www.covenantuniversity.edu.

ng

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

GEC 217--Engineer-In- Society

Module 1 cont’3

Coordinated
by Dr
Engr. Amuta E.O Agbetuyi
 www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Contributions of Government to Science,

Technology and Development
 Contributions of GovernmenttoScience,
Technology andDevelopment.
Technological innovation and the welfare of
the country are tightlylinked.
• Different technologies have required
different assistance, depending upon the
technology’s nature, its commercialization
pathway, and market characteristics.

33
 Science, Technology and Innovation Policy
The lack of long term commitment to Science,
Technology &Innovation (ST&I) has been a major
impediment to our nation’s economic development.
Therefore, there is a need to accord ST&I a central role
in national economic planning and development
through the establishment of effective institutional and
legal framework as well as linkages at variouslevels.

4
FUNDING FOR ST & I ACTIVITIES
For the Policy to achieve the desired impact,
there is need to institute and evolve reliable
and sustainable funding frameworks from
government, private sector and
development partners so as to ensure
adequate funding for ST&I infrastructure and
activities for sustainable development.

5
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INNIGERIA
Technology development in Nigeria started in
1986 when the industrial and technological policies
were put in place. technology development policies
for telecommunication and information technology
came into being in 2001. the Federal Ministry of
Science and Technology isthe coordinator of the
policies. the technological policy was formulated
with the sole aimof thegovernment to opt for
industrialization through imported technology.

6
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAcont’d
The technology policyfocused mainly on the
foreign and indigenous technology development.
Technology development in Nigeria had an initial
challenge of not enjoying the availabilityof
Knowledge and skill.The national office of
technology acquisition was set up so as to;
- combat with the challenges
- assist the indigenous technology
- promote the development that will be
appropriate.

7
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAcont’d
The steps above ledto technological capabilities in
- Education and training
- Licensing andregistration of patents
- Trade marks
- Technical arrangement with foreign firms and
consultants
- Research and development
- Train-the-trainer programmes
- Operation and maintenance of equipment

8
TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAcont’d
A trademark may be designated by the
following symbols:
• ™ (the "trademark symbol", which is the
letters "TM" in superscript, for
an unregistered trademark, a mark used
to promote or brand goods)
• ℠ (which is the letters "SM" in
superscript, for an unregistered service
mark, a mark used to promote or brand
services)
• ® (the letter "R" surrounded by a circle,
for a registered trademark)

9
Can you guess these common Trademarks
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAcont’d
Technology policy in Nigeria has a component which is
standardization that gave birth to the establishment
of Nigerian Standard Organization( NSO)
Technology policy of 1986 also gave birth to various
research institutes
which include:
1. Federal institute of industrial research, Oshodi
2. Projects development agency,Enugu.
3. Raw materials research and development council, Lagos
4. National cereals research institute, badagri
5. Cocoa research institute, idi-ayunre, Ibadan
6. Nigerian Institute of oil palm research, Benin

11
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAcont’d
Challenges
in the area of telecommunication and
electricity sectors Nigeria has not been
able to come out with a policy and hence
they are still some issues, especially the power
sector.

12
IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN NIGERIA
The ultimate goal of industrial policy in Nigeria is social and
economic development.“Every effort is made tomobilize
the industrial potential of the country with a view of setting
the stage for sustained social and economic development of
the country.”
The indicators for sustained social and economic
development of the country are:
i. industrial production index and growth rate
ii. foreign exchange earnings of the manufacturing
sectors over time.
iii. foreign exchange conservation.
iv. employment generation and growth rate.
v. share of manufacturing sector in national income.
vi. producer price index of manufacturing industries.
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IMPACT OFDEVELOPMENT OFINDUSTRIAL POLICY IN NIGERIA: Challenges
1. The early industries depended on foreign input
2. Most of the industries operated on a system tagged “completely knocked
down- CKD”, i.e. all components parts of a system/equipment were
imported
3. No effort was made for the industries to be internationally competitive
4. Oil boom of 1970 gave a false affluence.- HOW
5. Nigerian entrepreneurs were made to buy business concerns in the name of
indigenization rather than self reliant this led to:
- the industries becoming burdens on the country’s foreign
exchange earnings
- import substitution policy failed
6. machine tools industry was not developed.

