoscale products for future advances and integrated basic
research agenda to maintain the gap. Further:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
64
III.
Product
Nancor
Bayer Polymers
AquaNova
Company
Product
Advantage
PolyFuel
Quantum Sphere
Non-platinum catalyst
Reduces cost
NanoDynamics
MTI Micro
Medis
Reduces cost
UltraCell
EDV Ovonics
Headwaters
Refinery Science
65
Product
Advantage
Oxonica
H OL
Catlin
Iogen
Agrivida
Bioengineered plants that produce enzymes to Ethanol production using corn stalks
simplify the conversion of cellulous to ethanol
Product
CytImmune
Nurcryst
Nanobiotix
Oxonica
Nanotherapeutics
NanoBio
Novavax
Invitrogen
Nanospectra
BioDelivery Sciences
The main nano producers are: Advanced Nano, Ahwahnee Technology, Altana BYK
Chemie, ApNano, Arkema, Armor Holding (BAE Systems), BASF, Bayer Material
Science, Becker Acroma, BMW, Bucky USA, Cabot, Carbolex, Carbon Solutions,
Clariant, Cnano Technology, Daimler Chrysler, Dendritic Nanotechnologies, Dow, Draka
Cable, Dupont Air Product Easton Sports, EKA chemicals, Elementis Specialties,
Evonik Degussa, Fujitsu, GE Plastics, General Motors Corp, Genthe-X-Coating,
Holmenkol Sport-Technologies GmbH & Co, Hyperion Catalysis, Iljin Nanotech, InMat,
Kabelwerk Eupen, Laviosa, LG, LOreal, LyondellBasell, Mitsubishi Corp, Mitsui Carbon
Nanotech, Motorola, Nanocor, Nanocyl, Nanogate, Nanolab, Nanoledge, Nanophase,
Nanoresins, Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials (NanoAmor), Nano-X, Natural
Nano, NEC, Nexans, Nitto Denko, Nissan Chemical, NTC GmbH, Nyacol, Oxonica,
PolyOne, PPG, Procter & Gamble, PSA, Pyrograph Products, Quantum dots, Raymor
66
Industries, Renault, Rhodia, Rockwood Specialties, Rohm & Haas, Rosseter, Samsung,
Shenzen Nano Tech Port, Showa Denko Inorganic Materials, Southern Clays Products,
SouthWest NanoTechnologies, Sun Nanotech, TDA Research, Thomas Swan, Toray,
Umicore, Unidym, Unilever, WR Grace and Zyvex.
A. Carbon nanotubes
CNTs, a type of fullerene, have potential in fields such as nanotechnology, electronics,
optics, materials science, and architecture. They have unique electrical properties,
extraordinary strength and efficiency in heat conduction They are used in clothes
(waterproof tear-resistant textiles), solar cells, superconductors, ultra-capacitors,
transistors, air pollution filters, hydrogen storage and water filters.
The main CNT producers are Arkema, Bayer Material Sciences and Showa Denko.
The production cost is US$150/kg at present and may further decline to US$45/kg
after full scale-up.
B. Silver nanopowder
They cover about 50 per cent of the market. These are white goods used in washing
machines, refrigerators, air-conditioners, air purifiers and vacuum cleaners (Samsung).
They are used in daily life, for example, in clothes (socks, underwear and as antibacterial
washing detergent Silver Nano Health System) and medicines (as antiseptic and a
disinfectant infections wound). It has approval from the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA).
C. Metallic nanoparticles
Gold is absolutely bio-compatible. Gold nanoparticles are used for diagnosis of diseases
like cancer marker for prostate cancer. The effect is based on immunochromatography
prostate-specific antigen immunochromatographic test strips. Ag/SiO2 core shell
nanoparticles are cancer markers.
E. Nanopolymeric material
Galactose-conjugated fluorescent nanoparticles are used for the identification of live
liver cancer cells. Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLNs) are used for enhanced
treatment of multi-drug-resistant breast cancer and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)
67
nanoparticles system is used for enhanced delivery of antigens to dendritic cells. The
development of gelatin nanoparticles with biotinylated epithelial growth factor (bEGF)
is for conjugation for lung cancer targeting.
Plastic membrane is able to bring down the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The
aim is modification of surface properties of the polypropylene to make it as water
repellent as Teflon.
Polypropylene membrane gas absorption (MGA) system would make new natural gas
fields with high CO2 content more economically and environmentally viable. Polypropylene
carbon capture system is due to be tested next year at a pilot plant that will process
25 t/d of CO2.
68
69
I.
Year 2001
Year 2005
Policy
R&D Investment
Skilled experts
1,015 people
Private companies
78 (venture: 33)
University, Education
3 (related departments)
SCI papers
1,128 (2008)
USA patent
Technology level
66%
70
y
Si
p
ga
or
e
A
t
us
ra
lia
a
an
ad
pe ion
an
o
r ss
C
Eu mi
m
Co
a
in
Ch
1.43
1.44
2.07
d
e
ite m
nc
Un do Fra
ng
Ki
us
0.05
an
0.12
m
er
0.82
el
ra
Is
0.83
.
s
lic
an
ov
te
ub rea
ta
pr ina Jap
p
S
e
a n Ch
R K o ted
i w of
of
ni
Ta
U
2.24
2.77
4.42
5.15
5.43
5.61
6.90
7.33
a
di
In
si
200
150
100
50
0
Universities
National
institutes
SMEs
Large
companies
Others
Table 3.12: Government R&D investment on nanotechnology per cent: rate of increase
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
Nation
Repub. of Korea
88 (100%)
177 (201%)
195 (225%)
238 (270%)
274 (311%)
527 (599%)
United States
465 (100%)
697 (150%)
862 (185%)
991 (213%)
1.081 (232%)
Japan
465 (100%)
720 (155%)
800 (172%)
900 (194%)
1.000 (215%)
European Union
225 (100%)
400 (178%)
650 (289%)
950 (422%)
1.000 (444%)
Others
550 (145%)
550 (145%)
800 (211%)
900 (237%)
1.015 (276%)
Total
1.535 (100%)
2.367 (154%)
3.122 (203%)
3.741 (244%)
4.311 (269%)
The government R&D investment is split between universities (US$230 million 45 per
cent), national institutes (US$152.8 million 29 per cent), SMEs (US$78.2 million
15 per cent) and large companies (US$26.1 million 6 per cent).
Nanotechnology R&D covers:
1. Nano materials Concentrating on nanoparticles, optical nanomaterials, highly
functional synergy materials and catalyst/environment/porosity materials.
2. Nano electronic devices Concentrating on nano electronic device technologies,
nano information storage technologies, nano-photonics technologies, variable
wavelength optical device technologies, and other nano device and system
technologies.
71
OTHERS
4,725.8 (43%)
CT 73.2 (1%)
ET 1,360.8 (12%)
ST 807.5 (7%)
NT 527.4 (5%)
IT 1,729.9 (16%)
383
1,122
Measurement
503
Computing replica
1,014
Nano process
1,147
Drug delivery
Diagnosis
1,531
Biomaterial
1,210
Eco-energy
378
Catalyst
1,363
Electronics
1,131
Nano power
1,827
Functional
2,474
1,257
Nano storage
2,973
Nano electronics
Nano photo
2,621
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
72
II.
z Establishing R&D
infrastructure
z Application technologies
application
z Extension of research
of core technology
z Workforce education for
z Leading to participation
fields
z Commercialization of
of industries
results
z
z
z
Japan
United Germany
Kingdom
Materials/
processing
Equipment/
system
Energy/
environment
Bio/medical
Developing
equipment
Education
India
Brazil
O
O
73
taking into consideration the diversity and liquidity of nanotechnology. The motivation
of collaborative activities among the industries, universities and institutes as well as
cooperative researches between various disciplines is also an essential task. So is
the motivation of mutual cooperation with foreign countries
As a future strategy, the government needs to expand R&D budget (especially in the
growth and embryonic period) and strengthen the R&D network between universities,
research centres and companies. They need to expand fundamental research and
commercialization with a balanced focus between them. In the future, venture companies
will get a great role.
