Energy Conservation

And Environmental Protection

Energy Efficiency

Efficiency of Energy
Conversion
If we are more efficient with the
energy we already have there will be
less pollution, less reliance on
foreign oil and increased domestic
security.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Energy Efficiency
Energy Input

Energy
Conversion
Device

Useful Energy
Output

Energy Dissipated
to the Surroundings

Useful Energy Output

Efficiency
Total Energy Input
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Illustration
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (a joule
per second (J/s)) of power to obtain 90 watts of
mechanical power. Determine its efficiency ?

Useful Energy Output

Efficiency
Total Energy Input
=

90 W x 100
100 W

= 90 %

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Efficiency of Some
Common Devices
Device

Efficiency

Electric Motor
Home Oil Furnace
Home Coal Furnace
Steam Boiler (power
plant)
Power Plant (thermal)
Automobile Engine
Light Bulb-Fluorescent
Light Bulb -Incandescent
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

90

65
55
89
36
25
20
5
5

Vehicle Efficiency
Gasoline Engine

25% Of the gasoline is used to propel a car, the rest is

lost as heat. i.e an efficiency of 0.25
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati
Source: Energy Sources/Applications/Alternatives

Heat Engine
A heat engine is
any device which
converts heat
energy into
mechanical
energy.
Accounts for 50%
of our energy
conversion
devices
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Carnot Efficiency
Maximum efficiency that can be
obtained for a heat engine

Temperature is in Kelvin !!!!!!!

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Illustration

For a coal-fired utility boiler, The temperature of high

pressure steam would be about 540C and T cold, the
cooling tower water temperature would be about 20C.
Calculate the Carnot efficiency of the power plant ?

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

540 C = 540 +273 K = 813 K

20 C = 20 + 273 = 293 K

293
CarnotEfficiency() 1
x100 64%
813
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Inference
A maximum of 64% of the fuel energy can go
to generation. To make the Carnot
efficiency as high as possible, either T hot
should be increased or T cold should be
decreased.

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Schematic Diagram of a
Power Plant

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

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Boiler Components
Chemical Energy Input (100 BTU
Boiler

Thermal Energy (88 BTU

Turbine

Mech. Energy (36 BTU

Generator

Elec. Energy Output (10.26 Wh

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Overall Efficiency
Overall Eff = Electric Energy Output (BTU) x 100
Chemical Energy Input (BTU)
= 35 BTU x 100
100 BTU
= 35%
Overall Efficiency of a series of devices =

(Thermal Energy)x(Mechanical Energy) x(Electrical Energy)

Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Mechanical Energy
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Overall Efficiency Cont..

(Thermal Energy)x(Mechanical Energy) x(Electrical Energy)
Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Mechanical Energy

E boiler E turbine E generator

x

= 0.88

x 0.41 x 0.97
= 0.35 or 35%
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System Efficiency
The efficiency of a system is equal to the
product of efficiencies of the individual
devices (sub-systems)

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Efficiency of a Light
Bulb
Step

Step Efficiency Cumulative

Efficiency

Extraction of Coal
96%
Transportation
98%
Electricity Generation 38%
Transportation Elec 91%
Lighting
Incandescent
5%
Fluorescent
20%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

96%
94% (0.96x0.98)
36 % (0.96x0.98x0.38)
33%
1.7%
6.6%
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System Efficiency of an
Automobile
Step

Step Efficiency

Production of Crude 96%

Refining
87%
Transportation
97%
Thermal to Mech E 25%
Mechanical EfficiencyTransmission
50%
Rolling Efficiency
20%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Cumulative
Efficiency

96%
84%
81%
20%
10%
6.6%
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Efficiency of a Space
Heater

Electricity = 24%
Fuel Oil
= 53%
Natural Gas = 70%

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19

Heat Mover
Any device that
moves heat
"uphill", from a
lower temperature
to a higher
temperature
reservoir.
Examples.
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Heat pump.
Refrigerator.
20

Heat Pump Heating

Cycle

Source: http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
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21

Heat Pump Cooling

Cycle

Source: http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati
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Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P)

Effectiveness of a heat pump is expressed as

coefficient of performance (C.O.P)

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Example
Calculate the ideal coefficient of performance
(C.O.P.) For an air-to-air heat pump used to
maintain the temperature of a house at 70 F
when the outside temperature is 30 F.

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Solution Cont.
Thot = 70 F = 21C =21 + 273 =294K
Tcold = 30 F = -1C =-1 + 273 =272K
C.O.P =
294
294 - 272
=
294
22
= 13.3
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Consequences
For every watt of power used to
drive this ideal heat pump, 13.3 W is
delivered from the interior of the
house and 12.3 from the outside.
Theoretical maximum is never
achieved in practice This example is
not realistic. In practice, a C.O.P in
the range of 2 - 6 is typical.
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More C.O.P.s
Compare the ideal coefficients of
performance of the of the same heat pump
installed in Miami and Buffalo.
Miami: Thot = 70F, Tcold = 40F
Buffalo: Thot = 70F, Tcold = 15F
Miami: Thot = 294K, Tcold = 277K
Bufalo: Thot = 294K, Tcold = 263K
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Miami
=
=

294
(294-277)
17.3

Buffalo
=
=

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

294
(294-263)
9.5
28

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