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NATIONAL POLICY ON ENGINEERING
The policy on engineering is often made by people
who are not knowledgeable in the field such as
politicians or administrators.
The current challenge to the Nigerian engineer is the
sourcing of raw materials, manufacturing
components, spare-parts and machines. For this,the
government policy will need to be consistent both in
its micro and macro economic plans. In this case the
policy must support the growth of local expertise
and technology.

15
 Strategies
i. Reviewing the National Science and Technology
Act, CAP 276 of 1977.
ii.Strengthening the National Council for Science,
Technology and Innovation,
iii. restructuring Federal Ministry of Science and
Technology (FMST). To enabling ST&I research
institutes.
iv.Establish a monitoring and evaluation system for
the policy to be managed by FMST.

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Raising a new Generation of
Leaders

Organizations set-up
by Government
a. National Research and InnovationCouncil (NRIC).
Functions:
i. Set national priorities on R&D.
ii. Set directions to coordinate ST&I activities
iii.Establish new research institutes and strengthen
existing ones as it may deem necessary.
iv.Facilitate fund raising activities to support
innovation activities in areas of national needs
and priorities.
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National Research and Innovation Council (NRIC).
The Council consist of the following as members:
Honorable Ministers of the following Federal
Ministries:
• Ministry of Science and Technology
• Ministry of Information
• Ministry of Communication Technology
• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
• Ministry of Trade and Investment

19
 National Research and Innovation
Council (NRIC).
• Ministry of Education
•Ministry of Health
•Ministry of Power
•Ministry of Energy
•Ministry of Works, Ministry of Petroleum Resources
•Ministry of Environment
•Ministry of Water Resources
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b. State Science,Technology and InnovationCouncil (SST & IC)
Functions:
i. Provide leadership and directions for ST&I
activities at the state level.
ii. Promote science education and disseminate
science, technology and innovation
information.
iii.Align policies and programmes with those of the
NRIC.
iv.Promote and implement decisions.
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 c. National Council on Science,Technology
and Innovation (NCST & I)
Functions
i. Set broad directions to coordinate ST&I activities
(including R&D) in line with national priorities.
ii. Collate and disseminate annual reports of
achievement from all public ST&I agencies.
iii. Facilitate active interaction/brokerage among
government, industry and national research
system

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 Strategies
Establishing a National Research and
Innovation Fund (NRIF), with a minimum of
1 % of GDP and not less than 5 %
strategically sourced from the following
listed:
public, private and international organizations:

23
 Strategies
i. Raw Materials Research and
Development Council (RMRDC)
ii. Tertiary Education Trust (TET) Fund
iii. Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
iv. Automotive Development Fund (ADF)
v. National Communications Development
Fund (NCDF)
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 INTERACTIVE COOPERATION FOR NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT

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 INTERACTIVE COOPERATION FOR
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This Model ensures that National Governments
and the International Community, Industries &
Universities/Research Institutions assume some
of the capabilities of the other (Region A), Even
as each maintains its Primary role and Distinct
Identity.

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SUSTAINING NATIONALDEVELOPMENT
(5 FOCAL TECHNOLOGIES)
1. Space Technology: Satellites, communication,
Broadband applications, fibre optics, forestry
monitoring.
Broadband
application
s

2. Biotechnology: food security, genetic engineering,

seed multiplication.
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SUSTAINING NATIONALDEVELOPMENT
3. Building road technology: local road networks,
low cost housing, (Burnt bricks)

Burnt
Blocks

4. Leather technology: shoes, football,

indigenous technology, etc.
5. Green Energy technology: backup for National
grid etc.
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Raising a new Generation of
Leaders