74
Inside the Institute is the NanoBio Fusion Research Centre whose goal is to create a
new fusion technology by integrating nanotechnology and biotechnology. Its focus is
on developing nanoelectronic materials, anti-cancer medicine using target-orientated
liposome nanoparticles and diagnostic instrumentations for molecular nano-theranostics.
The financial year 2003 budget was US$3 million.
4. Korea Food Research Institute (www.kfri.re.kr/newekfri)
The Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI) is affiliated to the government. It was
established in 1988 for the realization of a healthy nation by contributing to the
improvement of fisheries, food industry and agriculture and by providing Korean people
with wholesome food through advanced food science and technology.
Food Bionano Technology Research Group has developed expertise in the bionanotechnology particularly in the areas of nano-scaled food materials and food biosensoring
systems. The aim is to develop multi-analysis technologies at the nanogram-level,
such as for traces of agricultural chemicals within food in the period 2000-2006. KFRI
has devised nanogram analysis technologies of harmful elements and kit for nano-bio
structure diagnosis. Its budget in the financial year 2003 was US$0.15 million.
5. Korea Institute of Energy Research (www.kier.re.kr/eng/index.jsp)
The Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) was founded in 1977 and is devoted to
R&D on clean and new energy technology, with a long-term view on future energy
security. The institute is focused on improving technology development and deployment
for industry, building and transportation and renewable energy technology development
and also R&D on climate change technology.
KIER worked on synthesizing nanoparticles and their application and on developing
energy materials and their application using nanotechnology in the period 2002-2006.
Its budget in the financial year 2003 was US$1 million.
6. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
(www.english.kriss.re.kr)
The Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science was established in 1975 as
the central authority of the national standards system. The institute has been contributing
to the development of Korean national economy. It is engaged in the development of
new measurement standards and technologies and emerging industrial technologies,
including biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology.
It established standards in nanoscale measurement and the next-generation standards.
Its budget in the financial year 2003 was US$0.5 million.
7. Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (www.kimm.re.kr/english/
index.php)
The Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials was launched in 1976 with governmental
support. It contributes to the development of the Korean industries by developing and
spreading source technologies in mechanical engineering, and by conducting reliability
testing on and evaluation of the related products.
The institutes Nano-Mechanical System Research Division aims at the development
of production process, equipment and measurement to produce nano-scale machinery
75
and parts. The nano-scale research field includes physics, chemistry, mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, printing technology and nature inspired technology
to establish infrastructure of nanotechnology-based industries. The Instututes budget
in the financial year 2003 was US$3.1 million.
8. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (www.kisti.re.kr/
english/index.jsp)
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information is specialized in providing science
and technology information services in order to strengthen national competitiveness in
science and technology.
It provides information support to national nanotechnology, constructs network and
manages the R&D information on the Internet (nanonet). The financial year budget for
the period 2010-2011 is US$1.2 million.
III.
Enterprise type
Number of
enterprises
Sales (2008)*
R&D
Ratio of sales
investment*
to R&D
investment
Large enterprises
13
932.4
20.5
2.2%
Medium enterprises
38
43.1
1.6
3.7%
Small enterprises
79
2.3
0.4
16.8%
* in US$ million
76
z
z
z
77
78
DISCUSSION 3
After the third session, Mr. Mogyorosi asked Mr. Sang Ki Jeong whether the Republic
of Korea wants to export its research services in nanotechnology. Mr. Jeong answered
that they already had few contacts like 3M and had already started discussion with
them. Mr. Nuttrapu Supaka, Head of Testing and Services Laboratory, National
Nanotechnology Centre, Thailand, was curious to know the source of raw material for
the products. According to Mr. Jeong, the raw material supply was outsourced.
The participants agreed that the importance of quality is very high in nanotechnology
sector and the quality management system play a major role in the development and
advancement of the sector.
The problem in the Asian countries was that they had many patents but unfortunately
only a few of them were commercialized. In nanotechnology, one of the major questions
was how scaling-up could be done, and that depended on technologies available for
commercialization. However, participants agreed that the situation is fortunate because
of the high level of support from many governments of the Asian countries.
Mr. Ramanathan asked some questions about the Iranian presentation. One of the
questions was about the kind of risks they had regarding nanotechnology. Mr. Rostami
answered that the main risk was commercialization risk, which included health and
environmental hazards. Another question was about the Iranian context and about the
support received. Mr. Rostami could not answer this fully, as he was from research
and not from policy-related institutions.
79
80
PART FOUR
COUNTRY PRESENTATIONS
81
I.
BANGLADESH4
This paper was presented by Mr. Muhammad Mahfuzul Hoque, Deputy Secretary,
82
Science Division. The particle sizes between 5 nm and 50 nm have been found and
these depend on the thermal history during synthesis.
4. Development of nanostructured/nanocomposite magnetic materials derived from
the amorphous precursor in the form of ribbons with thickness of 20-25 m prepared
by rapid solidification technique and subsequent thermal treatment. The nanograins
developed during thermal treatment of the amorphous counterpart as a function of
temperature/time has been found to be in the range of 5-20 nm. The best magnetic
properties have been found for the sample with grain size of 10-15 nm.
5. The nanostructured materials include iron-based ultra-soft nanocrystalline magnetic
materials, fall under the trade name FINEMET and have potential applications as
various kinds of inductor materials having ultra-high permeability and high relative
quality factors. The research work on spring-exchange iron-based hard magnetic
materials in the form of ribbons has also been carried out in the department for the
optimization of the materials to have high-energy product permanent magnets.
These materials have many applications in electrical and electronic devices.
B. Conclusion
Against this promise of enormous benefits, a cautionary note should be sounded. In
the through the looking glass world of nanotechnology we are in uncharted territory.
We need to examine safety, health and environmental issues with respect to the
nanoparticle hazards and toxicity. However we should not become so paralysed by
caution that we strangle these emerging sciences/technologies with red tape either.
This exploration of inner space may yet prove to be our best bet in solving some of the
most pressing and fundamental, life-threatening issues facing us all.
Scope of research in nanotechnology in Bangladesh is limited because of the
unavailability of appropriate tools and equipments, fewer numbers of resource persons
as well as lack of proper training, less interaction and collaboration in this emerging
technology. This is the most appropriate time to have close cooperation among the
South-South countries to share the knowledge base and infrastructure for better
understanding of the nanoscience and technology for future development of this region.
For these purposes, expert-level interactions, discussions and formal meetings are
necessary.
The following work is to be done by using nanotechnology:
1. Information and communication technology healthcare (diagnostic, cancer treatment
and biosensors);
2. Environmental protection (reduce carbon dioxide emission);
3. Reduction of energy consumption;
4. Renewable energies;
5. Purification, protection and production of drinking water (arsenic mitigation and
nanofiltration); and
6. Agriculture and food security (using appropriate biotechnology and nanosensors).
83
II.
