GIO DC HNG PHC

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GV: Nguyn Vn Ngha *** Facebook: Ti Sinhrat Lng

Chuyn 3:
NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C
3.1. ng phn
3.1.1. Khi nim ng phn
Cc hp cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to ha hc khc nhau, dn ti tnh cht
ha hc khc nhau c gi l cc cht ng phn ca nhau.
3.1.2. Cc loi ng phn thng gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng
- ng phn mch cacbon (Mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh, mch vng)
- ng phn nhm chc
ng phn cu to
- ng phn v tr (v tr lin kt bi, v tr nhm chc)
- ng phn hnh hc (cis trans)
3.1.3. Cch vit ng phn
- Bc 1 : Xc nh bt bo ha.
Da vo bt bo ha cho bit s lin kt v vng trong phn t.
- Bc 2 : + Xc nh ng phn v mch C
+ Xc nh ng phn v tr nhm chc, v tr lin kt
Mt s nguyn tc cn ch khi vit ng phn :
+ Nn vit mch C chnh gim dn (t mch thng sau phn nhnh)
C
+ S C mch nhnh < machchnh (vi mch khng cha )
2
3.2. Danh php
3.2.1. Danh php ca mi Ankan u tin
STT

CTPT

Tn gi

Cch nh 1

Cch nh 2

CH4

Metan

C2H6

Etan

Em

Em

C3H8

Propan

Phi

Phi

C4H10

Butan

Bn

Bao

C5H12

Pentan

Phn

Phen

C6H14

Hexan

Ha

Hi

C7H16

Heptan

Hc

Hp

C8H18

Octan

C9H20

Nonan

Ngoi

Ngi

10

C10H22

ecan

ng

3.2.2. Tn gi ca nhm th
Tn gi ca gc hidrocacbon no ha tr I:
CH3- : ---------- Metyl C2H5 - : --------- Etyl

C3H7 - :

CH3 CH2 CH2 - : n - Propyl

CH3 CH(CH3) - : Iso propyl

C4H9 - :

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 - : n - Butyl

CH3 CH(CH3) CH2 : Iso Butyl
CH3 CH2 CH(CH3) : Sec Butyl
CH3-C(CH3)2 - : Tert Butyl

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Tn gi ca gc hidrocacbon khng no ha tr I:
CH2 = CH - : ------------------------- Vinyl
CH2 = CH CH2 - : ----------------- Alyl
C6H5 - : ------------------------------- Phenyl
C6H5 CH2 - : ----------------------- Benzyl
3.2.3. Cc bc gi tn theo danh php thay th
Bc 1: Xc nh mch C chnh
+ Mch C chnh l mch di nht cha nhm chc
V d:

Trong cc mch C trn, mch cha 6C v ni i l mch chnh ch khng phi mch 7C
Bc 2: nh s nguyn t C
+ nh s nguyn t C mch chnh t 1 cho n ht.
Ch : nh s nguyn t C mch chnh c u tin xut pht t pha cha nhm chc > lin kt >
gn nhnh.

Cn nu nhnh u tin cng v tr (xt t 2 u) th nh s C lm sao cho tng h s ca nhnh l nh nht.

V d:

Trong trng hp trn:

+ Nu nh s theo trng hp t tri qua phi th v tr c nhnh l:2,2,6 th tng h s nhnh l 10
+ Nu nh s theo trng hp t phi qua tri th v tr c nhnh l:2,6,6 th tng h s nhnh l 12
Do tng h s nhnh trng hp t tri qua phi (10) nh hn h s nhnh t phi qua tri (12)
nn cch nh s t tri qua phi l ng.
Bc 3: Gi tn Hp cht hu c
Tn HCHC = v tr nhnh- tn nhnh + Tn mch chnh v tr chc tn chc.
Ch : + Tn ca nhnh c u tin gi theo th t a, b, c trong bng ch ci.
V d: Etyl c gi trc Metyl v ch E ng trc ch M.

14

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GIO DC HNG PHC

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+ Nu c nhiu nhnh cng mt loi nhm th th thm cc thut ng tin t trc tn nhnh
Di -: -------------------------- Khi c 2 nhnh cng mt loi nhm th
Tri -: ------------------------- Khi c 3 nhnh cng mt loi nhm th
Tetra-: ------------------------ Khi c 4 nhnh cng mt loi nhm th
V d:

5 Etyl 2 Metyl - Heptan

UI CC DY NG NG THNG GP
C-C

C=C

2C=C

C C

-OH

- CHO

C=O

- COOH

+ an

+ en

+ dien

+ in

+ ol

+ al

+ on

+ oic

CU HI N TP NG PHN DANH PHP

Cu 1: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C6H14 ?
A. 6.
B. 7.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 2: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10 l ?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 6.
D. 5.
Cu 3: S lng ng phn cu to ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10 l ?
A. 7.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.
Cu 4: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C5H8 l ?
A. 7.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.
Cu 5: S lng ng phn cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C9H12 l ?
A. 7.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.
Cu 6: S lng ng phn cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C9H10 l ?
A. 7.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 6.
Cu 7: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C3H5Br3 l ?
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 6.
Cu 8: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C3H5Cl l ?
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 6.
Cu 9: Hp cht C4H10O c s ng phn ancol v tng s ng phn l ?
A. 7 v 4.
B. 4 v 7.
C. 8 v 8.
D. 10 v 10.
Cu 10: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C3H6O l ?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 11: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H11N l ?
A. 7.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.
Cu 12: Hp cht (CH3)2C=CHC(CH3)2CH=CHBr c danh php IUPAC l ?
A. 1-brom-3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien.
B. 3,3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien-1-brom.
C. 2,4,4-trimetylhexa-2,5-ien-6-brom.
D. 1-brom-3,3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien.

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Cu 13: Hp cht (CH3)2C=CH-C(CH3)3 c danh php IUPAC l ?

A. 2,2,4- trimetylpent-3-en.
B. 2,4-trimetylpent-2-en.
C. 2,4,4-trimetylpent-2-en.
D. 2,4-trimetylpent-3-en.
Cu 14: Hp cht CH2=CHC(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH3 c danh php IUPAC l ?
A. 1,3,3-trimetylpent-4-en-1-ol.
B. 3,3,5-trimetylpent-1-en-5-ol.
C. 4,4-imetylhex-5-en-2-ol.
D. 3,3-imetylhex-1-en-5-ol.
Cu 15: Hp cht hu c no sau y khng c ng phn cis-trans?
A. 1,2-icloeten.
B. 2-metyl pent-2-en.
C. but-2-en.
D. pent-2-en.
Cu 16: Hp cht A c cng thc cu to: CH3 CH(CH3 ) C CH . Tn gi ca A l ?
A. 2 metyl But 3 in
B. 3 metyl But 1 in
C. Pent 1 in
D. Pentin
Cu 17: Mt hp cht hu c A c M = 74. t chy A bng oxi thu c kh CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng
thc phn t ph hp vi A?
A. 4.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 1.
Cu 18: Mt hp cht hu c A c t khi so vi khng kh bng bng 2. t chy hon ton A bng kh O2
thu c CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi A ?
A. 2.
B. 1.
C. 3.
D. 4.

16

Chuyn 3: ng phn v Danh Php Hp cht Hu c