Developmen t
Indicators
 Development Indicators
Any Definition?
Development indicators are used to illustrate
progress of a country in meeting a range of economic,
healthcare, wealth, social, and environmental goals
• It is a marker of accomplishment/progress. It is a
specific, observable, and measurable
accomplishment or change that shows the progress
made toward achieving a specific output or
outcome in your logic model or work plan.
Usually its a numerical measure of quality of life in a
country.
30
 Development indicators cont’d
• Development indicators with which development can be measured in different ways include:

i. Employment
ii. Poverty
iii. Health
iv. Education
v. Social Cohesion
vi. Safety
vii. Good Governance
Aspects of Development that cannot be measured:

i. Freedom
ii. Security
iii. Sustainability
iv. conservation

31
Some Specific indicators of development
i. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI
ii. Human Development Index (HDI)
iii. Meaning in Life Index (MILI)
iv. Social Development Index (SDI)
v. Human Poverty Index (HPI)
vi. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
vii. Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI),
viii.Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross
Domestic Product (GDP)
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1.Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
• (PQLI) is a measurement of human development based
on the most basic needs of the people. it an attempt to
measure the quality of life or well-being of a country.
• The index enables researchers to rank countries not by
incomes but by the performance of country in meeting
their people’s basic needs.
• Three main factors that affects physical indicators;
i. life expectancy at age 1,
ii. Infant mortality and
iii. Adult literacy,are used to construct the PQLI and
for a cross- country comparison.
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2. Human Development Index(HDI)
HDI is mainly a social measurement index, because it takes into
consideration education, which is adult literacy rate and years of
schooling, health care which is judged by life expectancy and
finally the economic factor.
The Human Development Report (HDR) 1990 constructed a
composite index, that the HDI is on the basis of three basic
dimensions of human development-
i. To lead a long and healthy life,
ii. To acquire knowledge and
iii. To have access to resources needed for a decent standard of
living.

34
 3. Meaning In Life Index (MILI)
• The MILI is an index that measures the extent to
which individuals believes their lives have
meaning, not just on life quality or life
satisfaction.
• The MILI scores is greatly dependent on who the
person is or in other words the personality type.A
person’s personality has a big influence on how life
is considered as having meaning.

35
 4. Social Development Index (SDI)
• SDI was initiated in 1989 to measure countries’social
development (Ray,1989).
• Multiple indicators have been used to construct this index.
• The selected indicatorsrepresent:
i. urbanization and industrialization,
ii. health conditions,
iii. nutritional level,
iv. level of education and
v. social communication dimensions.

36
 5. Human Poverty Index (HPI)
• HPI is an index of human deprivation and a non-
income based measurement of human poverty.
• These index values and rank of countries show how
the intensity of poverty varies across these countries.
• The HPI can be used in at least three ways-
i. as a toolof advocacy,
ii. as a planning tool for identifying areas of
concentrated poverty within a country,
iii. and as a research tool.
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6. Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
The MPI constitutes a set of poverty measures which can be used to create
a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty.
The index offers a valuable complement to traditional income-based
poverty measures by considering multiple deprivations at the household
level.
• The MPI relies on three main databases that are publicly available
and comparable for most developing countries, the;
i. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS),
ii. Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS), and
iii. World Health Survey (WHS).

38
7. The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)
The CPI, created by a non-governmental
organization, has been designed to provide a more
systematic and extensive snapshot of corruption
within countries.
Moreover, corruption is an issue which has a broad
concept of discussion and it can occur in many ways.

39
8. Gross National Product (GNP) and GrossDomestic Product (GDP)
If you were to judge a countries development by its
economic status then its GNP and GDP would fit
accurately.
These measure the net income of a country and, though
they can be very effective, but don’t take into consideration
the living standards of the country.
For example with Saudi Arabia, with a high GDP it ranks
well on a global scale but its living conditions, health care
and education are poor.

40
 Problems with DevelopmentIndicators
• The development indicators above, all have their
advantages and disadvantages, the main
problems with them is that they only focus on
certain aspects of development, social, economic,
political or even environmental. Because of this,
there tend to be countries that will rank highly
due to some aspects of their country but
realistically aren’t as good as another country.