INDIA5
A. National policy system and R&D capacities
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that has its roots in fields such as
colloidal science, device physics and supramolecular chemistry. It refers to technologies
in which matter is manipulated on the atomic and molecular scale to create novel
materials and processes. It is seen as the next industrial revolution. The future of
nanotechnology is very bright. Some of the prominent application areas are:
z
z
z
z
Others 9%
Materials 31%
Chemistry 9%
Medicines 17%
Electronics 28%
The Indian government realized the role of nanoscience and nanotechnology and
launched a Mission under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) in May
2007, with an allocation of about US$130 million for five years. The Mission on Nano
Science and Technology (Nano Mission) of DST (nodal agency) has funded a number
of interdisciplinary projects in Indian Institutes of Technology and other national institutes
of repute by creating Centres for Nanotechnology.
The Nano Missions aims are:
z
z
z
z
z
This paper was presented by Mr. R.R. Abhyankar, Scientist G and Head, TPDU,
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science and
Technology, India.
84
Several research projects are going on in the private sector in the following areas:
coating/paints, novel drug delivery system, new materials development, biotechnology,
energy and products out of nanomaterials.
85
III.
INDONESIA6
A. National policies and institutional infrastructure
The national research agenda in Indonesia covers the following areas:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Food security;
Health and medicine;
New and renewable energy;
Defence and security;
Transportation;
Information technology and communication;
Natural resources and environment;
Social dynamics;
Science measurement; and
Advanced materials (nanomaterial, functional material, inelegancy material, etc.)
There are two main actors in the nanotechnology field in Indonesia. The first is the
Ministry for Science and Technology (MOST), which oversees national research institute
and universities. MOST manages the Incentive Research Grant Programme and the
National Research Priority Programme. The other main actor is the Department of
Education for Universities, which manages the Competitive Research Grant.
There are many research institutes under MOST:
z
z
z
This paper was presented by Mr. Bambang Subiyanto, Director, Centre for Innovation,
Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia.
86
LIPI also has the task of carrying out government duties in the field of scientific research
in accordance with the provisions and legislation in force.
Box 4.1: Example of research outputs
Component
Modulus of
elasticity (GPa)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Pulping
Wood
10
100
Mechanical/chemical dissolving
Fibre
40
400
Mechanical/chemical dissolving
Fibre
70
700
130-250
800-10,000
Crystal structure
Pulp can be disintegrated into nanofibres having a web-like network (MFC). The strength
of the composites reinforced with these nanofibres is equivalent to that of mild steel or
magnesium alloy.
A 300 kg reduction of automobile body weight improves fuel consumption by 20 per
cent reinforced body (bioplastic), reinforced tyre (natural rubber) and reinforced window.
87
IV.
The priorities of the programme are energy (oil, gas, petrochemicals and solar cells),
health (DDS and diagnostic kits), water and environment, nanomaterials and
construction.
INIC supports nanotechnology development in many ways. For example, it created a
Nanotechnology Awareness Promotion Plan that has set up more than 50 websites.
7
88
US$ million
State funding
40
Public organizations
25
Private sector
70
Total
135
Until now, INIC has 12 universities in Iran engaged in M.Sc. programmes and five
universities running Ph.D. programmes (466 Ph.D. projects and 2,280 M.Sc. projects).
The world ranking of the country is now 19 (ISI publication 2008, 23 international
registered patents).
Figure 4.2: Number of ISI articles
900
810
800
700
600
465
500
400
281
300
200
100
132
30
58
2003
2004
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
89
Table 4.3: Ranking in nanotechnology knowledge generation in terms of publications and IPs
No.
Country
2005
No.
Country
2006
No.
Country
2007
No.
Country
2008
USA
11523
USA
12812
USA
13752
China
14867
China
7390
China
9544
China
12644
USA
13825
Japan
5232
Japan
5649
Japan
5838
Japan
5103
19
Brazil
638
19
Brazil
743
19
Brazil
832
19
Iran
810
20
Sweden
629
20
Sweden
721
20
Sweden
721
20
Poland
775
21
Israel
541
21
Israel
589
21
Belgium
642
21
Sweden
690
22
Belgium
516
22
Belgium
555
22
Israel
596
22
Israel
619
23
Mexico
449
23
Mexico
495
23
Mexico
517
23
Belgium
606
24
Austria
394
24
Austria
427
24
Greece
493
24
Mexico
532
25
Ukraine
387
25
Ukraine
390
25
Iran
465
25
Austria
450
26
Hungary
285
26
Czech
352
26
Austria
455
26
Finland
446
27
Czech
284
27
Finland
342
27
Ukraine
447
27
Ukraine
422
28
Greece
282
28
Portugal
330
28
Romania
417
28
Turkey
319
29
Finland
26
29
Greece
328
29
Finland
415
29
Greece
396
30
Denmark
249
30
Denmark
292
30
Czech
370
30
Romania
384
31
Ireland
238
31
Iran
281
31
Ireland
345
31
Czech
369
32
Romania
232
32
Hungary
275
32
Turkey
332
32
Denmark
351
33
Turkey
215
33
Ireland
269
33
Denmark
326
33
Portugal
320
34
Portugal
186
34
Turkey
263
34
Portugal
296
34
Thailand
306
35
Argentina
151
35
Romania
262
35
Hungary
279
35
Ireland
304
36
Iran
132
36
Argentina
187
36
Argentina
215
36
Hungary
268
90
Hydro conversion
It is a very novel way to convert heavy crude oil into light crude oil using nano
catalysts. Lab-scale experiments have been completed successfully. A pilot plant
with a capacity of 200 barrels/day is being built.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) production
The Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) is able to produce 8 kg CNT per day.
Breast cancer diagnostic kit (NanoSina Co.)
This diagnostic kit is for the early detection of breast cancer. It is undergoing clinical
tests and will be on the market within one year.
Nano additive for motor oil (Pishgaman NanoArya Co.)
It is an additive for improving the performance of motor oil. It is already available on
the market.
Nanosilver (Pars Nano Nssb Co. and Noavaran Catalyt Co.)
Products are in the form of fabrics and garments that incorporate nanosilver.
Scanning tunnelling microscope (Nanotechnology Systems Co.)
The company has sold two microscopes to domestic institutes and exported two units.
Antibacterial products (Nanopac Persia Co.)
The company developed nano treatment solutions for air/water/soil, nano airconditioning filter and nano -sized photo-catalysts.
(Contd...)
91
Type of company
Number
14
Companies that have been successful in making a nano-product and are in the process of
commercializing
11
25
Trading companies
92
40
110
V.
MALAYSIA8
A. Background
Malaysia is situated in South Asia between 20 and 30 North latitude and between
110 and 30 East longitudes. The land area is 328,750 m2 and the climate is tropical,
with the temperature averaging 25C-35C. The country has a parliamentary form of
government headed by the Prime Minister. Malaysia is abundant in hard working and
the capable human resources (with its 28 million population). It is a culturally disciplined
country there are Malays (Bumiputera or Indigenous), Chinese, Indians and other
groups from different nations. The official religion of Malaysia is Islam; the others are
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism. The official language is
Bahasa Malaysia but English is widely spoken.
The economy of this country is growing; it was the fifth most competitive country in
2004. Malaysia retained its position as the 18th largest world exporter and the 20th
largest importer. In 2006, the GDP growth rate achieved was 5.9 per cent. The country
is a member of OIC, NAM and ASEAN. Malaysia is very rich in natural resources (e.g.
oil, gas, tin, timber, palm oil and rubber). The biodiversity is very big. The government
tries to enhance the business environment by supporting of growth with targeted policies.
It makes efforts in order to nurture the development of SMEs and let them become a
national agenda towards creating economic resilience.
In 2006, Malaysia ranked 17th in world trade with its M$1 trillion in exports and imports
(export value: M$560 billion, import value: M$480 billion). Manufacturing contributed
67 per cent to the GDP and manufacturing goods contributed 72 per cent of exports.
Table 4.5: Differing requirements for stages in economics ecosystem
Agricultural economy
Industrial economy
New economy
(knowledge-based)
Labour
Labour capital
Knowledge/innovation
Economies of scale
Productivity,
economies of scale
Innovativeness
Source of wealth
Intellectual property
R&D
Low
Moderate
High
Human resource
Basic
Funding
Conventional
Collateralized by tangible
assets
This paper was presented by Mr. Radin Zulhazmi Bin Radin Abdul Halim, Principal
Assistant Secretary Industry Division, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
(MOSTI), Malaysia.
93
The government will continue to work hard to transform the Malaysian economy into
an innovation-based knowledge-economy with higher value add and having knowledge,
technology and innovation as key drivers of growth. (YAB Dato, Sri Najib Tun Razak)
The above quotation from the Prime Minister emphasizes that the government of Malaysia
recognizes an effective science, technology and innovation policy as critical for
positioning itself to meet the challenges and seize open opportunities in the knowledge
economy. Malaysia believes that a successful innovation policy requires interdependent
efforts by government, industry, university and non-profit institutions where the key
function of the government is providing the climate for innovation, continuous surveying
of global situations, coordinating and gap filling. What matters most is the process of
change through innovation. Hopefully Malaysias effort in innovation policy would be
able to promote and inculcate the innovation culture to all levels of the society.
B. Market potential
Nanotechnology has been identified as a new source of economic growth. It is forecast
that nanotechnology in the manufacturing sector will grow in an exponential rate for
the next 10 years. The present financial crisis has not had much affect on
nanotechnology development. An increasing number of countries that drive
nanotechnology initiatives have increased commercially viable nanotechnology-based
products in the market. It is predicted that the global market for nanotechnology by
2011 will be US$25 billion with a growth rate of 19.1 per cent per year. By 2015, the
global market for nanotechnology-based products will be in the region of US$1 trillion
(Cientifica, 2009).
Figure 4.3: Global sales of products incorporating nanotechnology (in US$)
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Many enabling technologies have formed a trend based on the initial point of technology
development to the initial point of commercialization.
94
Plastic
Malaysia
must start
now
Biotech
Internet
Nanotech
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 4.6: Funds injected (US$ million) by the government for nanotechnology development
Country
Amount
Country
Amount
Japan
Thailand
Australia
Republic of Korea
China
Viet Nam
Singapore
New Zealand
India
Malaysia
Russia
95
Name of Institute
Application/Area of Interest
Nanomaterals/Surfactants
Nanomaterials, Processes
96
Maerogel (UTM): In 2007, Maerogel was patented in Malaysia and marks a new
chapter in the history of Aerogels. It is produced using a low cost process with
inexpensive raw materials 50-75 per cent cost reduction.
Nanoherbs (UniMAP): The herbal extract is nanosized and functionalized as DDS
for medical treatment for brain cancer, brain healing, HIV, influenza H1N1,
immunization improvement and bone healing.
Bio Sensor Kits (UniMAP): They developed devices and kits that are able to carry
out Halal product detection, early cancer detection (stage 1) and medical diagnostic.
Functions of the National Nanotechnology Directorate are:
z
D. Concluding remarks
The challenges to industry and academia are in manufacturing (design, manufacturing
and system integration of nanodevices), sustainability (address triple bottom-line profits
environment and social when developing nanotechnology products and services),
research training (create a new breed of researchers working across traditional
disciplines and thinking outside the box) and education (change current science and
engineering curricula to incorporate nanoscale science concepts and nurture the
scientific and technical workforce for the next century).
To fast track nanotechnology as an enabler of revenue-generating programmes in
Malaysia, the following action items need to be addressed:
1. Nanotechnology as a new source of economic growth There are programmes
embarking in RMK10 to apply nanotechnology as a new source of growth: renewable
energy (solar), medical and health (herbs), water treatment and infrastructure material
for greener environment. Collaboration with international players is also very important
to position Malaysian products in the global market.
2. Strengthen the policy and institutional framework Establish a National
Nanotechnology Directorate (NND); allocate funding for the operationalization of
NND in the year 2010; and establish a national policy, road map, action plan and
commercialization framework.
Nanotechnology is an emerging technology, and it will transform and displace many of
the products and processes that are the basis of our existing industries. This means
that investment in nanotechnologies is an imperative not only for Malaysia to remain
competitive but as a future growth industry in its own right.
97
VI.
NEPAL9
A. Background
Nepal is a beautiful country situated in the mid-Himalayan Mountain section of Asia. It
borders Tibet on the north and India on the east, south and west. It is a landlocked
country situated at a distance of about 1120 km from the nearest sea, the Bay of
Bengal. The country extends from 26 22' N to 30 27' N latitude and 80 4' E to 88 12'
E longitude. Nepal has a total land area of 147,181 km2. Altitudinal variation ranging
from 55 m to almost 9,000 m has contributed to the occurrence of sub-tropical,
temperate, alpine and arctic climate and vegetation within the country. Topographically,
Nepal is divided into three zones: (1) the snow-capped high Himalayas; (2) the
mountainous region, including long terraces and fertile slopes; and (3) sub-tropical
plain Terai region. Mountains lay on 35 per cent of the total land area and 7.8 per cent
of the total population, hills with 42 per cent of total land area and 45.2 per cent of total
population and plains in the south with 23 per cent of the land area and 47 per cent of
total population.
The population of the country is 27.15 million and growing at a rate of 2.3 per cent per
annum. Estimated per capita GNP for the year 2008 was US$470. Nepal is one of the
least developed countries in the world. Nepals economy is based on agriculture and
66 per cent of the total gainfully employed population is engaged in the primary sector,
including agriculture, forestry and fishery. The composition of Nepalese economy can
be broadly divided as agriculture (40 per cent), commercial sector (10 per cent), industry
sector (10 per cent out of which small and cottage industries account for nearly 90
per cent) and service sector and others (40 per cent). Literacy of the population in
2001 was 54.1 per cent. More than 86 per cent of the total population still lives in rural
areas. Nepals per capita income is about US$470 (2008).
This paper was presented by Mr. Ramesh Singh Pradhan, Executive Director, Research
Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Nepal.
98
The Institute of Science has initiated some work on curriculum reform to integrate
different aspects of nanotechnology at the bachelor and masters level. Nepal Academy
of Science and Technology (NAST) and Kathmandu University also have some
infrastructure and laboratory facilities that can lead to some research work on
nanoscience. Nepal Chemical Society plans to explore the status of nanotechnology
and related researches in the near future as it plans to organize a seminar on
nanotechnology a workshop on nanochemistry in 2010.
C. Conclusion
1. Nanotechnology and its potential benefits are yet to be recognized by the Nepalese
scientific community, to strengthen the collaboration between R&D institutions,
universities and private firms.
2. Available national policies related to science and technology and strategies do not
provide any reference to nanoscience and technology.
3. Nepal Chemical Society has taken some initiatives in promoting awareness on
nanotechnology by organizing seminar and workshop on nanotechnology.
4. Nanotechnology centre equipped with fundamental nano-analytical techniques
should be established in Nepal to promote inter-disciplinary research activities to
realize the potential benefits of nanotechnology for national development.
5. Nepal looks forward to the cooperation among APCTT-ESCAP member countries
for the establishment of nanotechnology centre and for the development of the
human resources in the nanotechnology sector through the training/workshops/
seminars opportunities.
6. Strong collaboration among scientists from universities, research centres and
industries should be promoted through collaborative research and exchange of
knowledge in nanoscience.