41
 www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Impacts of Development, Science and

Technology
IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
What is an impact? It is a significant/strong influence/an effect
• Science:
• Technology:
• Science may drive technological development, by generating
demand for new instruments to address a scientific question, or
by illustrating technical possibilities previously unconsidered.
• In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation, by creating
demand for technological improvements that can only be
produced through research.
• Technological improvements were achieved by
chance(opportunity), trial and error, or spontaneous inspiration

43
IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY cont’d
Technology and human life cannot be separated; society has a
cyclical/repeated co-dependence on technology. We use technology, we
depend on technology in our daily life and our needs and demands for
technology keep on rising
• The biggest challenge facing people is to determine the type of future we
need to have and then create relevant technologies which will simplify the
way we do things.
• It is impossible to explore how each new advanced technology has
impacted our lives and how it will impact the future.Technology impacts
the environment, people and the society as awhole.

44
 IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY cont’d
The way we use technology determines if its impacts are
positive or negative to the society.
• POSITIVE IMPACT: we can use corn to make ethanol and this
ethanol can be used as fuel.Fuel can be used to run machines and
cars which will increase the output of manufacturing industries at a
lowercost.
• NEGATIVE IMPACT: The negative impact of using corn for
ethanol is that humans will be left with no food and this will cause
world hunger which even is a worse situation.
• The technology its self is not harmful to the society, but the way
society uses technology to achieve specific goals is what results
into negative impacts of technology on the society

45
 IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY cont’d
Generally:
• It is concerned with practical results
• It creates wealth, goods & services
• It determines how production of wealth creation can be
determined
• Itsets limits on the amount of wealth that can be derived
from a given amount of resources
• it determines the quality of realizable wealth

46
 A- POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ONSOCIETY
i. I M P R O V E D M E C H A N I Z E D AGRICULTURE:
• Modern agricultural technology allows a small number of people to grow vast
quantities of food in a short period of time with less input which results into high
yields .
• Through government subsidies, small and medium-sized farmers have
managed to acquire plowing, sowing, watering and harvesting machines.
• The use of technology in agriculture has also resulted in the manufacturing of
genetic crops which can grow fast and they can be resistant to many pests and
diseases.
• Also, farmers have access to artificial fertilizers which add value to the soil and
boost the growth of their crops and enable them to produce high-quality yields.
• Farmers in dry areas have been in a position to grow healthy crops, they use
advanced water pumps and sprinklers which derive water from rivers to the farms,
some of these processes can be automated to save time

47
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY Cont’d.
ii. I M P R O V E D T R A N S P O RTAT I O N :
• Transportation is one of the basic areas of technological
activity. Both society and businesses have benefited from the
new transportation methods. Transportation provides
mobility for people and goods.
• The transportation system is grouped into four which
are:(1) road transportation used by automobiles, (2) air
transportation which is used by airplanes, (3) water
transportation which is used by ships and speed boats and
(4) space transportation used to go to the moon
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 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY Contd.
i i i . I M P R O V E D C O M M U N I C AT I O N :

• Technology has improved communication. Communication is used for a

number of purposes. Both society and organizations depend on
communication to transfer information.
• People use technology to communicate with each other. Electronic media
like radios, televisions, internet, social media have improved the way we
exchange ideas which can develop our societies. In many countries,
radios and televisions are used to voice the concerns of the society,they
organize live forums where the community can contribute through
mobile phones or text service systems like tweeter.

49
i i i . I M P R O V E D C O M M U N I C AT I O N :
During political elections, leaders use radios, television and internet
media to reach the people they want to serve. A good example is the
presidential election in Nigeria and many other places, ”Presidential
candidates ” have embraced the communication technology to reach and
voice out their concerns towards the development of Nigeria.
• Communication technologies like Televisions, radios, and internet
can be used to persuade, entertain and inform the society.
• Small businesses have also used the internet and mobile
communication technology to grow and improve their customer
service

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POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY Cont’d
iv. E D U C AT I O N A N D L E A R N I N G PROCESS:
• Education is the backbone of every economy. People need well and organized
educational infrastructures so that they can learn how to interpret information.
• Many schools have started integrating educational technologies in their schools
with a great aim of improving the way students learn.Technologies like smart
whiteboards, computers, mobile phones, iPads, projectors, and internet are being
used in classrooms to boost students moral to learn. E . g . Coursera classes.
• Visual education is becoming more popular and it has proved to be the best
method of learning in many subjects like mathematics, physics, biology,
geography, economics and muchmore.