99
VII.
PAKISTAN10
A. Strategies and policies
A national commission on nanoscience and technology has been formed to help in the
promotion of nanotech activities within the country. R&D in different areas of
nanotechnology have been scheduled keeping in view national needs. Many universities
are upgrading their curriculum.
1. Governmental organizations working in nanotechnology
Leading institutes working in this area are:
z
z
z
z
z
10
This paper was presented by Mr. Shahzad Alam, Director General, Pakistan Council for
100
2. Coating
Table 4.8: Types of industrial coatings being produced at PTMAEM
Thickness
(m)
Friction
(fretting
coefficient)
Maximum
usage temperature (oC)
24
1-7
0.55
600
35
1-4
0.5
800
TiAlN Multilayer
violet black
28
1-4
0.6
700
TiCN-MP
red-cooper
32
1-4
0.2
400
TiCN
blue-grey
37
1-4
0.2
400
MOVIC
green-grey
0.5 - 1.5
0.15
400
STARVIC
green-grey
32
1.5 - 5.5
0.15
400
CrN
metal-silver
18
1-4
0.3
700
Ti2N
silver
25
1-3
0.45
600
TiAlCN
burgundy-violet
28
1-4
0.25
500
CROMVIC
grey
20
1.5 - 6
0.15
400
CBC (DLC)
grey
20
0.5 - 4
0.15
400
GRADVIC
grey
28
1.5 - 6
0.15
400
AITiN
black
38
1-4
0.7
800
AlTiN
black
38
1-2
0.3
800
AlTiN/SiN
violet blue
45
1-4
0.45
1100
Basic
gold
Nanohardness (GPa)
Special
Coming Properties
TiN
Colour
Breakthrough
Coating
In nanocomposite coatings, different materials (e.g. Ti, Al and Si) are deposited. For
example, two different phases are merged in the plasma nanocrystalline TiAlN will
be embedded into the amorphous Si3N4-matrix. This structure enables extremely
high hardness (40-50 GPa) maintained to high temperatures (up to ~1,100C) even at
a lower Al content (e.g. 50 per cent).
NaCo is one type of nanocomposite coating; NaCo = (nc-AlTiN)/(a-Si3N4) It has
extremely high nano-hardness and high heat resistance. It is available with decorative
blue top layer.
3. Facilities for characterization of coatings
The scope of work of Nano Technology Lab can be classified into two major categories:
industrial help and R&D work.
(a) Industrial use
The facilities of nanotechnology lab can be utilized for the development, synthesis and
characterization of 12 different nanocoatings used in the following industries:
101
B. Recommendations
1. International collaboration
Pakistan enhances international collaborations to conduct collaborative research efforts
among the member countries in the field of nanotechnology and to provide an
international forum for the following: formulation of broad overall plans; discussion of
programme plans, objectives and progress; debate on programme priorities; and keeping
key members of the research establishments informed of the research work of their
counterparts.
2. Sharing of facilities
Pakistan is an emerging country in the field of nanotechnology, like other developing
countries. The facilities available in the country are quite satisfactory to meet the initial
industrial requirements.
3. Transfer of technology
Pakistan recommends that the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies
and industrialization among member countries and their institutions should ensure
that scientific and technological developments may become accessible to a wider
range of users who can then further develop and exploit nanotechnology into application
of new products, materials and processes.
4. Joint ventures
Joint ventures were proposed between two or more member countries. Seminars and
conferences were also proposed as a continuous activity to keep close relations among
the member countries.
102
Biotechnology;
Electronics technology;
Information and communication technology;
Material science polymers and ceramics;
Photonics technology;
Space technology application; and
Nanotechnology.
This paper was presented by Mr. Jovito Rey Gonzales, Senior Science Research
Specialist, Technology Application and Promotion Institutes (TSPI), The Philippines.
103
104
Production of CNTs in the presence of magnetic field and other external factors by
microwave-enhanced vapour deposition (DLSU)
The project has six funding sources: grants-in-aid, PCASTRD grants-in-aid, other
government funding agencies, private and state universities, industry and collaborative
project with foreign institutions.
PCASTRD has two major human resource components: (1) Scholarships Accelerated
S&T Human Resources Development Programme, PCASTRD scholarship, engineering
R&D for technology, PCASTRD research fellowships, Sandwich Programme,
scholarships from foreign governments and training/collaborative research with foreign
agencies; and (2) The Balik Scientist Programme It encourages overseas Filipino
scientists and technologists to return to the Philippines and share expertise in order to
accelerate the scientific agro-industrial and economic development of the country.
105
IX.
REPUBLIC OF KOREA12
A. Nanotechnology dynamics
During times of economic depression, economists become interested in the
phenomenon of long waves or business cycles. The concept that originated in the19th
century was named after the Russian economist Kondratiev, who in 1925 proposed 50year cycles across a range of economic indicators. It received renewed impetus from
Schumpeters association of the cycles with clusters of innovations that drive growth
until their innovative potential and entrepreneurial drive is exhausted. However, no
satisfactory theoretical base or clear line of causality has been established in the
literature.
Figure 4.5: Schumpeterien Cycles
(Source: www.mbs.ac.uk)
Total
Nano
Percent
103
70
68
226
150
66
96
84
88
153
73
48
53
39
74
86
59
69
35
24
69
55
42
76
53
39
74
32
16
50
General industrials
38
24
63
Chemicals
12
This paper was presented by Mr. Jeong Hyop Lee, Science and Technology Policy
Institute (STEPI), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
106
Table 4.9: Number of DTI firms that have invested in nano (Contd...)
Firms from DTI scoreboard
Total
Nano
Percent
40
21
53
Industrial engineering
70
35
50
32
14
44
110
14
13
49
12
1231
710
58
107
Figure 4.7: Number of clusters that open out onto other countries
ASIA
34% total
+272% in 8 years
EUROPE
33% total
+116% in 8 years
NORTH AMERICA
23% total
+130% in 8 years
108
X.
SRI LANKA13
A. Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC)
SLINTEC envisions being the leading research and innovation platform for sustainable
nanotechnology in Asia. Thereby, it aims to transform Sri Lanka into a strong
nanotechnology-focused nation. SLINTEC is the R&D arm or incubator while the
commercial production facility is NANCO. Nanotechnology Centre and Science Park
is set up at NANCO (over 50 acres of land at Homagama).
Table 4.10: Milestones of SLINTEC
The concept
May 2006
The birth
August 2006
Incorporation
April 2008
Leadership team
December 2008
Equipment/technical evaluation
April 2009
Equipment installation
July/August 2009
August 2009
Innovation/patents and IP
2010 onwards
SLINTEC and its five joint venture partners, who have invested their own funds in the
start-up and have received positions in the SLINTEC Board, have defined specific projects
that SLINTEC should be focusing on. They drive the policy and direction of SLINTEC.
1. Brandix Lanka Ltd.
Brandix Lanka is the largest exporter of apparels in Sri Lanka. It has invested in R&D
projects focusing on integrating nanotechnology into clothing materials. As the holding
company of the Brandix Group of companies, it is engaged in developing manufacturing
and marketing end-to-end apparel solutions to global fashion super brands: Victorias
Secret, Gap, Marks & Spencer, Liz Claiborne, Abercrombie and Fitch.
2. Dialog Telecom Plc.
Dialog Telecom is Sri Lankas flagship telecommunications service provider that operates
Dialog Mobile this is the largest mobile network in the country. Dialog Telecom is
one of the largest companies on the Colombo Stock Exchange in terms of market
capitalization, valued at SL Rs 116.05 billion (2008). SLINTEC conducts projects for
13
This paper was presented by Prof. Ajith de Alwis, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
(SLINTEC), Sri Lanka.
109
the development of sustainable energy sources for the telecom services. These projects
are invested in by Dialog Telecom (Pvt.) Ltd., the owner of the largest mobile phone
network in Sri Lanka.
3. Hayleys Plc.
Hayleys is one of the largest multinational companies based in Sri Lanka. Hayleys
has grown from a small proprietorship in Sri Lankas southern city of Galle into one of
the largest and most diversified public companies in Sri Lanka. The 130-year Hayleys
history traverses the tapestry of time, changing with it and taking shape from it. Today,
Hayleys is a Sri Lankan multinational conglomerate with business categorized into
global markets and manufacturing, agriculture and agri-business, transportation and
infrastructure, and consumables and leisure areas in which the group is renowned,
both globally and locally. Investments made by Hayleys for R&D, revolve around agro,
rubber and coconut products.
4. Loadstar Ltd.
Loadstar, one of the worlds largest manufacturers of rubberized tracks and specialized
tyres, has R&D activity with the application of nano-enhanced rubber products. It was
incorporated in 1984 as a joint venture between the Jinasena Group of Companies
(JGC) in Sri Lanka and Solideal Ltd. (SDL) of Belgium. The joint venture has brought
together JGCs proven engineering and management skills, and SDLs technical knowhow in tyre design and production as well as the global product marketing capability.
As per the joint venture agreement entered into between the partners, the local
collaborator largely handles the production and the engineering functions of the
operations while the foreign collaborator handles the designing and marketing functions
of the products.
5. MAS Holdings Plc.
MAS Holdings a globally recognized name in the manufacture of intimate apparel
and competition sportswear funds SLINTECs research efforts on the infusion of
nanotechnology into clothing materials. MAS Holdings is one of the premier apparel
companies in Sri Lanka. Founded in 1986, it provides innovative design-to-delivery
solutions in intimate apparel and sportswear through its MAS Intimates and MAS
Active divisions. South Asias largest intimate apparel manufacturer and the regions
most rapidly growing provider of competition sportswear, the Sri Lankan company
currently holds a portfolio of 28 world-class facilities and design studios across five
countries employing over 45,000 people.
6. National Science Foundation (NSF)
NSF succeeded the National Resources Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka in
1998. By the special relationship SLINTEC shares with NSF, SLINTEC seeks to empower
the research community of Sri Lanka by enabling them to access state-of-the-art R&D
infrastructure, as well as supporting projects of national importance. Its aim is to initiate,
facilitate and support basic and applied scientific research by universities, science
and technology institutions and scientists, with a view to: strengthening scientific
research potential, including research in the social sciences, and scientific education
programmes; developing the natural resources of Sri Lanka; promoting the welfare of
the people of Sri Lanka; and training research personnel in science and technology.
110
Economic
growth
Socioeconomics
Ecoefficiency
Sustainability
Social
progress
Socioenvironmental
Entrepreneurial
stewardship
The goal of SINTEC is to exploit Sri Lankas natural resources for nano applications
(e.g. titanium, graphite, activated carbon). It wants to reverse the brain-drain into braingain and create know-how, IP and patents 2 by 2010, 6 by 2011 and 10 by 2012. It
delivers a sustainable nanotechnology for global competitiveness of the Sri Lankan
industry.
111
According to the World Bank Report (2009) the SLINTEC model is: Leveraging high
technology to drive innovation and competitiveness in key export industries & building
the Sri Lankan knowledge economy.
Nanotechnology will help Sri Lankan industries to gain and retain a competitive advantage
and it can draw intellectual capital through the international talent pool. There is a
strong effort in Concept to Commercialization. The government must strengthen the
public-private partnership.
The research focuses of SLINTEC are:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Nanotechnology in the apparel industry is already in use today. From stainless textiles
to antibacterial clothing, nanotechnology is incorporated into garments to develop smart
clothes.
C. Conclusions
Scientists can make a massive difference in national development by helping to exploit
good technologies. Nanotechnology should be implemented with care in synergy with
the environment and life-cycle analysis. Nanotechnology is still in the infancy stage
where the big breakthroughs could appear in any nation at any time. The government
through SLINTEC/NANCO has supported nanotechnology technopreneurship.
The potential in nanotechnology is huge and the scientists need to strive to make
Made in Sri Lanka a quality label in nanotechnology.
112
XI.
THAILAND14
A. Introduction
The advent of revolutionary atomic and molecular-level engineering, or so-called nanotechnology, is expected to have a major influence in the future development of science
and technology. The Thai government has realized the importance of this emerging
field. Thus, the National Nanotechnology Centre (NANOTEC) was founded in August
2003 as an autonomous agency under the umbrella of the National Science and
Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).
Since its inception, NANOTEC has played two major roles as a national R&D centre
for science, technology and policy and as a granting agency for R&D in nanotechnology.
It has now become the central institution for funding for R&D on this front, nationally. In
addition to pushing forward its own R&D, the centre also provides services in nanoscale
measurement and characterization using state-of-the-art equipment to the academics,
industry and government.
1. National Nanotechnology Policy Committee
NANOTEC serves as the Secretariat of National Nanotechnology Policy Committee
chaired by the Prime Minister.
2. Nanotechnology road map
NANOTEC provides direction, strategy, research plan and development of nanotechnology focusing on three platforms.
14
This paper was presented by Dr. Nuttrapu Supaka, Head of Testing and Services
Laboratory, National Nanotechnology Centre, Thailand.
113
3. Nanosafety
NANOTEC established the Risk Assessment and Nanosafety Subcommittee. Its tasks
are to:
Figure 4.10: National Science and Technology Development Agency
NSTDA Board
chaired by Minister of Science and Technology
NSTDA
BIOTEC
MTEC
TMC
NSTDA
BIOTEC
MTEC
NECTEC
TMC
z
z
z
NECTEC
NANOTEC
NANOTEC has: (1) in-house central laboratory, including 11 labs, 65 scientists and
200 other staff; (2) University-based Centres of Excellence (COEs) in eight leading
universities, focused networks on textile (in three universities), cosmeceuticals (in five
universities) and computational nanosciences; and (3) research grants to universities
and other agencies in about eight projects and further 20 new projects in 2009.
NANOTEC operates 11 laboratories in Thailand Science Park:
114
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Cosmeceuticals
Healthcare
Technical and
functional
Nano-emulsion and
nano-capsule
Bio-component fibre
(pilot scale)
Application
Skin care
nanoemulsion with
Thai herbs service
Medical
Controlled/
sustained release
technology
application
Apparels and nonconventional
Nano-encapsulation
Drug delivery
system
Targeted
applications
Organic solar
cell
Environmental
sensors
Diagnostics
Specific targeting
Food packaging
Nano-coating
Functional nano-structure
The output of NANOTECH in 2009 was: (1) published 92 articles in international journals;
(2) filed 21 patents (mostly domestic); (3) signed 14 contracts with industries; (4)
engaged in 57 discussions with industries; (5) provided services to industry/labs
(~13,000 tests); and (6) added two key infrastructure for Thailand.
Application of nanocoating in textile industry The fibre processing steps are: fibre
yarn fabric finishing fabric textile products. The first step is to make the
fibre. It has to be multi-functional, bi-component and the composites are antibacterial,
anti-ultraviolet, anti-static, water repellent and moisture management.
Nanoparticle can be applied to cotton and silk for nano jacket, nano scarf, nano
necktie, etc.