51
iv. EDUCATION A N D L E A R N I N G PROCESS:
The business community has invested money in various
educational technologies which can be used by both
teachers and their students. For example, we have some
platform today which allow students and teachers to
exchange academic information at any time,this has
made learning mobile.
Also, programs like Long distance learning have
opened boundaries to so many scholars around the
world.

52
 B- NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ONSOCIETY
i. RESOURCES D E P L E T I O N
• The more demand for new technologies and advancement of current technologies, the
more pressure we put on earth’s natural resources. Looking at the total number of
mobile phones and computers being manufactured today, our population is
increasing every day and all these billion consumers demand either a mobile
phone or a computer in their homes or offices. This is good news for the
manufacturers, like Apple or Samsung, the demand for their gadgets is high, but to
sustain this demand, they have to exploit Mother Nature for resources like
aluminum, once these resources are extracted from the earth plates, they will never
return back because it took them billion of years to mature. That means that at one
time, we shall be left with no natural resource which can be a problem to the future
generation and economy. E.g. fossil fuels

53
 NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY cont’d

• Likewise, the intensive farming practices will

deplete the soil. This makes heavy applications
of commercial fertilizers necessary to yield
healthy harvests, but also these fertilizers
have chemicals which are dangerous to the
soil and human lives

54
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY cont’d
ii. Increased Population
• Technology has helped us live longer by improving health
facilities and aiding in the research for solutions for most health
problems which affect humans.This is good news for
developed countries but is bad news for developing countries
which have not been in a position to access these health care
benefits brought by technology.
• The rate at which people reproduce is very high, the mortality
rate is low compare to the olden days

55
 NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY cont’d
iii. Increased Pollution
• Pollution affects the land we grow crops on,the water we drink and the air we breathe.The
increased demand for new technologies and advancement of technologies has resulted
in many manufacturing and processing factories.
• As they work so hard to create the best technologies for both society and business,
they release harmful chemicals and gasses which have polluted our environment and
this has resulted in climate changes (global warming). Global warming is likely to be
the greatest threat of our century .
• Global warming is slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere because an increased amount of the energy (heat), striking the
earth from the sun. Generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by
increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
56
iii. Increased Pollution
So the more technology we enjoy, the more we harm our
environment.
Experts have tried to implement ways of reducing this
impact by encouraging factories to go green, to a small
extent, this has been achieved through the development of
green technologies like; green cars, green computers,
green energy, but a great effort is still needed to reduce the
pollution of the air and theearth.

57
 Effects of Global Warming
i. Pests and Disease:
•Rising temperatures favor agricultural pests, diseases and disease vectors.
Pest populations are on the rise and illnesses once found only in limited,
tropical areas are now becoming endemic in much wider zones.
ii. Reduced food security: One of the most striking impacts of rising
temperatures is felt in global agriculture, although these impacts are felt
very differently in the largely temperate developed world and in the more
tropical developing world.
• Different crops grow best at quite specific temperatures and when
those temperatures change, their productivity changes significantly

58
 Effects of Global warming cont’d
i i i . R i s i n g SeaLevels
Climate change impacts rising sea levels.
Average sea level around the world rose
about 8 inches (20 cm) in the past 100 years;
climate scientists expect it to rise more and
more rapidly in the next 100 years as part of
climate change impacts.
iv. Torrential downpours and more powerful
storms
• While specific conditions that produce rainfall
will not change,climate change impacts the
amount of water in the atmosphere and will
increase producing violent downpours
instead of steady showers when it does rain.

59
 Effects of Global warming cont’d
v. Heatwaves and droughts
• Despite downpours in some places, droughts
and prolonged heat-waves will become
common.
• Rising temperatures are hardly surprising,
although they do not mean that some parts of the
world will not “enjoy” record cold
temperatures andterrible winter storms.

60
 Visual Impacts of Global warming
Flooding

Worsening Droughts

Rising Sea Levels Melting Glaciers Increasing Tornados

61
 IMPACTS OFTECHNOLOGYONSOCIETYCont’d
From the impacts above, technology cannot be
- bought
- transferred
- stolen
• This is to say technology is an experience
acquired from practice

62
See U Next Class
63