115
Standards
Regulation
Testing Labs
Metrology
National Institute of Metrology
Thailand (NIMT)
NANOTECH, as an education project, organizes nanotechnology training in the SouthEast Asia region. The objectives are to transfer and exchange nanotechnology
knowledge to the South-East Asia region, encourage nanotechnology education system
in the region and build nanotechnology network and collaboration in the region.
Nanotechnology is expected to be one of the most important technologies of this
century because it offers solutions to a variety of health and environment problems.
Moreover, new nanomaterials and nanodevices will have a major impact on many areas
of the global economy. Nanotechnologies have potential applications in many areas.
116
PANEL DISCUSSION
During the discussion by the panel, it was clarified that university investment comes
not only from its own funds, but also from national and regional governments as well.
Mr. M. Molanejad from the Islamic Republic of Iran informed that several international
collaborations are under way in his country based on the activity of individual researchers.
The Republic of Korea described its collaboration with Japanese universities. For
example, it is working with Kyoto University to where students and researchers are
sent regularly.
It was noted that but in his presentation Mr. Ramesh Singh Pradhan from Nepal focused
on the domestic scenario, while Nepal has many excellent researchers working on an
international level in countries such as the Republic of Korea, Japan, Germany and the
United States.
Mr. Mogyorosi mentioned that while Hungary has not yet commercialized any of its
technologies in Pakistan, it is open to such action.
Prof. de Alwis from Sri Lanka mentioned that the countrys garment industry had secured
a contract for making Phelbs swimming suit using nanotechnology.
Box 4.5: The Knowledge Vine
Identifying industrial and research partners at the European level for projects in
the making;
z Tracking down new technologies and technical expertise across frontiers; and
z Seeking technical or market research information for technology commercialization
and innovation projects.
Members have to register on the website and after activation they can select the
group they wish to join. Any question from a member could be e-mailed to the TII
community. If anyone of the group knows the answer or can give a helpful lead, they
will contact the questioner directly.
(Source: www.knowledgevine.net)
117
2. ESCAP has signed MoU with Asian Institute of technology. APCTT-ESCAP should
implement the programme and transfer nanotechnology knowledge in the AsiaPacific region.
3. It is necessary to build a nanotechnology network in Asia enhancing the SouthSouth cooperation.
4. Mr. Mogyorosi introduced Knowledge Vine as a good tool for finding solutions.
5. According to the Indian speaker, technologies that are socially relevant (especially
open source) should be circulated by APCTT-ESCAP.
6. Business models are needed to be able to take simple technologies available. Mr.
K. Ramanathan mentioned that the platform is available; it can be accessible to
everyone. Mr. K. Ramanathan stressed that it would be a good idea to undertake
a research study in the region, involving 15-20 countries.
118
CONCLUSIONS
Nanotechnologies have potential applications in many areas. Nanophase and
nanostructured materials, a new branch of materials research, are attracting a great
deal of attention because of their potential applications in areas such as electronics,
optics, drug development, precise disease diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, artificial
medical implants, catalysis, ceramics, information and communication technologies,
water decontamination and arsenic mitigation, environmental protection by reducing
carbon dioxide emission, reduction of energy consumption, renewable energy,
nanocomposites and production of stronger and lighter materials and many other
important applications. The unique properties and the improved performances of
nanomaterials are determined by their sizes, surface structures and interparticle
interactions.
At the end of the workshop, the keynote speakers made some conclusions. According
to Mr. Molanejad from the Islamic Republic of Iran, Asian countries needed to explore
cooperation and collaboration opportunities in commercialization, joint ventures, R&D,
markets and resources. It was pointed out that in Singapore, ANF had carried out
extensive networking, and their website had a lot of data by member countries subsites. ANF was already working together with APCTT-ESCAP to complement each
other and to share information. Mr. Ramanathan emphasized the need to assess
availability to not duplicate what has already been done.
Mr. Lee summarized different nanotech commercialization models presented by the
member countries, including (1) Indonesias green and international cooperation and
global value chain strategy, (2) Pakistans industry outreach and extension strategy
and (3) Sri Lankas private-public partnership strategy. Mr. Molanejad suggested
conducting of nanotechnology regional road mapping, and stated that he could seek
funding from the Iranian government to execute this initiative. Suggestions were also
raised about conducting joint R&D project that would require experts and funding support.
The suggestions of the speakers were that each participating country should use the
APCTT-ESCAP platform. Furthermore, there is a need for training programmes (to
incorporate industrial dimension) and research projects in the South-East Asia.
Mr. K. Ramanathan concluded the event with the following suggestion: We should
work in partnership with existing networks to leverage what has been accomplished so
that developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region can apply nanotechnology
innovatively to improve the quality of life of its citizens while enabling local industries
and businesses to be able to compete better in todays global business setting.
119
120
ANNEXES
121
I.
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
BANGLADESH
Mr. Muhammad Mahfuzul Hoque, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Science and Information
and Communication Technology (MOSICT), Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka 1000,
Bangladesh. [Tel: +880-2-7162612 (O); +880-2-8114085 (R); 01711-064973 (M); Email: mahfuz59@yahoo.com]
INDIA
Mr. R.R. Abhyankar, Scientist G and Head, TPDU, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli
Road, New Delhi 110 0016, India. [Tel: +91-11-26863805 (O); +91-11-23235094 (R);
Fax: +91-11-6529745; E-mail: rra@nic.in]
INDONESIA
Mr. Bambang Subiyanto, Director, Centre for Innovation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences,
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto No. 10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia. [Tel: +62-21-5276028;
Fax: +62-21-5276024; E-mail: bambang@inovasi.lipi.go.id]
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Mr. Mahmoud Molanejad, Director of International Cooperation, Iranian Research
Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Ministry of Science, Research and
Technology, No. 71, Shahid Mousavi (Forsat) St., Enghelab Avenue, Tehran 15819,
Islamic Republic of Iran. [Tel: +98-21-88828051-7, 88838336; Fax: +98-21-88838336;
E-mail: mmolanezhad@yahoo.com]
MALAYSIA
Mr. Radin Zulhazmi Bin Radin Abdul Halim, Principal Assistant Secretary, Industry
Division, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Level 2, Block C4,
Complex C, Federal Government Administration Centre, 62662 Putrajaya, Malaysia.
[Tel: +60-388858353 (O); 6012-2252595 (M); Fax: +60-3-88892996; E-mail:
radin@mosti.gov.my]
NEPAL
Mr. Ramesh Singh Pradhan, Executive Director, Research Centre for Applied Science
and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. [Tel: +9771-4330348 (O); +977-1-44330037 (R); +977-9841337618 (M); Fax: +977-1-4331303;
E-mail: rsp@mos.com.np; turecast@mail.com.np]
PAKISTAN
Mr. Shahzad Alam, Director General, Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (PCSIR), Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan. [Tel: +92-42-9230202 (O); 923004212292 (M); +92-42-5435588 (R); E-mail: pitmaem@brain.net.pk]
THE PHILIPPINES
Mr. Jovito Rey Gonzales, Senior Science Research Specialist, Technology Application
and Promotion Institutes (TSPI), General Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, The
Philippines. [Tel. +63-2-8381140; +63-2-821-6861 (R); 63920-6659748 (M); Fax. +632-8381140; E-mail: ovirey@yahoo.com]
122
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Mr. Jeong Hyop Lee, Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI), 26th Floor,
Speciality Construction Centre 395-70 Shindaebang-dong, Tongjak-ku, Seoul 156-714,
Republic of Korea. [Tel: +82-2-3284-1814 (O); +82-70-8248-2653 (R); Fax: +82-2-8498013; E-mails: jhlee@stepi.re.kr; ejkim@stepi.re.kr]
SRI LANKA
Mr. Ajith de Alwis, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Lot 14, Zone 1,
Biyagama Export Processing Zone, Walgama, Malwana. [Tel: +94-11-4650506; Fax:
+94-11-4741995, E-mail: info@susnanotec.lk]
THAILAND
Mr. Chainarong Cherdchu, Head, Department of Chemical Metrology and Biometry,
National Institute of Metrology, 3/4-5 Klong 5, Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120,
Thailand. [Tel: +66-25775100; 66-899674292 (M); Fax: +66-2-5775094; E-mail:
chainarong@nimt.or.th]
Mr. Sannop Nakwanit, Senior Policy and Planning Analyst, Office of the Permanent
Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok
10400, Thailand. [Tel: 66-2-3544466 Ext. 615; +66-2-5878180 (R); Fax: +66-2-3543712;
E-mail sannop@most.go.th]
Mr. Nuttrapu Supaka, Head of Testing and Services Laboratory, National Nanotechnology
Centre (NANOTEC), National S&T Development Agency (NSTDA), 130 Thailand Science
Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. [Tel: +66-2-5647100;
Fax: +66-2-5646985; E-mail: nuttapun@nanotec.or.th]
RESOURCE PERSONS
Mr. Sishen Xie, Professor, Member of CAS and Fellow of TWAS, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.8, South 3rd St., Zhong Guangcun, Beijing 100190,
China. [Tel. 86-10-82649081 (O); 86-10-82661267 (R); Fax. 86-10-82640215; E-mail:
ssxie@aphy.iphy.ac.cn]
Mr. Peter Pal Mogyorosi, Director, Laser Consult Ltd., H-6723 Szeged, Jzsef A. sgt.
130, Postal address: H-6701 Szeged, Pf. 1191, Hungary. [Tel. 36-62-562-784; Mobile:
+36-30-450-00-41; Fax. +36-62-562-783; E-mail. laserconsult@t-online.hu]
Mr. Khosrow Rostami, Professor, Iranian Research Organization for Science and
Technology (IROST), No.27, (71) Forsat Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran. [Tel. 98228-2276636 (O); 98-21-88739761 (R); Fax. 98-228-2276636; E-mail:
rostami2002@yahoo.com]
Mr. Sang Ki Jeong, Director, R&D Budget Coordination Division, Korea Institute of S&T
Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP), 9F Dongwon Industry Building, 68 Mabang-gil
Seocho-gu 137-130, Republic of Korea. [Tel. 82-2-5892249 (O); 82-10-31321682 (R);
Fax. 82-2-5892810; E-mail. sjeong@kistep.re.kr]
Ms. Lerwen Liu, Managing Director, NanoGlobe Pte Ltd., 10 Anson Road, #09-24
International Plaza, Singapore 079903, Singapore. [Tel. 65-6408-8000 (O); 65-98560483
(R); Fax. 65-6408-8001; E-mail. lerwen@nano-globe.biz]
Mr. Veranja Karunaratne, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Lot 14,
Zone 1, Biyagama Export Processing Zone, Walgama, Malwana. [Tel: +94-11-4650506;
Fax: +94-11-4741995; E-mail: info@susnanotec.lk]
123
APCTT-ESCAP SECRETARIAT
Mr. K. Ramanathan, Head, Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTTESCAP), APCTT Building, Qutab Institutional Area, P.O. Box 4575, New Delhi 110
016, India. [Tel: +91-11-26856255 (D); Fax: +91-11-26856274; E-mail:
kramanathan@apctt.org]
Mr. N. Srinivasan, Professional Assistant, In-Charge, Innovation Management Group,
Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT-ESCAP), APCTT Building,
Qutab Institutional Area, P.O. Box 4575, New Delhi 110 016, India. [Tel. 91-11-26856255;
Fax. 91-11-26856274; E-mail: srini@apctt.org]
Mr. N. Suryaprakash, Administrative Assistant, Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer
of Technology (APCTT-ESCAP), APCTT Building, Qutab Institutional Area, P.O. Box
4575, New Delhi 110 016, India. [Tel. 91-11-26856255; Fax. 91-11-26857897; E-mail:
nsprakash@apctt.org]
Ms. Shailey Rego, Staff Assistant, Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology
(APCTT-ESCAP), APCTT Building, Qutab Institutional Area, P.O. Box 4575, New Delhi
110 016, India. [Tel. 91-11-26856255; Fax. 91-11-26857897; E-mail:
shailey.rego@apctt.org]
124
Dr. Chandrika Perera, Senior Research Officer, Coconut Research Institute, Bandirippuwa
Estate, Lunuwila.
Dr. L.M.M.P. Liyanagedara, Scientific Programme Manager, National Science &
Technology Commission, No. 223 C, Nawala Road, Narahenpita, Colombo 05.
Mr. G.A. Kularatne, Loadstar (pvt) Ltd. No. 218, Minuwangoda Road, Ekala, Ja Ela.
Mr. Dr. Jinasena Hewage, University of Ruhuna, Matara.
Dr. Rohan Munasinghe, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa.
Mr. Epa Dayarathna, Director, Ministry of Industrial Development, P.O. Box 570, 73/1,
Galle Road, Colombo 03.
Dr. P. Ravirajan, Senior Lecturer in Physics, Department of Physics , University of
Jaffna, P.O. Box 57, Thirunelvely, Jaffna.
Mrs. Q.Y. Soundararajah, Head, Dept. of Physics, Eastern University, Batticaloa.
Eng. Sanath Panawennage, Director & Chief Executive Officer, Arthur C Clarke Institute
for Modern Technologies, Katubedda, Moratuwa.
Ms. Thilakshi Yasaratne, Standards Engineer, Sri Lanka Standards Institution , No.
17, Victoria Place, Elvitigala Mw, Colombo 08.
Mr. B. A. Kumarasiri, Industrial Development Board of Ceylon, 615, Galle Road,
Katubedda, Moratuwa.
Eng. G. B. Wimalaratne, Deputy General Manager (Projects), National Engineering
Research & Development Centre , Ekala, Ja Ela.
Eng. A. H. Piyasiri, Head, Renewable Energy Dept., National Engineering Research &
Development Centre, Ekala, Ja Ela.
Mr. W.W.P.K. Perera, Civil Engineer, National Engineering Research & Development
Centre, Ekala, Ja Ela.
Ms. K. Upuli Chathurika Perera, Chemical Engineer, National Engineering Research &
Development Centre, Ekala, Ja Ela.
Ms. U.T.G.N.S.K. Wijesinghe, Mechanical Engineer, National Engineering Research
& Development Centre, Ekala, Ja Ela.
125
II.
PROGRAMME
Wednesday, 2 December 2009
08.30 - 09.00
Registration of participants
09.00 - 10.00
Inaugural Session
z
z
z
z
10.00 - 10.30
Coffee/tea break
10.30 12.45
10.30 11.00
11.00 12. 00
12.00 12.45
12:45 13.00
Discussion
13.00 14.00
Lunch
14.00 16.00
14:00 14:45
14:45 15:30
Discussion
15.30 16.00
Coffee/Tea break
16:00 19:00
126
09.00 11.15
09.00 09.45
09.45 10.30
10.30 11.15
11.15 11.30
Coffee/tea break
11.30 13.00
11:30 11:45
11:45 12:05
12:05 12:25
12:30 12:45
12:45 13:00
13:00 14:00
Lunch
14:00 15:45
14:00 14:15
14:15 14: 30
14:30 14:45
14:45 15:00
15:00 15:15
15:15 15:30
15:30 16:00
Coffee/tea break
16:00 16:45
16:45 17:15
127